==========+++++++====The Renaissance in Italy ================================ I. The Renaissance in Italy (1376-1527) A.

Focuses of the Renessance -Revival of ancient learning -New secular and scientific values replace relgious relifs. -Re-discovery of the importance of the individual -"New Man" -Did not totally shun religion B. The Renaissance was a TRANSITION from medieval to modern C. Characteristics -national conscousness -political centralization -urban economy (focused on commerce) -CAPITALISM II. The "Burckhardt Theory" (Renaissance Cont.) A. 19th century historian B. Renessance was a revival of classic learning C. New approach D.Release of the full nature of man E. ISSUE: Fails to examine the change in view F. In the middle ages the church dominated culture G. Move away from the agricultural society (New Europe) H.Developement of Universities III. The Italian City-State A. Italy -a cultural advantage over rest of Europe -"gateway" between east and west -major trade center -rich trade = powerful cities B. Italians became bankers of Europe C. Growth of the City-States -Due to the massive wealth and re-investment in the cities the cities grew. D. 5 Major City States - Milan - Florence - Venice - Papal States - Naples IV. Florence the "ideal city-state" A. Florence's system of government - Republic - Concerned with rights of people - Has a constitution - Limits power of Nobility and laborors - Wealthy controls voting - Controlled by despite (dictators) V. Social Class and Conflict A. Four distinguishable social classes - Grande - merchants and nobles (ruled the city) - Popolo grosso - "fat people" guild masters and shop owners - Popolo minuto - "little people" lower economic classes - Paupers - Have no wealth at all B. Raises problems (Ciompi Revolt) a. Causes - Feud between old and new rich - Black Death - Colapse of two major banking houses b. Results

- Cosimo de' Medici steps in in 1934 and restores power - Cosimo de' Medici assends to power and controls Floren ce C. Lorenzo de Medici / Cosimo de Medici - Small family bank - Gambles on pirate turned catholic (pays off) - Medicis are now papacy's bank - Takes a gambit hiring Brunelesci and pays off - Capitalised on completion of cathedral to gain power - Made a legacy in Florence D. Political turbulence - Constant fueds between city-states - Made diplomacy necessary - Most city-states had embassies in other city states - NOTE: City states would band together to fight off a foreign invador VI. Humanism A. Stress on "man-kind" B. An educational system focused on: - Grammar - Poetry - Politics - Reheteric - History - Involved in government - Moral Philosophy VII. Petrarch, Dante, and Boccaccio A. Francesco Petrarch - "Father of Humanism" - Letter writer and poet - Celebrated roman civilization - More secular the most humanists B. Dante Alighieri - Most famous for his writing "Divine Comedy" - Writings formed the corner stones of Italian vernacular lit. C. Giobanni Boccaccio - Pioneer of humanist studies - Wrote about the Plague - Wrote and expose of sexual and economic misconduct - Sympathetic of human behavior - Avid collector of manuscripts VIII. Education Reforms and Goals A. Goals of Humanism - Be wise - Speak eloquently - To know what is good - To practice virture B.Christine de Pisan - Noble woman - Widowed and became a writer to support herself - Famous for her writing "How to handle Their Husbands" IX. The Florentine "Academy" and the Revival of Platonism A. Back to the classics -Renaissance artists looked to greek writers such as Plato B. Council of Ferrara - Reunion of eastern and western churches - Opened the door for many Greek scholars and manuscripts to enter the west C. The fall of Constantinople - Many Greek scholars fled to Florence - Platonic Academy flurished under patronage of Cosimo de' Medic i D. Platonism - Distinguished between an eternal sphere of being and the

perishable world in which humans actually lived X. Critical Work of the Humanists: Lorenzo Valla A. Lorenzo Valla - Author of the standar Renaissance text on Latin philology - Good Catholic - Became heros to protestants - Wrote the Expose of the Donation of Constantine - No intended to be devistating - Became a major document to protestants - Pointed out issues in the Latin Vulgate - While critical he was loyal to the Catholic church XI. Civic Humanism A. Basic principles - Believed that scholastics were a waste of time - Education should be used to better the community - Should only apply to prominent people - Peessed the importance of civic duty -------------------------------Renaissance Art----------------------------------I. Background Information - Patronage for artists grew - Transition from abstract and formulaic art to that of the observation of the natural world - Transition from vertical to linar perspective - New techniques developed in 15th century -oil paints -shading -Linear perspective II. Leonardo da Vinci -Ideal Renaissance man (master of many skills) -Military engineer for Ludovico il Moro of Milan -Learned in Anatomy -Self taught botanist -Great skill in coveying facial features (as seen in the Mona Lisa) III. Raphael -Loved by his contemporaries -Died young at the age of 37 -Famous for his tender madonnas IV. Michelangelo -Famous for his sculpture of David -Extreeme glorification of the human form -harmony -symmetry -porportion -Four different popes commisioned Michelangelo -Most famous for his frescoes for the Sistine Chapel -New style of painting Mannerism -A style in which it was ok for a painter to express his feelings in a piece ---------------------------Slavery in the Renaissance---------------------------I. Slavery in the Renaissance A. The affect of the Black Death on Slavery - A reduced number of laborers everywhere made demand increase

- The need for workers was filled with slaves B. General Information about Slavery - Slaves were taken randomly from conquored people - Most well-to-do households had at least one slave - Owners had complete dominion over their slaves - In Italy slaves were generally accepted as members of the households =============Italy's Political Decline: The French Invasions==================== === I. The Treaty of Lodi A. Italy usually relied on internal co-operation to avoid foreign invasi on B. Allied Florence with Naples and Milan against Venice and the Papal St ates C. Conflict arose between Naples and Milan -Naples Alexander VI prepared to attack Milan -Ludovico (leader of Milan) invited French in to re-take their dynastic claims in Naples. D. Once the French arrived their appetite for Italian territory could no t be controlled II. Charles VIII's March through Italy A. Charles conquored the Papal States and Naples. B. Piero de Medici tried to bribe the French king (failed) C. Giromlamo Savonarola - convinced Florentines that the conquoring was divine vengance - Charles entered Florence without resistance - The city was spared - Savonarola was in control for four years - Eventually executed D. Counteralliance -- the League of Venice was formed which bonded Ferdinand of Aragon, Venice, the Papal States, the Emperor Maximilian I against the French. Eventually Milan joined the League of Venice. E. Charles VIII was forced into retreat III. Pope Alexander VI and the Borgia Family A. Louis XII, the sucessor of Charles VIII returned to Italy B. This time the Italians were assised by the Borgia Pope (Alexander VI) - Alexander was the most corrupt pope to sit on the Papal throne - Openly prompoted the political careers of Cesare and Lucrezia Borgia - Helped to secure them a political base in Romagna C. Alexander VI took steps to secure an alliance with France - Annulled the kings marriage D. Italy is taken over...again - The alliance between Alexander and Louis makes the League of Venice too week to withstand French invasion and the Italian empire is split between the French king and Ferdinand of Aragon. IV. Pope Julius II A. Pope Julius II a strong opponent of the Borgia family succeeded Alexander as pope B. Pope Julius II surpress the Borgiaas and took their newly conquored lands C. Pope Julius II was known as the "worrior pope" D. An alliance between Julius, Ferdinand of Aragon, Venice, and Maximilian I drove the French out of Italy once again

E. The French once again invaded Italy which lead to and important compromise that helped keep France Catholic after the out-break of the Protestand Reformation F. Frances re-entry into Italy lead to the Habsburg-Valois wars none of which France won V. Niccolo Machiavelli A. Ideas of Machiavelli -Ends justified the means -Careful student of ancient Rome and was impressed with how Roman Rulers defended their homes -Held deep republican ideas -Mad about Italian people for the self-destruction that their fueding caused -Wanted a united Italy so that they could drive all foreign armies out B. The Prince -a cynical satire on the ways rules actually did behave and not as a serious recommendaction of unprincipled despotic rule -Advised rules to discover the advantages of fraud and brutality -He wanted to see a strong rule to come from the Medici family -This however failed and Emperor Charles V sacked the city of Ro me ==============Revival of Monarchy in Northern Europe ========================== I. Revival A. B. C. of the Monarchy Money Growth of the towns Wealth Buisness have influence -Make inroads -Begin to serve in courts -Limit the power of nobility and clergy D. Taxation, Warefare, and Law-making become national issues -conflict between the monarchs and governing bodies -most governing bodies were never in session E, Rise of the National Standing Army -In the best interest of the Monarch -Gives King control over lords -Local army fights for land -National army fights for money -Always mercinaries if you need more troops -Focus on infantry and artillary in national army F. Who pays the taxes? -Nobility is exempt from taxes -Lower classes pay -Pleaced taxes on food and clothing -tend to hurt the lower classes more -Monarchs struggle on raising revenue -Direct taxes placed on pesantry II. France A. Charles VII -Great king -Supported by Jean d'Arc who drove English out of France -Boombing economy thanks to Jacques Coeur (a banker) B. Two Corner stones of the French nation -Collapse of the English Empire in France -Defeat of Charles the Bold and his duchy of Burgundy C. Additional information -Doubled the size of his empire

-The security Charles created lead to foolish mistakes -France lost the Habsburgs wars and cause the nation to be divid ed III. Spain A. The mariage of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon united two formarly divided kingdoms B. Each maintained seperated laws, armies, coinage, and taxation C. The combined effort allowed them to: -subdue their realms -secure their borders -Venture abroad militarily -Christianize the whole of Spain D. Appointed Francisco Jimenez de Cisneros the Grand Inquisitor of the Spanish Inquisition E. Sponsored Christopher Columbus which led to the creation of the Spanish Empire in Mexico and Peru the gold and silver that came from the New World helped make Spain a dominant power. IV. England A. England was weak following their defeat in the Hundred Years War B. Monarchy of Henry VI was constantly being challanged by the duke of Y ork C. The Duke of York eventually gained control D. Henry the VII marked the start of a new dynasty -confiscated lands and fortunes from nobles -this allowed him to govern without a dependance on funds from Parliament -built a strong monarchy E. Granddaughter of Henry VII, Elizabeth I assumes control V, The Holy Roman Empire A. The Roman empire began to deteriorate -Princes did not work together -Major divisions inside the empire -Numerous fights for power -Private wars pulled apart the empire -Maximilian I placed a ban on private wars -However, this could not replace true national unity ==========================The Northern Renaissance============================= I. Northern Renaissance A. Spreading of Culture -Traders -Scholars B. Religious Reform -South is more secular by nature -Brothers of the Common Life -Lay people -Charity -Schooling (education in Latin and Greek) -More diverse in north C. Catering to a different audience D. Engine is the printing press -Opens education to everyone -Books can be printed fast and created affordably -Monarchs and church didn't like this -Literate population would not be as maleable -Less likely to accept what they are told II. Erasmus

A. Background -Catholic priest -Prolific writer -Wrote about religious reform -Wanted to see more piety in the Church -Leading northern humanist -Luther looked back to Erasmus -Wrote for the common people B. Edited works of the Chruch fathers C. Produced a Greek Edition of the New Testament and a more accurate Latin translation D. Church was un-happy with Erasmus "improvements" of church books -Briefly placed on list on Index of Forbidden Books III, Humanism and Reform A. Germany Agricol - "Father of German Humanism Celts - 1st German Poet Lauret Ulrich von Hutten - Fiery Knight who lead a revolt against the princes B. England Erasmus - (Fore mentioned) Thomas Moore -Author of Uptopia -One of Henry VIII's most trusted diplomats -His refusal to recognise marriage resulted in his execu tion C. France Jacques Lefevre d'Etaples - a biblical authority exemplified the new critical scholarship that influenced Martin Luther. John Calvin - a product of the native reform circle D. Spain Jimenez de Cisneros -Grand Inquisitor -Used humanism to enforce religious orthadox -Founded the University of Alcala -Printed Greek ed. of the New Testament -Kept Spain Catholic throughout reformation movement ===========Voyages of Discovery and the New Empire in the West================ I. Background information of Expansion -Great desire for gold, silver, and spices -Colonization the the New Empire was very profitable II. The Spanish Empire in the New World -The gold and silver that was extracted from Spanish mines finaced Spains major role in the 16th century -Columbus believed that he had found the Island of Japan however, he found the Island of Cuba -It wasn't until Columbus' third voyage that he realized it wasn't Japan -Columbus was met on the shore by naked natives who would give anything and could easily be enslaved III. A conquered World Nazca- South coast of Peru Moche- North coast of Peru Aztec Empire - Dominated Mesoamerica NOTE: All of these nations were very wealthy and conquest promised large quantities of gold

A. Aztecs -Arrived in Valley of Mexico as early as the 12th century -Aztecs controlled surrounding tribes -forced sacrifices due to religious beliefs -Herman Cortes landed -Aztecs believed that he was a god -Offered gold -Many natives died of small poxs -Eventually marched in and conquored the city B. The Incas in Peru -Francisco Pizarro followed in footsteps of Cortes -Kidnapped King and many followers -Arranged ransom then executed the leader -Horrificaly slaughtered many of the Incas IV. Economy of Exploitation A. Stripped natural resources from the New World to build up empires in Europe - Mining (Silver and Gold) - Agriculture - FOrced Labor B. Influx of spices and precious metals into Europe was a mixed blessing -Caused a rise in prises -Estimated 2% inflation rate -Food and clothing increased 100% -However, the influx of goods created a flurishing European global economy