MANUFACTURE D SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY

A)

Sulphuric Acid(H2SO4)

Uses of sulphuric acid

Manufacture of detergents Production of fertilizer Manufacture of artificial fibres Manufacture of paint Leather tanning As electrolyte in car batteries

Sulphuric acid is also used to remove sulphur compound In crude oil and to produce other chemicals

Manufactured of sulphuric acid

Sulphuric acid, H2SO4 IS manufactured in industry through Contact Process. The raw material used are sulphur, air, and water. This process consist of three stages

STAGE 1 In the furnace, molten sulphur is burnt in dry air to produce sulphur dioxide, SO2 . The gas produced is purified and cooled. S(I)+O2(g) STAGE 2 In the converter, sulphur dioxide, SO2 and excess oxygen gas,O2 are passed over a few plates of vanadium(V) oxide,V2O5 catalyst at 450C to produce sulphur trioxide, SO3 SO2(g)

2SO2(g)+O2(g) 2SO3(g)

STAGE3
In the absorber, the sulphur trioxide, SO3 is first reacted with concentrated sulphuric acid,H2SO4 to from a product called oleum H2S2O7 SO3(g)+H4SO4(l) H2S2O7

The oleum, H2S2O7 is then diluted with water to produce concentrated sulphuric acid, H2SO4 in large quantities. H2S2O7(l)+H2O(l) 2H2SO4(l)

The two reaction n the third stage are equivalent to adding sulphur trioxide, SO3 directly to water SO3(g)+H2O(l) H2SO4(l)

However, this is not done in industry because sulphur trioxide SO3 reacts too violently with water. This produce a lot of heat and a large cloud of sulphuric acid, H2SO4 mist. The mist is corrosive, pollutes the air and is difficult to condense.

SULPHUR DIOXIDE AND ENVIROMENT POLLUTION Sulphur Dioxide may cause acid rain. Natural rainwater has a pH of about 5.4.acid rain occur when pH of the rain is between 2.4 and 5.0.this is due to the reaction of sulphur dioxide, SO4 with rain water. 2SO2(g) + O2(g) + 2H2O(l) 2H2SO4(aq)

Ammonia and its salts

Uses of ammonia Manufactured of fertilisers Manufactured of synthetic fibres Manufactured of explosion

The properties of ammonia Ammonia, NH3

Is alkaline Is colourless gas Has a pungent smell Is less dense than air Burns in oxygen gas O2 but not in air Is very soluble in water Gives a white fume when react with hydrogen chloride gas, HCL.

Manufactured of ammonia
Ammonia, NH3 is manufactured in industries through Haber Process. This process combine nitrogen gas,N2 from the air with hydrogen gas ,H2 derived mainly from natural gas to form ammonia, NH3.the ratio of one volume of nitrogen gas,N2 to three volume of hydrogen gas,H2. The mixture is compressed to a high pressure of 200 atmosphere at temperature of about 450C. It is then passed through layer of iron catalyst to speed up the rate of reaction. N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) Ammonia, NH3 formed is then liquefied and separate to get a better yield. The production of ammonia, NH3 gives out heat The unreacted nitrogen gas, N2 and hydrogen gas H2 are recycled and passed back into reactor together with the new source of nitrogen gas, N2 and hydrogen gas, H2. About 98% of nitrogen gas, N2 and hydrogen gas, H2 are converted into ammonia, NH3.

ALLOYS
Arrangement of atom in metals
The arrangement of the atoms in metals is ductile and malleable. The layers of atoms to slide on one another when force is applied. As shown in Figure 1. Thus , metals are ductile or can be stretched. Layer of atom slide Force

Figure 1 Metal are ductile

The shape of the metal changes

Force

Figure 2 Metals are malleable.

WHAT ARE ALLOY? Alloy is a mixture of two or more elements with a certain fixed composition in which the major component is a metal. Most pure metals are weak and soft. The properties of pure metals can be improved by making them into alloys. The aim of making alloys is to make them stronger, harder, resistance to corrosive, have a better furnish and lustre.

The composite, properties and uses of some alloys Alloy Bronze Composition
90% copper 10% tin

Properties
Hard and strong Does not corrode easily Has shiny surface Harder than copper Hard and strong

Uses
In the building of statues or monuments In the making of medals, swords and artistic materials In the making of musical instruments and kitchenware In the construction of buildings and bridges In the building of the body of car and railway tracks In the making of cutlery In the making of surgical instruments In the building of the body of aeroplanes and bullet trains In the making of sourvenirs

Brass

70% copper 30% zinc 99% iron 1% carbon

Steel

Stainless steel

74% iron 8% carbon 18% chromium

Shiny Strong Does not rust Light Strong

Duralumin

93% aluminium 3% copper 3% magnesium 1% manganese

Pewter

96% tin 3% copper 1% antimony

Lustre Shiny Strong

The arrangement of atoms in alloys

Pure metal A Pure metal B

Alloy

SYNTHETIC POLYMERS
What are polymers?
Polymers are large molecules made up of many identical repeating sub-units called monomers which are joined together by covalent bonds. Monomers are joined into chains by a process of repeated linking known as polymerisation.

Polymerization

Formation of polymer

A polymer may consist of thousands of monomers. Some polymers may occur naturally. Starch, cellulose, wool, protein, silk and natural rubber are some examples of naturally occurring polymers. On the other hand, synthetic polymers are man-made polymers. The monomers used are usually obtained from petroleum after going through the refining and cracking process.

Monomers in synthetic polymers

synthetic polymers polythene Monomers Ethane Uses Plastic bags, shopping bags, plastic containers and insulation for electrical wiring Piping, bottle crates, carpets, car batteries and ropes Artificial leather, water pipes and records

Polypropene propene Polyvinyl chloride, PVC perspex Terylene Chloroethene

Methylmethacrylate Safety glass, reflectors, traffic signs and lens Hexane-1,6-diol Benzene-1,4dicarboxylic acid Hexane-1,6diamine Hexane-1,6-dioic acid Clothing, sails and ropes

Nylon

Ropes, clothing and carpets

GLASS AND CERAMICS

GLASS The major component of glass is silica, SiO2. Among all different types of glass used in our daily lives, fused glass is the simplest glass. It is mainly silica, SiO2. Fused glass is a highly heat-resistance glass. It can be plunged into icy, cold water without cracking. It is expensive, yet it is still widely used because of its great purity, optical transparency, high temperature and chemical durability as well as resistance to thermal shock. These properties make it appropriate to be used as laboratory glassware, lenses, telescope mirrors and optical fibres. The most common glass found around the house is the soda-lime glass.it is made by heating sand with lime stone, Na2CO3. Soda-lime glass can be melted at the relative low temperature. It also has thermal expension coefficient. However, it does not withstand heat. Sodalime glass is used to make flat glass, electrical bulbs, mirrors and all kinds of glass containers.

When boron oxide, B2O3 is added to soda-glass, borosilicate glass is formed. Borosilicate glass has a lower thermal expansion coefficient. It is about three times as heat-resistance as soda-lime glass. It is also more resistance to chemical attacks compare to soda-lime glass because it contain less alkali. It Is also used in glass pipelines and applications which require superior resistance to thermal shock and greater chemical durability. Lead crystal glass is normally called crystal or lead glass. It is made by substituting lead oxide, PbO for calcium oxide, CaO and often for pat of silica,SiO2 used in soda-lime glass. Lead crystal is soft and easy to melt. Lead crystal glass is suitable for fine crystal because it is optically transparent and contains much more lead.

CERAMICS Ceramics are made from clay, for kaolin, a hydrated aluminiumsilicate, Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O. when the clay is heated to a very high temperature, they undergo a series of chemical reactions and are hardened permanently to form ceramics. Ceramics can withstand high temperature and do not melt easily. There are also very hard, brittle, chemically inert, do not corrode and have a very high melting point. They are good insulators of electric and heat. Their properties make them suitable for making abrasive, construction materials, tableware, insulator electrical equipments and refractories.

PENDIDIKAN SIVIK DAN KERWARGANEGARAAN

TAJUK PROJEK MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCE IN INDUSTRY

NAMA MURID:T.PRAKASHAM PILLAY ABDUL HALIM BIN ISMAIL KISHOK KUMAR MUHD HAFIZ TINGKATAN:4 WAWASAN NAMA GURU: PUAN LAIZINAH

COMPOSITE MATERIALS

Many of modern technologies require materials with unusual combinations of properties that cannot be met by the conventional metal alloys , ceramics and polymeric materials .Therefore , continuous research and development have been done building materials must have properties like low density , strong and resistance to heat and corrosion .Today, many of such materials are created and used for various fields. A composite materials is a structural materials that is formed by combining two or more different substances such as metal, alloys , glass , ceramics and polymers. The resulting material has properties that are superior than those of the original components .Composite materials are created for specific application.

CONCRETE Concrete is a composite material which consist of a mixture of stones , chips and sand bound together by cement .It is strong but brittle and weak in tension .Steel is strong in tension. When concrete is reinforced with steel wires, steel bars or any polymer fibres , The resulting combination is very tough material with more tensile strength. This material is known as the reinforced expansion.They make very good composites and are essential for the construction of large structures like highrise buildings, bridges and oil platforms. Reinforced concrete is also relatively cheap and can be moulded into any shape.

SUPERCONDUCTORS Superconductors are capable of conducting electricity without any electrical resistance when they are cooled to extremely low temperature. Most of them are alloys of metal compounds or ceramics of metal oxides. However, some superconductors are used in the bullet trains in japan and medical magnetic-imaging devices like magnetic resonance imaging, MRI. They are also used in magnetic energy-storage system, generators, transformers and computer parts. Devices made from superconductors have low power dissipation, high-speed operation and high sensitivity.