COMMUNICATION ARTS 1 GROUP 4

o Marjorie TACATANI o Daisy ann obaob o Mary jane Mauro o Gretchel yam-id o Angelle Carulasan o Jane claude reales o Jefferson MANINGO o JEREX ESPALTERO o RUTHLYN GABATO

How to speak with an English Accent

Instructions 1.Begin substituting the UK pronunciations for words like privacy, orientated, etc. Most importantly, don't try too hard or you'll end up sounding like Dick Van Dyke in Mary Poppins. 2.We say I pudapadabudder and Brits say 'I put a pat of butter' It helps if you know a little bit (or a lidderbid) about phonetics, since you'll be better able to appreciate which part of your mouth those sounds are coming from, and where you need to put them, especially the vowels. 3.Say things like "Haven't got" (without using the H) instead of "don't have". Phrases like "That's quite it." "Brilliant", "Daft", "Mate" and "Super". Say, "All right?" instead of "How are you" when greeting people. "Ring me up" instead of "Call me." Hey, I bet you are sounding British right now reading this. 4.The most used swear word in England is "bloody" which is an exclamation of surprise i.e. "bloody hell". Something may be "bloody marvelous" or "bloody awful", "you're bloody mad", "not bloody likely" and can also be used in the middle of other words to emphasize them. E.g. "Abso-bloody-lutely"! Which is what we do with our most used American swear word. An alternative to the word bloody is "bleeding hell" or "not bleeding likely" for example, which doesn't sound as pompous as "bloody". 5.Watch British movies, like 1969's Oliver, their accents or so prevalent they even sing with an accent. Then try and copy what they say until you get the hang of it. 6.Subscribe to satellite radio and listen to BBC. At first it won't make any sense, but eventually you'll start to get it.

How to Learn to Speak With an English Accent

English accents are often recognized as distinguished, prestigious and sophisticated. Some English speakers desire to speak with an English accent because of these reasons. Others are required to learn an English accent because of their professions.

American Accents
It's actually easy to pick up the American accent. The heavy lifting is in acquiring the vocabulary and grammar, and the accent is just shaping the sounds and rhythm patterns. The good news is that there is a solution that will jump start your transformation. Amazingly, it's only $99.99. This incredible online program teaches all the elements of English, including grammar, accent, comprehension, reading, writing, pronunciation, comprehension and even details such as suffixes and prefixes. It's so good that IBM uses it!

The program starts with the most basic grammar and pronunciation and goes through to the most advanced levels in English. There are comprehensive placement tests for grammar and accent, as well as chapter tests, a mid-term and final exam. Each chapter has six sections: Story, Dictation, Nouns, Verbs, Essay and Test. You have the option of submitting chapter essays online for feedback and editing. The story and dictations progress from easy to hard. This is a unique way to learn grammar and accent at the same time. The Verb Map lets you see how all the verb tenses work. You have an immediate visual understanding of what you already know and what remains to be learned. This is a great way to work on vocabulary, as the program uses 2,500 words, with the 500 high-frequency words translated into 7 different languages (Spanish, Chinese (simplified and traditional), Japanese, Korean, Hindi, Vietnamese, Russian). With the English dictionary and the translations, even a true beginner can work through the book without outside help. Intermediate to advanced students will also benefit, as they can fill in any information gaps and master pronunciation at the same time. This is an excellent resource for both ESL students and American students taking English classes.

American Accents
The Grapes of Wrath As any American will tell you, there is no such thing as an "American accent." There are a whole load of American accents, each with its own distinct stereotypes. There are a lot more distinct accents in the eastern US than in the west. Dialect maps of the United States have lots of clusters of different colors in the east, which then merge into one generic mass out west. This is because many immigrants arrived in the east, brought their own languages and accents, and established them, but as Europeans migrated west, the accents all blended together as fewer people of the same dialect were living in the same place.

The origins of the American Accents

The short answer is that the different American accents are partly due to settlers from different parts of England (yes, and the rest of the world). The British Isles has a huge range of very distinct, very strong accents (even dialects in some parts). So you have a bit of London mixed in with a bit of East Anglia, mixed in with some West country, etc and scattered across the US. But, these accents were exported several hundred years ago. So, the sounds on both sides of the ocean have diverged, and the accents are no longer a neat match. That said, there is a remote fishing community somewhere on the North Eastern coast that has an accent that is understood to be very close to "Shakespeare's" English (that is, from around Stratford in the late sixteenth, early seventeenth century).

Learn a British accent

Usually, when people learn to speak a second language, they use the sounds and pronunciation rules (and often grammar) of their native language. This is what gives them an accent. They are not aware of the British set of speech rules. Thats because they were never taught this in school. Their teachers probably were not native English speakers and they were not aware of such things. This can be a big problem because speaking with a heavy accent can lead to misunderstanding. A strong foreign accent can affect job prospects. However , by acquiring a betterBritish accent people can have better communication with potential employers, clients, colleagues and staff. There are many schools and classes which teach English all around the world. However, most of them are focused on word lists and grammar rules. Very few of them address the speech rules. This is because many of the teachers are not native English speakers and they simply do not know of these speech rules. Many of them are even making errors themselves, speaking with a strong regional accent and teaching all of those things to you! One more big problem most English schools teach written English. The students are studying English instead of listening and speaking. Thats a real disaster. The students are not prepared for real speech in the real world. They can do very well at English tests, but they cant understand native speakers with their native English accents, and the native speakers can not understand them. If you are often asked to repeat yourself when you speak English, then you definitely need to improve your British accent. It is not only a question of the pronunciation of different sounds, but also of speech melody and word connections. When children learned their first language, they constructed a mental inventory of their native languages speech sounds. Those sounds became a part of their speech. When they are learning a second language, they insert these speech sounds into the new language, in our case into English. Now, when they speak English, they reach into that inventory and come out with many substitute sounds. Some of them are close, but actually incorrect. These repeated errors in conversation with native speakers often cause them to be misunderstood. How to learn a British accent? In order to master an English accent you must first immerse yourself in audio training by listening to the native speaker and doing repeating exercises many times. British accent training course Speak More Clearly was created for both people who speak English as a second language and wish to speak English more clearly, and for native English speakers who wish to learn a different English accent. There is no

excuses to stay at your current level. Its never too late to change the old habits and improve your new accent.

How to Talk With a British Accent

An accent is a certain way of pronouncing a language, so it is quite impossible to speak without one. Luckily, our accents can change over time so, if you're interested in learning to talk with a British accent, all you have to do is follow a few simple steps. Instructions 1.Pick a country. Great Britain is an island nation composed of three parts: England, Scotland, and Wales. Once you decide which country you'd like to concentrate on, you can take the next step. 2.Watch British television. If you subscribe to cable, you can have access to such channels as the British Broadcasting Channel (BBC) and learn to affect the accents you hear. 3.Pronounce your t's. Americans tend to be lazy when it comes to enunciating this letter so doing this can make a big difference in your ability to talk with a British accent. Say "duty" with a hard "t" sound rather than pronouncing it like "doody." 4.Be careful with "u." Pronounce this as you would in the word "you" rather than "stupid." Thus, "duty" sounds like "dyuty" instead of "doody." 5.Enunciate well. People sometimes describe the British accent as "proper" because it sounds so clean and crisp. When speaking, enunciate each consonant clearly, especially those on the end. For example, instead of saying "I wan it" as many Americans tend to do, place special emphasis on those "t" sounds. 6.Leave out the "r." British people pronounce the "r" if it is in the middle of a word, but not if it lands somewhere toward the end. Hence, "car" becomes "cah" and "park" becomes "pahk," but remember to pronounce "promise" and "borrow" almost as you would normally.

Lead Me Lord
Lead me Lord lead me by the hand and let me face the rising sun comfort through all the pain that life may bring There's no other hope that i can lean upon Lead me Lord, lead me all my live... Walk by me Walk by me across the lonely roads that i may face take my arms and let your hand show me the way Show the way to live inside your heart All my days, all my life... (chorus) You are my light you're the lamp upon my feet All the Time, my lord i need you there You are my light I can not live alone let me stay, by your guiding love All through my live Lead me Lord... Lead me Lord, eventhough at times i'd rather go along my way help me take the right direction Take your road Lead me lord and never leave my side all my days, all my life... (chorus) You are my light you're the lamp upon my feet

All the Time, my lord i need you there You are my light I can not live alone let me stay, by your guiding love All through my live... You are my light you're the lamp upon my feet All the Time, my lord i need you there You are my light I can Me... oh, Lord...

Energizer
Instruction: When I say a word that belongs to a noun, you stand up. When I say a word that belongs to a verb, you sit down. While doing this action you need to shout the answer. We need your cooperation. Thank you.

English Grammar
Ways of combining two or more simple sentences into one simple sentence By using the absolute construction This method is used when the sentences have different subjects.

The chief guest took his seat on the dais. The meeting began. The chief guest having taken his seat on the dais, the meeting began. The storm subsided. We began our march again. The storm having subsided, we began our march again. The monsoon started. The village roads became muddy.

The monsoon having started the village roads became muddy. By using infinitive Two simple sentences can be combined into one simple sentence by using an infinitive.

I have some work. I must do it tonight. I have some work to do tonight. You must serve your country. It is your duty. It is your duty to serve your country. The tea is too hot. I cant drink it. The tea is too hot to drink. He got a scholarship. He could pursue higher education in the US. He got a scholarship to pursue higher education in the US.

By using a noun or phrase in apposition

Tagore was a great poet. He was also a great painter. Tagore, the great poet, was also a great painter. Stalin was the Dictator of Russia. He had talks with Roosevelt. Roosevelt was the President of America. Stalin, the Dictator of Russia, had talks with Roosevelt, the President of America.

Adjectives
Definition Adjectives are words that describe or modify another person or thing in the sentence. The Articles a, an, and the are adjectives.

the tall professor the lugubrious lieutenant a solid commitment a month's pay a six-year-old child the unhappiest, richest man

If a group of words containing a subject and verb acts as an adjective, it is called an Adjective Clause. My sister, who is much older than I am, is an engineer. If an adjective clause is stripped of its subject and verb, the resulting modifier becomes an Adjective Phrase: He is the man who is keeping my family in the poorhouse.

Before getting into other usage considerations, one general note about the use or over-use of adjectives: Adjectives are frail; don't ask them to do more work than they should. Let your broad-shouldered verbs and nouns do the hard work of description. Be particularly cautious in your use of adjectives that don't have much to say in the first place: interesting, beautiful, lovely, exciting. It is your job as a writer to create beauty and excitement and interest, and when you simply insist on its presence without showing it to your reader well, you're convincing no one. Position of Adjectives Unlike Adverbs, which often seem capable of popping up almost anywhere in a sentence, adjectives nearly always appear immediately before the noun or noun phrase that they modify. Sometimes they appear in a string of adjectives, and when they do, they appear in a set order according to category. (See Below.) When indefinite pronouns such as something, someone, anybody are modified by an adjective, the adjective comes after the pronoun: Anyone capable of doing something horrible to someone nice should be punished. Something wicked this way comes. And there are certain adjectives that, in combination with certain words, are always "postpositive" (coming after the thing they modify): The president elect, heir apparent to the Glitzy fortune, lives in New York proper. See, also, the note on a- adjectives, below, for the position of such words as "ablaze, aloof, aghast." Degrees of Adjectives Adjectives can express degrees of modification:

Gladys is a rich woman, but Josie is richer than Gladys, and Sadie is the richest woman in town.

The degrees of comparison are known as the positive, the comparative, and the superlative. (Actually, only the comparative and superlative show degrees.) We use the comparative for comparing two things and the superlative for comparing three or more things. Notice that the word than frequently accompanies the comparative and the word the precedes the superlative. The inflected suffixes -er and -est suffice to form most comparatives and superlatives, although we need -ier and -iest when a two-syllable adjective ends in y (happier and happiest); otherwise we use more and most when an adjective has more than one syllable.

Positive rich lovely beautiful

Comparative richer lovelier more beautiful

Superlative richest loveliest most beautiful

Certain adjectives have irregular forms in the comparative and superlative degrees: Irregular Comparative and Superlative Forms good bad little much many some far better worse less more further best worst least most furthest

According to Bryan Garner, "complete" is one of those adjectives that does not admit of comparative degrees. We could say, however, "more nearly complete." I am sure that I have not been consistent in my application of this principle in the Guide (I can hear myself, now, saying something like "less adequate" or "more preferable" or "less fatal"). Other adjectives that Garner would include in this list are as follows:
absolute impossible adequate inevitable chief irrevocable complete main devoid manifest entire minor fatal paramount final perpetual ideal preferable principal stationary sufficient unanimous unavoidable unbroken unique universe whole

Adverbs
Definition Adverbs are words that modify

a verb (He drove slowly. How did he drive?)

an adjective (He drove a very fast car. How fast was his car?) another adverb (She moved quite slowly down the aisle. How slowly did she move?)

As we will see, adverbs often tell when, where, why, or under what conditions something happens or happened. Adverbs frequently end in -ly; however, many words and phrases not ending in -ly serve an adverbial function and an -ly ending is not a guarantee that a word is an adverb. The words lovely, lonely, motherly, friendly, neighborly, for instance, are adjectives:

That lovely woman lives in a friendly neighborhood.

If a group of words containing a subject and verb acts as an adverb (modifying the verb of a sentence), it is called an Adverb Clause:

When this class is over, we're going to the movies.

When a group of words not containing a subject and verb acts as an adverb, it is called an adverbial phrase. Prepositional phrases frequently have adverbial functions (telling place and time, modifying the verb):

He went to the movies. She works on holidays. They lived in Canada during the war.

And Infinitive phrases can act as adverbs (usually telling why):

She hurried to the mainland to see her brother. The senator ran to catch the bus.

But there are other kinds of adverbial phrases: He calls his mother as often as possible Adverbs can modify adjectives, but an adjective cannot modify an adverb. Thus we would say that "the students showed a really wonderful attitude" and that "the students showed a wonderfully casual attitude" and that "my professor is really tall, but not "He ran real fast." Like adjectives, adverbs can have comparative and superlative forms to show degree.

Walk faster if you want to keep up with me. The student who reads fastest will finish first.

We often use more and most, less and least to show degree with adverbs:

With sneakers on, she could move more quickly among the patients. The flowers were the most beautifully arranged creations I've ever seen. She worked less confidently after her accident. That was the least skillfully done performance I've seen in years.

The as as construction can be used to create adverbs that express sameness or equality: "He can't run as fast as his sister." A handful of adverbs have two forms, one that ends in -ly and one that doesn't. In certain cases, the two forms have different meanings:

He arrived late. Lately, he couldn't seem to be on time for anything.

In most cases, however, the form without the -ly ending should be reserved for casual situations:

She certainly drives slow in that old Buick of hers. He did wrong by her. He spoke sharp, quick, and to the point.

Adverbs often function as intensifiers, conveying a greater or lesser emphasis to something. Intensifiers are said to have three different functions: they can emphasize, amplify, or downtone. Here are some examples:

Emphasizers: o I really don't believe him. o He literally wrecked his mother's car. o She simply ignored me. o They're going to be late, for sure. Amplifiers: o The teacher completely rejected her proposal. o I absolutely refuse to attend any more faculty meetings. o They heartily endorsed the new restaurant. o I so wanted to go with them. o We know this city well. Downtoners: o I kind of like this college. o Joe sort of felt betrayed by his sister. o His mother mildly disapproved his actions. o We can improve on this to some extent. o The boss almost quit after that. o The school was all but ruined by the storm.

Kinds of Adverbs
Adverbs of Manner She moved slowly and spoke quietly. Adverbs of Place She has lived on the island all her life. She still lives there now. Adverbs of Frequency She takes the boat to the mainland every day. She often goes by herself. Adverbs of Time She tries to get back before dark. It's starting to get dark now. She finished her tea first. She left early. Adverbs of Purpose She drives her boat slowly to avoid hitting the rocks. She shops in several stores to get the best buys. Positions of Adverbs One of the hallmarks of adverbs is their ability to move around in a sentence. Adverbs of manner are particularly flexible in this regard.

Solemnly the minister addressed her congregation. The minister solemnly addressed her congregation. The minister addressed her congregation solemnly.

The following adverbs of frequency appear in various points in these sentences:

Before the main verb: I never get up before nine o'clock.

Between the auxiliary verb and the main verb: I have rarely written to my brother without a good reason. Before the verb used to: I always used to see him at his summer home.

Indefinite adverbs of time can appear either before the verb or between the auxiliary and the main verb:

He finally showed up for batting practice. She has recently retired.

Determiners
Determiners are words like the, an, my, some. They are grammatically similar. They all come at the beginning of noun phrases, and usually we cannot use more than one determiner in the same noun phrase. Articles:

a, an, the

Possessive Adjectives:

my, your, his, her, its, our, their, whose

Other determiners:

each, every either, neither some, any, no much, many; more, most little, less, least few, fewer, fewest what, whatever; which, whichever both, half, all several enough

Determiners are used in front of nouns to indicate whether you are referring to something specific or something of a particular type. Determiners are different to pronouns in that a determiner is always followed by a noun. Therefore personal pronouns ( I , you , he , etc.) and possessive pronouns (mine, yours, his, etc.) cannot be determiners. The definite and indefinite articles a/an/the are all determiners.

You use a specific determiner when people know exactly which thing(s) or person/people you are talking about. The specific determiners are:
the definite article : the , demonstratives : this, that, these, those, possessives : my, your, his, her, its, our, their

For example:-

"The dog barked at the boy." "These apples are rotten." "Their bus was late." You use general determiners to talk about people or things without saying exactly who or what they are. The general determiners are: the indefinite articles : a, an a a all another any both each either enough every fewer less little many more most much neither few little

few

no other several some

Direct and indirect speech

When using indirect or reported speech, the form changes. Usually indirect speech is introduced by the verb said, as in I said, Bill said, or they said. Using the verb say in this tense, indicates that something was said in the past. In these cases, the main verb in the reported sentence is put in the past. If the main verb is already in a past tense, then the tense changes to another past tense; it can almost be seen as moving even further into the past. Verb tense changes also characterize other situations using indirect speech. Note the changes shown in the chart and see the table below for examples. With indirect speech, the use of that is optional. Direct Speech Indirect Speech past

simple present simple He said, I go to school every day. He said (that) he went to school every day.

simple past past perfect He said, I went to school every day. He said (that) he had gone to school every day. present perfect past perfect He said, I have gone to school every He said (that) he had gone to school every day. day. present progressive past progressive He said, I am going to school every He said (that) he was going to school every day. day. past progressive perfect progressive He said, I was going to school every He said (that) he had been going to school every day. day, future (will) would + verb name He said, I will go to school every day. He said (that) he would go to school every day. future (going to) present progressive He said, I am going to school every He said (that) he is going to school every day. day. past progressive He said (that) he was going to school every day Direct Speech Indirect Speech

auxiliary + verb name simple past He said, Do you go to school every He asked me if I went to school every day.* day? He asked me where I went to school. He said, Where do you go to school? imperative He said, Go to school every day. infinitive He said to go to school every day.

*Note than when a Yes/No question is being asked in direct speech, then a construction with if o whether is used. If a WH question is being asked, then use the WH to introduce the clause. Also not that with indirect speech, these are examples of embedded questions.

The situation changes if instead of the common said another part of the very to say is used. In tha case the verb tenses usually remain the same. Some examples of this situation are given below.

Direct Speech

Indirect Speech

simple present + simple present simple present + simple present He says, I go to school every day. He says (that) he goes to school every day. present perfect + simple present present perfect + simple present He has said, I go to school every day. He has said (that) he goes to school every day. past progressive + simple past past progressive + simple past He was saying, I went to school every He was saying (that) he went to school every day. day. past progressive + past perfect He was saying (that) he had gone to school every day. future + simple present future + simple present He will say, I go to school every day. He will say (that) he goes to school every day.

Another situation is the one in which modal constructions are used. If the verb said is used, then the form of the modal, or another modal that has a past meaning is used.

Direct Speech can He said, I can go to school every day. may He said, I may go to school every day. might He said, I might go to school every day. must He said, I must go to school every day. have to He said, I have to go to school every day.

Indirect Speech could He said (that) he could go to school every day. might He said (that) he might go to school every day.

to had He said (that) he had to go to school every day.

should should He said, I should go to school every He said (that) he should go to school every day. day. ought to ought to He said, I ought to go to school every He said (that) he ought to go to school every day. day.

The Gerund and the Present Participle: ING Form

INTRODUCTION The -ing form of the verb may be a present participle or a gerund. The form is identical, the difference is in the function, or the job the word does in the sentence.

The present participle: This is most commonly used:

as part of the continuous form of a verb, he is painting; she has been waiting

after verbs of movement/position in the pattern: verb + present participle

, She sat looking at the sea

after verbs of perception in the pattern: verb + object + present participle , We saw him swimming

as an adjective, e.g. amazing, worrying, exciting, boring

The gerund: This always has the same function as a noun (although it looks like a verb), so it can be used:

as the subject of the sentence: Eating people is wrong.

after prepositions: Can you sneeze without opening your mouth? She is good at painting

after certain verbs, e.g. like, hate, admit, imagine

in compound nouns, e.g. a driving lesson, a swimming pool, bird-watching, train-spotting

Nouns
Definition A noun is the name of a person, place, thing, or idea. Whatever exists, we assume, can be named, and that name is a noun. A proper noun, which names a specific person,

place, or thing (Carlos, Queen Marguerite, Middle East, Jerusalem, Malaysia, Presbyterianism, God, Spanish, Buddhism, the Republican Party), is almost always capitalized. A proper noun used as an addressed person's name is called a noun of address. Common nouns name everything else, things that usually are not capitalized. A group of related words can act as a single noun-like entity within a sentence. A Noun Clause contains a subject and verb and can do anything that a noun can do: What he does for this town is a blessing. A Noun Phrase, frequently a noun accompanied by modifiers, is a group of related words acting as a noun: the oil depletion allowance; the abnormal, hideously enlarged nose. There is a separate section on word combinations that become Compound Nouns such as daughter-in-law, half-moon, and stick-in-the-mud. Categories of Nouns Nouns can be classified further as count nouns, which name anything that can be counted (four books, two continents, a few dishes, a dozen buildings); mass nouns (or non-count nouns), which name something that can't be counted (water, air, energy, blood); and collective nouns, which can take a singular form but are composed of more than one individual person or items (jury, team, class, committee, herd). We should note that some words can be either a count noun or a non-count noun depending on how they're being used in a sentence: 1. 2. 3. 4. He got into trouble. (non-count) He had many troubles. (countable) Experience (non-count) is the best teacher. We had many exciting experiences (countable) in college.

Forms of Nouns Nouns can be in the subjective, possessive, and objective case. The word case defines the role of the noun in the sentence. Is it a subject, an object, or does it show possession?

The English professor [subject] is tall. He chose the English professor [object]. The English professor's [possessive] car is green.

Nouns in the subject and object role are identical in form; nouns that show the possessive, however, take a different form. Usually an apostrophe is added followed by the letter s (except for plurals, which take the plural "-s" ending first, and then add the

apostrophe). See the section on Possessives for help with possessive forms. There is also a table outlining the cases of nouns and pronouns. Almost all nouns change form when they become plural, usually with the simple addition of an -s or -es. Unfortunately, it's not always that easy, and a separate section on Plurals offers advice on the formation of plural noun forms. Assaying for Nouns* Back in the gold rush days, every little town in the American Old West had an assayer's office, a place where wild-eyed prospectors could take their bags of ore for official testing, to make sure the shiny stuff they'd found was the real thing, not "fool's gold." We offer here some assay tests for nouns. There are two kinds of tests: formal and functional what a word looks like (the endings it takes) and how a word behaves in a sentence.

Formal Tests 1. Does the word contain a noun-making morpheme? organization, misconception, weirdness, statehood, government, democracy, philistinism, realtor, tenacity, violinist 2. Can the word take a plural-making morpheme? pencils, boxes 3. Can the word take a possessive-making morpheme? today's, boys' Function Tests 1. Without modifiers, can the word directly follow an article and create a grammatical unit (subject, object, etc.)? the state, an apple, a crate 2. Can it fill the slot in the following sentence: "(The) _________ seem(s) all right." (or substitute other predicates such as unacceptable, short, dark, depending on the word's meaning)? .

Passive
Definition of PASSIVE 1 a (1) : acted upon by an external agency (2) : receptive to outside impressions or influences b (1) : asserting that the grammatical subject of a verb is subjected to or affected by the action represented by that verb <the>passive voice> (2) : containing or yielding a passive verb form c (1) : lacking in energy or will : lethargic (2) : tending not to take an active or dominant part d : induced by an outside agency passive exercise of a paralyzed leg></the> 2 a : not active or operating : inert b : of, relating to, or making direct use of the sun's heat usually without the intervention of mechanical devices <a>passive solar house> c : latent d (1) : of, relating to, or characterized by a state of chemical inactivity; especially : resistant to corrosion

(2) : not involving expenditure of chemical energy passive transport across a cell membrane> e of an electronic element : exhibiting no gain or control f : relating to the detection of an object through its emission of energy or sound passive sonar></a> 3 a : receiving or enduring without resistance : submissive b : existing or occurring without being active, open, or direct passive support> 4 : of, relating to, or being business activity in which the investor does not actively participate in the generation of income passively adverb passiveness noun passivity \pa-si-v-t\ noun

See passive defined for English-language learners See passive defined for kids Examples of PASSIVE 1. Hits in She hits the ball is active, while hit in The ball was hit is passive. 2. In He was hit by the ball, hit is a passive verb. 3. The destructive myth/legend of Herbert Hoover strikes again. The nation's 31st President has chronically been portrayed as passive in the face of the Great Depression and his successor, Franklin Roosevelt, as the exact oppositean activist who, if he didn't actually cure the Depression, at least profoundly improved the nation's battered psychology. Steve Forbes, Forbes, 30 June 2008 4. He believes that the time has come for Europeans to discard their passive role with respect to the United States and that Americans must be made to understand why. Nicholas Fraser, Harper's, May 2006 5. Throughout the streets of Moscow last Wednesday, word of the ignominious flight of the Soviet Union's would-be junta brought a sense not of jubilation, but of quiet relief that a bloody civil war had been averted, and of satisfaction that the myth of the passive, obedient Russian people might be laid to rest. Fred Hiatt, Washington Post, 26 Aug.-1 Sept. 1991 6. [+]more[-]hide Origin of PASSIVE Middle English, from Latin passivus, from passus, past participle First Known Use: 14th century Related to PASSIVE Synonyms: acquiescent, nonresistant, resigned, tolerant, tolerating, unresistant, yielding Antonyms: protesting, resistant, resisting, unyielding Related Words: forbearing, impassive, long-suffering, patient, stoic (or stoical), uncomplaining; agreeable, amenable, compliant, complying, conformable, conformist, docile, guidable, lawabiding, obedient, pliable, pliant, subordinate, tractable, willing; obeisant, submissive,

surrendering; amiable, obliging; slavish, subservient; disciplined, governable, manageable; apathetic, uncaring, unresponsive Near Antonyms: defiant; contrary, contumacious, disobedient, froward, incompliant, insubordinate, insurgent, intractable, mutinous, rebellious, recalcitrant, refractory, restive, uncontrollable, ungovernable, unruly, untoward; balky, perverse, wayward, wrongheaded; headstrong, willful (or wilful); indomitable; undisciplined, unmanageable; dissident, nonconformist.

Possessive
Definition of POSSESSIVE 1 : of, relating to, or constituting a word, a word group, or a grammatical case that denotes ownership or a relation analogous to ownership 2 : manifesting possession or the desire to own or dominate possessively adverb possessiveness noun Examples of POSSESSIVE 1. If you marry him, he is only going to become even more jealous and possessive than he is now. 2. The possessive form of dog is dog's. 3. His and her are possessive pronouns. First Known Use of POSSESSIVE 15th century Related to POSSESSIVE Synonyms: jealous Related Words: controlling, demanding, domineering, grasping; covetous, envious, invidious, jaundiced; distrustful, mistrustful, suspicious; overprotective, protective Near Antonyms: undemanding; permissive, tolerant, tolerating, trustful, trusting, understanding [+]more[-]hide Other Grammar and Linguistics Terms ablaut, allusion, anacoluthon, diacritic, gerund, idiom, infinitive, metaphor, semiotics, simile

Relative Clauses
We use relative clauses to give additional information about something without starting another sentence. By combining sentences with a relative clause, your text becomes more fluent and you can avoid repeating certain words. How to Form Relative Clauses Level: lower intermediate Imagine, a girl is talking to Tom. You want to know who she is and ask a friend whether he knows her. You could say: A girl is talking to Tom. Do you know the girl?

That sounds rather complicated, doesn't it? It would be easier with a relative clause: you put both pieces of information into one sentence. Start with the most important thing you want to know who the girl is. Do you know the girl As your friend cannot know which girl you are talking about, you need to put in the additional information the girl is talking to Tom. Use the girl only in the first part of the sentence, in the second part replace it with the relative pronoun (for people, use the relative pronoun who). So the final sentence is: Do you know the girl who is talking to Tom? Relative Pronouns Level: lower intermediate relative pronoun use example who subject or object pronoun for people I told you about the woman who lives next door. which subject or object pronoun for animals and things Do you see the cat which is lying on the roof? which referring to a whole sentence He couldnt read which surprised me. whose possession for people animals and things Do you know the boy whose mother is a nurse? whom object pronoun for people, especially in non-defining relative clauses (in defining relative clauses we colloquially prefer who) I was invited by the professor whom I met at the conference. that subject or object pronoun for people, animals and things in defining relative clauses (who or which are also possible) I dont like the table that stands in the kitchen. Subject Pronoun or Object Pronoun? Level: lower intermediate Subject and object pronouns cannot be distinguished by their forms - who, which, that are used for subject and object pronouns. You can, however, distinguish them as follows: If the relative pronoun is followed by a verb, the relative pronoun is a subject pronoun. Subject pronouns must always be used. the apple which is lying on the table If the relative pronoun is not followed by a verb (but by a noun or pronoun), the relative pronoun is an object pronoun. Object pronouns can be dropped in defining relative clauses, which are then called Contact Clauses. the apple (which) George lay on the table Relative Adverbs Level: intermediate A relative adverb can be used instead of a relative pronoun plus preposition. This often makes the sentence easier to understand. This is the shop in which I bought my bike. This is the shop where I bought my bike. relative adverb meaning use example when in/on which refers to a time expression the day when we met him where in/at which refers to a place the place where we met him why for which refers to a reason the reason why we met him Defining Relative Clauses Level: lower intermediate Defining relative clauses (also called identifying relative clauses or restrictive relative clauses) give detailed information defining a general term or expression. Defining relative clauses are not put in commas. Imagine, Tom is in a room with five girls. One girl is talking to Tom and you ask somebody whether he knows this girl. Here the relative clause defines which of the five girls you mean.

Do you know the girl who is talking to Tom? Defining relative clauses are often used in definitions. A seaman is someone who works on a ship. Object pronouns in defining relative clauses can be dropped. (Sentences with a relative clause without the relative pronoun are called Contact Clauses.) The boy (who/whom) we met yesterday is very nice. Non-Defining Relative Clauses Level: upper intermediate Non-defining relative clauses (also called non-identifying relative clauses or nonrestrictive relative clauses) give additional information on something, but do not define it. Non-defining relative clauses are put in commas. Imagine, Tom is in a room with only one girl. The two are talking to each other and you ask somebody whether he knows this girl. Here the relative clause is non-defining because in this situation it is obvious which girl you mean. Do you know the girl, who is talking to Tom? Note: In non-defining relative clauses, who/which may not be replaced with that. Object pronouns in non-defining relative clauses must be used. Jim, who/whom we met yesterday, is very nice.

The Infinitive
Recognize an infinitive when you see one. To sneeze, to smash, to cry, to shriek, to jump, to dunk, to read, to eat, to slurpall of these are infinitives. An infinitive will almost always begin with to followed by the simple form of the verb, like this: to + verb = infinitive Important Note: Because an infinitive is not a verb, you cannot add s, es, ed, or ing to the end. Ever! Infinitives can be used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. Look at these examples: To sleep is the only thing Eli wants after his double shift waiting tables at the neighborhood caf. To sleep functions as a noun because it is the subject of the sentence. No matter how fascinating the biology dissection is, Emanuel turns his head and refuses to look. To look functions as a noun because it is the direct object for the verb refuses. Wherever Melissa goes, she always brings a book to read in case conversation lags or she has a long wait. To read functions as an adjective because it modifies book. Richard braved the icy rain to throw the smelly squid eyeball stew into the apartment dumpster. To throw functions as an adverb because it explains why Richard braved the inclement weather.

Verb Tenses
In English, there are three basic tenses: present, past, and future. Each has a perfect form, indicating completed action; each has a progressive form, indicating ongoing action; and each has a perfect progressive form, indicating ongoing action that will be completed at some definite time. Here is a list of examples of these tenses and their definitions:

Simple FormsProgressive FormsPerfect FormsPerfect Progressive FormsPresent take/s am/is/are taking have/has taken have/has been taking Past took was/were taking had taken had been taking Future will/shall take will be taking will have taken will have been taking Simple Forms Present Tense Present tense expresses an unchanging, repeated, or reoccurring action or situation that exists only now. It can also represent a widespread truth. Example Meaning The mountains are tall and white. Unchanging action Every year, the school council elects new members. Recurring action Pb is the chemical symbol for lead. Widespread truth Past Tense Past tense expresses an action or situation that was started and finished in the past. Most past tense verbs end in -ed. The irregular verbs have special past tense forms which must be memorized. Example Form W.W.II ended in 1945. Regular -ed past Ernest Hemmingway wrote "The Old Man and the Sea." Irregular form Future Tense Future tense expresses an action or situation that will occur in the future. This tense is formed by using will/shall with the simple form of the verb. The speaker of the House will finish her term in May of 1998. The future tense can also be expressed by using am, is, or are with going to. The surgeon is going to perform the first bypass in Minnesota. We can also use the present tense form with an adverb or adverbial phrase to show future time. Progressive Forms Present Progressive Tense Present progressive tense describes an ongoing action that is happening at the same time the statement is written. This tense is formed by using am/is/are with the verb form ending in -ing. Past Progressive Tense Past progressive tense describes a past action which was happening when another action occurred. This tense is formed by using was/were with the verb form ending in ing.

The explorer was explaining the lastest discovery in Egypt when protests began on the streets. Future Progressive Tense Future progressive tense describes an ongoing or continuous action that will take place in the future. This tense is formed by using will be or shall be with the verb form ending in -ing. Dr. Jones will be presenting ongoing research on sexist language next week. Perfect Forms Present Perfect Tense Present perfect tense describes an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past or that began in the past and continues in the present.This tense is formed by using has/have with the past participle of the verb. Most past participles end in -ed. Irregular verbs have special past participles that must be memorized.

FIVE SUBJECT MATTER

INFINITIVE PHRASE
In grammar , infinitive is the name for certain verb forms that exist in many languages. In the usual (traditional) description of English , the infinitive of a verb is its basic form with or without the particle to: therefore, do and to do, be and to be, and so on are infinitives. As with many linguistic

concepts, there is not a single definition of infinitive that applies to all languages. Many Native American languages and some languages in Africa and Aboriginal Australia simply do not have infinitives or verbal nouns . In their place they use finite verb forms used in ordinary clauses or special constructions. In languages that have infinitives, they generally[citation needed ] have most[citation needed ] of the following properties: In most uses, infinitives are non-finite verbs . They function as other lexical categories usually nouns within the clauses that contain them, for example by serving as the subject of another verb. They do not represent any of the verb's arguments . They are not inflected to agree with any subject. They cannot serve as the only verb of a declarative sentence. They do not have tense , aspect , moods , and/or voice , or they are limited in the range of tenses, aspects, moods, and/or voices that they can use. (In languages where infinitives do not have moods at all, they are usually treated as being their own nonfinite mood.) However, it bears repeating that none of the above is a defining quality of the infinitive; infinitives do not have all these properties in every language, as it is shown below, and other verb forms may have one or more of them. For example, English gerunds and participles have most of these properties as well.

PARTICIPIAL

PHRASE

In linguistics, a participle is a word that shares some characteristics of both verbs and adjectives. It can be used in compound verb tenses or voices periphrasis), or as a modifier. phrase composed of a participle and other words is a participial phrase.The word comes from atin participium, a calque of Greek metoch partaking or "sharing",[3] because the Ancient Greek and Latin participles share in the properties of the adjective or noun (gender, number, and case) and of the verb (tense and voice). [edit] Types[edit] Adverbial and adjectivalIn some languages, a distinction between adverbial participle and adjectival participle can be made. Perfect passiveThe perfect passive participle is the past participle expressed in the passive voice, for example The dog, having been praised by its master, was happy, or more commonly, The dog, praised by its master, was happy. [edit] Perfect passive of deponent Deponent verbs are typically passive in form but active in meaning and their participles thus take the form but not the meaning of the perfect passive participle. In Latin:precatus "having prayed" (from the verb precor, precari, precatus sum) Compare with a non-deponent equivalent:

laudatus "having been praised" (from the verb laudo, laudare, laudavi, laudatus)

SUBJECT

VERB

AGREEMENT

In languages where the verb is inflected, it often agrees with its primary argument (the subject) in person, number and/or gender. With the exception of the verb to be, English shows distinctive agreement only in the third person singular, present tense form of verbs, which is marked by adding "-s" (I walk, he walks) or "-es" (he fishes). The rest of the persons are not distinguished in the verb (I walk, you walk, they walk, etc.). Latin and the Romance languages inflect verbs for tenseaspectmood and they agree in person and number (but not in gender, as for example in Polish) with the subject. Japanese, like many languages with SOV word order, inflects verbs for tense/mood/aspect as well as other categories such as negation, but shows absolutely no agreement with the subject - it is a strictly dependent-marking language. On the other hand, Basque, Georgian, and some other languages, have polypersonal agreement: the verb agrees with the subject, the direct object and even the secondary object if present, a greater degree of head-marking than is found in most European languages.

SIMPLE

SENTENCE

A simple sentence is a sentence structure that contains one independent clause and no dependent clauses

Examples The runner jumped. This simple sentence has one independent clause which contains one subject, runner, and one predicate, jumped. The singer bowed. This simple sentence has one independent clause which contains one subject, singer, and one predicate, bowed. The baby cried. This simple sentence has one independent clause which contains one subject, baby, and one predicate, cried. The girl ran into her bedroom. This simple sentence has one independent clause which contains one subject, girl, and one predicate, ran into her bedroom. This example is distinct from the previous three in that its verb phrase consists of more than one word. In the backyard, the dog barked and howled at the cat. This simple sentence has one independent clause which contains one subject, dog, and one predicate, barked and howled at the cat. This predicate has two verbs, known as a compound predicate: barked and howled. This compound verb should not be confused with a compound sentence. In the backyard and at the cat are prepositional phrases

COMPOUND

SENTENCE

A compound sentence is composed of at least two independent clauses. It does not require a dependent clause. The clauses are joined by a coordinating conjunction (with or without a comma), a correlative conjunction (with or without a comma), a semicolon that functions as a conjunction, or a conjunctive adverb preceded by a semicolon. A conjunction can be used to make a compound sentence. The use of a comma to separate two independent clauses is called a comma splice and is generally considered an error (when used in the English language). Examples My friend invited me Do you want to stay I have a lot of

to a tea party, but my parents didn't let me here, or would you like to go shopping with me? work to finish, so I will be up all night.

COMPLEX

SENTENCE

A complex sentence is a sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. Contrast I ate the meal that you cooked. I ate the meal is an independent clause and that you cooked is a relative clause.

More I I

examples enjoyed that

of apple juice

a pie that

complex that my you father

sentence bought poured into for the

are: me. cup.

like

the

pomegranate

I ate breakfast before I went to work. I ate breakfast is an independent clause, and before I went to work is a dependent clause, meaning it cannot stand alone as a sentence. I was scared, but I didn't run away. Both clauses are independent. Therefore, this is a compound sentence but not a complex sentence. The dog that you gave me barked at me, and it bit my hand. This is a compound-complex sentence with two independent clauses (The dog barked at me and It bit my hand) and one dependent clause (that you gave me).

NOUN

CLAUSE

A noun clause can be used like a noun. It can be a subject, predicate nominative, direct object, appositive, indirect object, or object of the preposition. Some of the English words that introduce noun clauses are that, whether, who, why, whom, what, how, when, whoever, where, and whomever. Notice that some of these words also introduce adjective and adverbial clauses. A clause is a noun clause if a pronoun (he, she, it, or they) could be substituted for it. Examples: I know who said that. (I know it.) (The dependent clause serves as the object of the main-clause verb "know".) Whoever made that assertion is wrong. (He/she is wrong.) (The dependent clause serves as the subject of the main clause.) Sometimes in English a noun clause is used without the introductory word. Example: I know that he is here. I know he is here. (without "that") In some cases, use of the introductory word, though grammatically correct, may sound cumbersome in English, and the introductory word may be omitted.

TRANSITIONAL

WORDS

Transitional words allow one to work smooth changes into one's writing; thus, simple sentences turn into compound sentences, complex sentences and long paragraphs.

Transitional words also allow people to provide a powerful tool to put sentences and phrases together, bringing coherence and consistency, and, most importantly, they put the thoughts one's mind is trying to convey into written words. Transitional words are also used to make things like essays sound and flow better. Common transitional wordsThis list includes: last, first, second, next, but, on the other hand, moreover, in addition, furthermore, however, to begin with, otherwise, conclusively, lastly, secondly, thirdly, most importantly, in conclusion, to end with, first of all, last of all, to sum it up, last but not least, lastly, finally, for example, on top of all.

Acknowledgement of Dedication
We dedicate this to our english professor Mr.Gerry Manza Ando who teach us that time is diamond because time is very precious ...so do not waste your time in non sense things that can limit your knowledge and he is the only one who teach us how to give justice in our every actions that we make.

We would like to thank Mr.Gerry Manza Ando for the knowledge he impart to us. His sage advice,insightful

criticisms,and patient encouragement by giving justice in our every actions that we make and also has a very convincing words of wisdom.we would like to thank also to our parents that are very supportive and understanding to us to make this kind of tasks.

Picture and our favorite English Quotes!

MARJORIE TACATANI Things that matter most must never be at the mercy of things that matter least.

DAISY ANN OBAOB Everyone has a moon, and has dark side which he never shows to anybody

mary jane Mauro Paternal love is not like bread that can be broken in equal shares.A father gives all his love to each one of his children without discrimination.

GRETCHEL YAM-ID You are on a journey to the grave. If you remember death, your excesses will diminish. If your greediness gets weaker and your expectations diminish, you will realize that we are all returning to Him.

Angelle Carulasan Our eyes must be clear and Gods strength must be in us to fulfill our lifes vision.

JANE CLAUDE REALES Human nature causes us to be dependent on other peoples opinion in a way completely out of proportion to its value.

JEFFERSON MANINGO Live while you live, seize the pleasure of the present day.

Jerex Espaltero Let me forget the hurt and pain found along lifes way; let me remember kindness given day by day.

Ruthlyn Gabato Nights darkness is a bag that bursts with the gold of the down.

Message to Mr. Gerry Manza Ando

You are the one of the greatest people whom we can across in our life. You are not only the selfless givers but also the mentors of our life. At every step of our life, we come to cross teachers who devote our entire life in the enlightenment of students like us. For sure, your definition cant be limited to a subject teacher because anyone who guide us in our life is a teacher like you. A teacher who can arouse a feeling for one single good action, for one single good poem, accomplishes more than he who fills our memory with rows and rows of natural objects, classified with name and form. Your role as a leader is even more important than you might imagine. You have the power to help people become winners. Tell me and I forget. Teach me and I remember. Involve me and I learn

Graduation picture of mr Gerry manza ando

MR. GERRY MANZA ANDO TEACHING EXPERIENCES !