HKCEE PAST PAPER 87-94/SECTION 5 MARKING SCHEMES/LQ/PAGE 1

Section 5 Fossil Fuels

Marking Schemes
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1988 Q.5(b) 9 marks

(i) The smaller molecules formed in the cracking process are more useful. / There is a
greater demand for the smaller molecules. 1

(ii) C7H16 1

(iii) (1) A hydrocarbon which contains double / multiple bonds. 1

CH3 H
C C
H H
(2) or CH3CH=CH2 1
(Do not accept CH3CHCH2)

(3) It can be used to make polymers / chemicals / as a fuel. 1

(iv) Br2 in CCl4 - decolorization / Acidified KMnO4 - decolorization 1

(Any one acceptable test.)

CH3CH=CH2 + Br2 → CH3CHBrCH2Br /

[O] from MnO 4 - /H+
CH3CH=CH2   → CH3CHOHCH2OH 1

(v) A would have the higher melting point, because it has larger molecular mass / size. 2
or 0
[OR other acceptable explanation]
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1989 Q.5(b) 8 marks

(i) (1) Cracking 1

(2) Dehydration 1

(ii) (1) Unreacted kerosene / products from cracking 1

[they are insoluble in / immiscible with water]

(2) Unreacted ethanol was soluble in / miscible with water / the products of
dehydrating ethanol are ethene and water. The ethene is collected in the tube. 1

(iii) Heating is stopped before disconnecting the delivery tube. / Reactant is used up. 1

(iv) The gaseous products contain C=C bonds / contain unsaturated hydrocarbons /
alkenes, which can undergo addition reaction with bromine. 1

(v) This process is applied to the cracking of petroleum, to obtain more useful products 1
which have smaller molecular masses, which can be used as fuels and to make
polymers. 1 or 0
[Accept other alternative answers.]
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1990 Q.3(a) 13 marks

(i) crude oil / petroleum / oil 1

by fractional distillation 1

(ii) C5H12 + 5 H2O → 5 CO + 11 H2 1

hydrogen and carbon monoxide 1 or 0
 HKCEE PAST PAPER 87-94/SECTION 5 MARKING SCHEMES/LQ/PAGE 2

(iii) The colour of ‘citrated’ blood changes to cherry / bright red. 1

This is the colour of the compound formed between carbon monoxide and
haemoglobin / carboxyhaemoglobin. 1

(iv) Black copper(II) oxide is turned to red / brown copper. 1

Copper(II) oxide is reduced by hydrogen and carbon monoxide. 1

CuO + H2 → Cu + H2O 1
CuO + CO → Cu + CO2 1
[Do not accept: 2CuO + H2 + CO → 2Cu + H2O + CO2]

(v) Town gas is poisonous / toxic and poses an explosion risk. 1 or 0

(vi) (1) for ventilation / letting in fresh air / letting out town gas 1
[Do not accept: town gas is poisonous]

(2) dialing the telephone will trigger off a spark (or electric discharge) which may
ignite the town gas (or may cause an explosion) 1
[Do not accept: risk of explosion / fire]
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1991 Q.3(a) 13 marks

(i) Petroleum originates from dead marine organisms / animals / plants. 1

(ii) Because different components in petroleum have different boiling points. 1

(iii) (1) heavy oil 1

(2) cracking 1

H H H
H C C C H
H
(iv) (1) (I) or CH3CH=CH2 1
H H H
H C C C H
H H H
(II) or CH3CH2CH3 1

(2) (I) C3H8 + 5 O2 → 3 CO2 + 4 H2O 1

(II) Propene burns with a more sooty flame because its C:H ratio is higher / it
has a higher carbon content. 1
[Do not accept propene is unsaturated.]

(3) Combustion of / burn propane gas in oxygen (air). / Pass propane over strongly
heated CuO. 1

(I) gaseous product / CO2 turned lime water milky proves the presence of
carbon in the compounds 1

(II) colourless liquid / H2O after combustion turned anhydrous copper(II)

sulphate blue / cobalt(II) chloride paper pink proves the presence of
hydrogen in the compound 1

(4) Either of the following tests:

Test Observation
propene propane
 HKCEE PAST PAPER 87-94/SECTION 5 MARKING SCHEMES/LQ/PAGE 3

Adding bromine water or bromine in decolorizes it decolorizes it

CCl4 / 1,1,1-trichloroethane quickly or slowly or does not
[Do not accept Br2(g)] decolorizes it decolorizes it
-
Adding acidified MnO4 decolorizes it does not
(MnO4- / H+) decolorize it
[N.B. 1 mark for test, 1 mark for both observations] 2
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1992 Q.1(c) 7/9 marks

(i) 2 C8H18 + 25 O2 → 16 CO2 + 18 H2O 1

The reaction is highly exothermic / produces a large amount of heat, 1
the volume of the gaseous products is greater than that of the reactants / there is an
expansion of gases, so the piston is pushed down rapidly during the power stroke. 1

(ii) loss of power / carbon soot formed / carbon monoxide produced / incomplete
combustion of fuel / black smoke produced 1

(iii) (1) (I) Petrol with TEL (tetraethyl Lead) added. 1

[Do not accept lead compound or lead.]

(II) To prevent knocking / increase octane number / to prevent preignition / anti-

knocking (out of syllabus) 1

(2) to eliminate toxic (poisonous) / damage to nervous system (brain) 1

by lead compound in car exhaust 1
OR to eliminate lead poisoning (2)
[Do not accept less pollution / harmful to mankind.]

(3) The hydrocarbon is unleaded petrol have a higher octane number / unlead petrol
contains a higher proportion of branch-chain hydrocarbons (alkanes) to prevent
the engine from knocking / another antiknocking additive (benzene) has been
added. (out of syllabus) 1
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1993 Q.1(c) 8 marks

(i) breaking large / long-chained molecules into smaller / short-chained ones 1

[Do not accept breaking down of crude oil / petroleum]

(ii) 3
Diagram showing cracking (2)
Diagram showing collection of gas over water (1)
No labelling of paraffin oil / petroleum fraction / naphtha (-1)
No indication of heating (-1)
No indication of a suitable catalyst (-1)
Open / closed system (0)

(iii) (1) cracks the test tube 1

(2) remove the delivery tube from water before stop heating 1
[Do not accept removal of cork.]

(iv) No, all compounds with C=C or C≡C bonds / all unsaturated hydrocarbons / all
alkenes can decolorize bromine. 2 or 0
 HKCEE PAST PAPER 87-94/SECTION 5 MARKING SCHEMES/LQ/PAGE 4

[Do not accept substitution of alkanes.]

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1993 Q.3(b) 7 marks

(i) causes water / sea pollution 1

(ii) conc. Hydrochloric acid can attack / react with metals 1

(iii) (1) The fuel used (in incinerators) contains sulphur. 1

(2) carbon / carbon monoxide / hydrogen chloride (any 2) 2

[correct spelling is necessary]

harmful effect of C: damage to respiratory system / carcinogenic

CO: poisonous / lower the oxygen carrying capacity of blood
HCl: acid rain / poisonous / damage to respiratory system 2
[Award marks to the harmful effect only if the pollutant is correct.]
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<END OF SECTION 5>