Beruflich Dokumente
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Single phase, Shell type, Dry type by 3 Hungarian Engineers working in GANZ, Budapest. * Karoly Zipernowsky * Titusz Otto Blathy * Miksa Deri
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Patented in 1985
World Scenario
15 MVA 45 MVA 120 MVA 1300 MVA 3-phase (Brown Boveri, 400 kV) 550 MVA, 1-phase (1650 MVA Bank) (Alsthom-France) 775 MVA, 230 kV 60 Hz, SC Tested (ABB)
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1920s :
1930s :
1940s :
1960s :
1970s :
1998 :
World Scenario
220 kV 400 kV 765 kV 1150 kV (USSR)
1930s :
1950s :
1960s :
1960s :
Experimental Transformer - 1785 kV / 1850 kV Class 1200 kV (Japan, Italy, Canada, Brazil, USA)
2000s :
1902:
Worlds first 78 kV, longest high rated voltage transmission line on commercial basis in Mysore State made operational Sivasamudram-Kankanhalli (about 150 km)
1931:
132 kV Introduced
1959:
(300 km approx.)
1977:
(370 km approx.)
1988:
2005(?): 800 kV AC
1968:
1977:
1980:
1980:
1990:
1995:
2000:
Year
Core Material
1885
Soft magnetic
1900
1935
1968
1980
1990
Type
Loss w / kg at 1.7 T 50 Hz
Conventional
Hi-B
Mechanically Scribed
DEVELOPMENT IN CORE
- Mitred Joints (1960s) - 2 x 2 blading - 10 mm over lap - Minimum air gaps at joints - Minimum burr level - Yoke-less building - Stepped lap core construction
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DEVELOPMENT IN CORE
Bolt-less legs
Bolt-less yokes
Energy Saving
Environmental Problem
Latest Trends :
Electrical Resistivity
Steel thickness
Domain width
2) Gap between calculated values and measured values to bridge - 6 sigma tools
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DEVELOPMENT IN WINDINGS
Windings Subjected to :
Dielectric stresses under one minute power frequency induced over voltages.
Corona Discharges
Thermal Stresses
Vibrations
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Stray losses
Fire resistant, non-flammable silicon based liquid. High grade mineral oil, with exceptional oxidation stability and
Thermally upgraded paper insulated conductors Enamel insulated conductor Bunched conductors Epoxy bonded bunched conductors Continuously transposed cables (CTC) Epoxy bonded CTC Foil (and sheet) conductors
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Softer Pressboard
field plots
- Futuristic
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DEVELOPMENT IN WINDINGS
Use of yoke shunt / wall shunt / flux trap to control stray losses
DEVELOPMENT IN WINDINGS
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DEVELOPMENT IN WINDINGS
Requirement of low deviations between measured and calculated winding temperature and thereby need to control manufacturing process.
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DEVELOPMENT IN PROCESSING
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- PDC
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Clamping Structure for core and coil should be capable or withstanding the forces of short circuit apart from lifting and clamping the core
- Better coil clamping methods e.g. use of dash pots, coil clamping
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High degree of automation is employed to achieve high dimensional accuracy for lamination for reducing air gaps and to improve efficiency.
Pressurised chambers used for windings and insulating parts to protect against pollution and dirt.
Vapour phase drying for effective and fast cleaning of core and windings.
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`SRBP to `OIP to `RIP to SF6 Practically Non-existent Upto 800 kV Upto 500 kV Upto 1000 Kv
RIP with Silicon rubber sheds composite insulated for heavily polluted atmosphere (Futuristic trends)
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Condition Monitoring of Bushings (on-going developments) - Online infra-red scanning for hot spots - Dissolved gas analysis - Particle count of oil - RIV Measurement to detect corona - Tan Monitoring - Capacitance Monitoring - PD
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IMPROVEMENTS IN OLTC
Reactor type switching OLTC patented 1905 & 1906 (still popular in USA) High speed resistor type OLTC developed based on Dr. Jansens patent (1926) (used in large scales) Improvement in construction features to increase reliability of operation
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FUTURISTIC
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of oil
Nitrogen Sealing - Inert dry atmosphere of N2 is created over the oil in conservator
Atmoseal System - Rubber pouch placed inside the conservator inflates or deflates with contraction / expansion of oil
Diaphragm System - Rubber diaphragm creates a partition between oil and outside air
Thermosyphon System - Part of the oil circulated through an absorbent sieve of Alumina by thermosyphon action
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with molecules in random pattern - results from rapid solidification of molten alloy @ one Million Degrees celsius per second.
CRGO.
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Class `C or `F
of 2200C
Maintenance free
Conductor Insulation is PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate (No reaction with SF6 and has high temperature withstand)
20% reduced weight, 15% reduced size compared to oil immersed transformers.
Suitable for installation in high fire risk elimination of fire hazards and explosion that exist with transformer oil.
Pressured SF6 Gas provides dielectric strength during the startup period.
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Liquid fluorocarbon is dispersed over the magnetic circuit and the windings. When the transformer is loaded where it is vapourised. The vapours increase the dielectric strength and also provide cooling.
Environmental concerns, sealing problems and high cost of manufacture may restrict the growth of SF6 transformers
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Measuring Quantities Core & coil assly - Thermal faults and elect.discharges Winding hot-spots - loading capability x x x Dryness of insulation Healthiness of bushings
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Gas-in-oil analysis
hot-spot measurement
C, Tan delta of
bushings
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Measuring Quantities
PD measurement
and location
Transfer function
PPM
Active part dryness Arcing and contact wear Winding displacement during transport, short circuit RLA
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OLTC monitoring
FRA,LV1,HV1
Furfural Content
Power-former
High voltage Electric Generators employing XLPE cable are being developed upto 400 kV
First Power-former : a hydro machine rated at 11 MVA, 45 kV commissioned at the Porjus Hydro Power Centre in Northern Sweden in 1998.
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DRYFORMER - LATEST BREAKTHROUGH First patent filed in February 1997 : 10 MVA, 52/17 kV First commercial installation in 1999 : 2 x 20 MVA, 140/6.6 kV at Birka Energis Lottefors Hydropower Station Result of marriage of high voltage cable technology and transformer technology It is oil free, dry type transformer which is a complement to, and an extension of existing range of conventional high voltage transformers using XLPE cable as winding conductors. Claimed advantages: positive environ-mental impact, enhanced safety, flexible placement, higher reliability; hence suitable for placement in densely populated urban areas and environmen39 tally sensitive areas
DRYFORMER (CONTD.)
supports
New dry type OLTC and new cable to air terminations are
under development
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Elimination of oil
Two important types : YBCO - Yttrium barium Copper Oxide BSCCO - Bismuth Strontium Calcium Copper Oxide
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- Dryformer
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- Dry bushings
replacement or refurbishment
Site repair, site refurbishment, site dry out and site testing may
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Trend towards specialisation and segmentaion to achieve high quality and stay competitive and concentrate on Niche Products
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( TODAY )
AIRCRAFT OR AUTOMOBILE OR IT
INDUSTRYOF TODAY
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( TOMORROW )
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