SUMMARY OF BASIC VERB FORM USAGE IN CONDITIONAL SENTENCES MEANING OF THE IF CLAUSE True in the present/future Untrue in the

present/future Untrue in the past VERB FORM IN THE IF CLAUSE Simple present VERB FORM IN THE RESULT CLAUSE Simple present Simple future Would + simple form

Simple past

Past perfect

Would have + past participle

(a) If I have enough time, I write to my parents every week. (b) If I have enough time tomorrow, I will write to my parents. (c) If I had enough time now, I would write to my parents (in truth, I do not have enough time, so I will not write to them). (d) If I had had enough time, I would have written to my parents yesterday. (in truth, I did not have enough time, so I did not write to them.)

TRUE IN THE PRESENT OR FUTURE (e) If I dont eat breakfast, I always get hungry during class. (f) Water freezes (will freeze) if the temperature goes below 00 C. (g) If I dont eat breakfast tomorrow morning, I will get hungry during class. (h) If the weather is nice tomorrow, we will go on a picnic. In (e): The simple present in used in the result clause to express a habitual activity or situation. In (f): Either the simple present or the simple future is used in the result clause to express an established, predictable fact. In (g) and (h): The simple future is used in the result clause when the sentence concerns a particular activity or situation in the future. Note: The simple present, not the simple future, is used in the if clause.

UNTRUE (CONTRARY TO FACT) IN THE PRESENT/FUTURE (i) If I taught this class, I wouldnt give tests. (j) If he were here right now, he would help us. (k) If I were you, I would accept their invitation. In (i): In truth, I dont teach this class. In (j): In truth, he is not here right now. In (k): In truth, I am not you. Note: Were used for both singular and plural subjects. Was (with I, he, she, it) is sometimes used in very informal speech but is not generally considered grammatically acceptable.

UNTRUE (CONTRARY TO FACT) IN THE PAST (l) If you had told me about the problem, I would have helped you. (m) If they had studied, they would have passed the exam. (n) If I hadnt slipped on the ice, I wouldnt have broken my arm. In (l): In truth, you did not tell me about it. In (m) In truth, they did not study. They failed the exam. In (n): In truth, I slipped on the ice. I broke my arm. Note: The auxiliary verbs are almost always contracted in speech. If youd told me, I wouldve helped you (or: Idve helped you).

USNG PROGRESSIVE VERB FORM Notice the use of progressive verb forms in the following examples. Even in conditional sentences, progressive verb forms are used in progressive situations. (a) TRUE: It is raining right now, so I will not go for a walk. (b) CONDITIONAL: If it were not raining right now, I would go for a walk. (c) TRUE: I am not living in Chile. I m not working at a bank.. (d) CONDITIONAL: If I were living in Chile, I would be working at a bank. (e) TRUE: It was raining yesterday afternoon, so I did not go for a walk. (f) CONDITIONAL: If it had not been raining, I would have gone for a walk. (g) TRUE: I was not living in Chile last year. I was not working at a bank. (h) CONDITIONAL: If I had been living in Chile last year, I would have been working at a bank. USING MIXED TIME IN CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Frequently the time in the if clause and the time in the :result clause are different: One clause may be in the present and the other in the past. Notice that past and present times are mixed in the sentences in the following examples. (a) TRUE: I did not eat breakfast several hours ago, so I am hungry now. (b) CONDITIONAL: If I had eaten (past) breakfast several hours ago, I would not be (present) hungry now. (c) TRUE: He is not a good student. He did not study for the test yesterday. (d) CONDITIONAL: If he were (past) a good student, he would have studied (present ) for the test.

USING COULD, MIGHT AND SHOULD (a) If I were a bird, I could fly home (b) If I could sing as well as you, I would join the opera. (c) If Id had enough money, I could have gone to Florida for vacation. (d) If I dont get a scholarship, I might get a job instead of going to graduate school nest fall. (e) If you were a better student, you might get better grades. (f) If you had told me about your problem, I might have been able to help you. (g) If John should call, tell him Ill be back around five. (h) If there should be another world war, the continued existence of the human race would be in jeopardy. In (a): could fly = would be able to fly In (b): could sing = were able to sing In (c) could have gone = would have been able to go In (d): I might get = maybe I will get In (e): you might get maybe you would get In (f): I might have been = maybe I would have been In (g): If John should call indicates a little more uncertainty or doubt than If John calls, but the meaning of the two is basically the same. In (h): If there should be indicates more uncertainty or doubt than If there were.

OMITTING IF

(a)Were I you, I wouldnt do that. (b) Had I known, I would have told you. (c) Should anyone call, please take a message.

With were, had (past perfect), and should, sometimes if is omitted and the subject and verb are inverted. In (a): Were I you -= If I were you In (b): Had if known = If I had known In (c): Should anyone call = If anyone should call

IMPLIED CONDITIONS (a) I would have gone with you, but I had to study. (Implied condition: if I hadnt to study) (b) I never would have succeeded without your help. (Implied condition: if you hadnt helped me) (c) She ran; otherwise, she would have missed her bus. Often the if clause: is implied, not stated. Conditional verbs are still used in the result clause Conditional verbs are frequently used following otherwise. In (c), the implied if clause is: If she had not run

VERB FORMS FOLLOWING WISH VERB FORM IN TRUE SENTENCE (a) She will not tell me. (b) He isnt going to be here. (c) She cant come tomorrow (d) I dont know French. (e) It is raining right now. (f) I cant speak Japanese. (g) John didnt come. (h) Mary couldnt come. VERB FORM FOLLOWING WISH I wish (that) she would tell me. I wish he were going to be here. I wish she could come tomorrow I wish I knew French. I wish it werent raining right now. I wish I could speak Japanese. I wish John had come. * I wish Mary could have come.

A wish about the future A wish about the present A wish about the past * Sometimes in very informal speaking: I wish John would have come.

Wish is used when the speaker wants reality to be different, to be exactly the opposite. Verb forms similar to those in conditional sentences are used. Notice the examples. Wish is followed by a noun clause. The use of that is optional. Usually it is omitted in speaking.

USING WOULD TO MAKE WISHES ABOUT THE FUTURE (a) It is raining. I wish would stop. (I want it to stop raining). (b) (b) Im expecting a call. I wish the phone would ring. (I want the phone to ring). (c) Its going to be a good party. I wish you would come. (I want you to come). (d) Were going to be late. I wish you would hurry. (I want you to hurry) USING AS IF/AS THOUGH (a) (b) (c) (d) It looks like rain. It looks as if it is going to rain. It looks as though it is going to rain. It looks like it is going to rain. (informal) Notice in (a): like is followed by a noun object. Notice in (b) and (c): as if and as though are followed by a clause. Notice in (d): like is followed by a clause. This use of like is common in informal English but is not generally considered appropriate in formal English. As if or as though is preferred. (a), (b), (c) and (d) all have the same meaning. Would is usually used to indicate that the speaker wants something to happen in the future. The wish may or may not come true (be realized). In (c) and (d): I wish you would is often used to make a request.

TRUE STATEMENT (e) He is not a child. (f) She did not take a shower with her clothes on (g) He has met her. (h) She will be here.

VERB FORM AFTER AS IF/AS THOUGH She talked to him as if he were a child. When she came in form the rainstorm, she looked as if she had taken a shower with her clothes on. He acted as though he had never met her. She spoke as if she wouldnt be here.

Usually the idea following as if/as though is untrue. In this case, verb usage is similar to that in conditional sentences. Notice the examples.

SIMPLE FUTURE/BE GOING TO He will finish his work tomorrow Will or be going to is used to express future time* He is going to finish his work tomorrow In speech, going to is often pronounced gonna The use of shall with I or we to express future time is possible but uncommon in American English. Shall is used much more frequently in British than in American English Sue is talking to Helen: A: Lets have a party B: Thats a great ides. Well invite lots of people We use will when we decide to do something at the time of speaking. The speaker has not decided before. The party is a new idea. decision now Ill past now future

Later that day, Helen meets Dave: A: Sue and I have decided to have a party. Were going to invite lots of people. We use (be) going to when we have already decided to do something. Helen had already decided to invite lots of people before she spoke to Dave. decision before Im going to past now future

We often use I think Ill and I dont think Ill In spoken English the negative of will is usually wont (= will not) Do not use will to talk about what you have already decided or arranged to do. We often use will in these situation: offering to do something (Ill help you); agreeing to do something (Ill give it to you); promising to do something (I wont tell.., Ill pay you back); asking somebody to do something (will you). You can use wont to say that somebody refuses to do something. Shall is used mostly in the question shall I? /shall we.? We often use will with: probably, I expect; (Im) sure, (I) think, (I) dont think, I wonder; after I hope we generally use the present (I hope Carol phones this evening). Normally we use shall only with I and we. The negative of shall is shall not or shant. do not use shall with he/she/it/you/they. WILL VERSUS BE GOING TO To express a PREDICTION either WILL or BE GOING TO is used: (a) According to the weather report, it will be cloudy tomorrow. When the speaker is making a prediction (a statement about (b) According to the weather report, it is going to cloudy something s/he thinks will be true or will occur in the future), tomorrow. either will or be going to is possible. (c) Be careful! Youll hurt yourself! There is no difference in meaning between (a) and (b). (d) Watch out! Youre going to hurt yourself! There is no difference in meaning between (c) and (d) To express a PRIORI PLAN only BE GOING TO is used: (e) A: Why did you buy this paint? When the speaker is expressing a priori plan (something the B: Im going to paint my bedroom tomorrow speaker intends to do in the future because in the past s/he has made a plan or decision to do it), only be going to is used.* In (e): Speaker B has made a priori plan. She decided to paint her bedroom last week. She intends to paint her bedroom tomorrow. I talked to Bob yesterday. He is tired of taking the bus to work. In (f): The speaker knows Bobs intention to buy a car. Bob made Hes going to buy a car. Thats what he told me. the decision in the past and he intends to act on this decision in the future. Will is not appropriate in (e0 and (f). To express WILLINGNESS only WILL is used: (g) A: The phones ringing In (g): Speakers B is saying: I am willing, I am happy to get the B: Ill get it phone. He is not making a prediction. He has made no prior plan to answer the phone. He is, instead, volunteering to answer the phone and uses will to show his willingness. (h) A: I dont understand this problem. In (h): Speaker B feels sure about the teachers willingness to B: Ask your teacher about it. Shell help you. help. Be going to is not appropriate in (g) and (h).

SUBJECT BE I am/m He/She/It is/s We/You*/They are/re *You is both singular and plural

(NOT) GOING TO (not) going to (not) going to (not) going to

BASE FORM OF VERB leave soon

YES/NO QUESTIONS: BE GOING TO BE SUBJECT GOING TO BASE FORM Am I Is he going to leave soon? Are you WH- QUESTION: BE GOING TO WH-WORD BE SUBJECT GONG TO BASE FORM am I When is he going to leave? Why are you

SUBJECT WILL (NOT) I/You/He/She/It/We/They will (not) wont

BASE FORM OF VERB leave soon

YES/NO QUESTIONS: WILL WILL SUBJECT BASE FORM Will he leave soon? WH- QUESTION: WILL WH-WORD WILL SUBJECT BASE FORM When will he leave?

Grammar explanations You can use be going to to talk about future plans and intentions. You can use will to say what you think or guess will happen in the future. Use be going to when something in the present leads you to predict something in the future. Use will to give information about the future. Use will when you decide something at the moment of speaking. EXPRESSING THE FUTURE IN TIME CLAUSES (a) Bob will come soon. When Bob comes, we will see him. (b) Linda is going to leave soon. Before she leaves, she is going to finish her work. (c) I will get home at 5:30. After I get home, I will eat dinner. (d) The taxi will arrive soon. As son as it arrives, well able to leave for the airport. (e)They are going to come soon. Ill wait here until they come. In (a): When Bob comes is a time clause.* when + subject + verb = a time clause Will or be going to in NOT used in a time clause. The meaning of the clause is future, but the simple present tense is used. A time clause begins with such words as when, before, after, as soon as, until and includes a subject and a verb. The time clause can come either at the beginning of the sentence or in the second part of the sentence: When he comes, well see him./ or: Well see him when he comes. Occasionally, the present perfect is used in a time clause, as in (g). Examples (f) and (g) have the same meaning. The present perfect stresses the completion of the act in the time clause before the other act occurs in the future.

(f) I will go to bed after I finish my work. (g) I will go to bed after I have finished my work. A time clause is an adverb clause.

MAIN CLAUSE Im going to be a ballet dancer Shell join a ballet company YES/NO QUESTIONS MAIN CLAUSE Are you going to be a ballet dancer Will she join a ballet company

TIME CLAUSE when I grow up. after she leaves school. TIME CLAUSE when I grow up? after she leaves school?

WH- QUESTIONS MAIN CLAUSE What are you going to be will she do Grammar explanations

TIME CLAUSE when you grow up? after she leaves school?

When a sentence about future time has two clauses, the verb in the main clause is often in the future (will or be going to). He verb in the time clause is often in the present. BE CAREFUL! Do not use will or be going to in a future time clause. The time clause can come at the beginning or the end of the sentence. The meaning is the same. Use a comma after the time clause when it comes at the beginning. Do not use a comma when it comes at the end. Here are some common time expressions you can use to begin future time clauses. a When, after and as soon as often introduce the even that happens first. Now leave Past look for a job Future

When I leave school, Ill look for a job After I leave school, Ill look for a job As soon as I leave school, Ill look for a job (First Im going to leave school. Then Ill look for a job)

b Before, until and by the time often introduce the event that happens second Now finish a school Past get a job Future Before I get a job, Ill finish school Until I get a job, Ill stay at school By the time I get a job, Ill be out of school (First Ill finish school. Then Ill get a job)

c While introduces an event that will happen at the same times as another event Now

While I look for a job, Ill continue to study (I will look for a job and study during The same time period)

Past look for a job

Future

continue to study

USING THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE AND THE SIMPLE PRESENT TO EXPRESS FUTURE TIME PRESENT PROGRESSIVE My wife has an appointment with a doctor. She is seeing Dr. North next Tuesday. Sam has already made his plans. He is leaving at noon tomorrow. A: what are you going to do this afternoon? B: After lunch I am meeting a friend of mine. We are going shopping. Would you like to come along? SIMPLE PRESENT The museum opens at ten tomorrow morning. Classes begin next week. Johns plane arrives at 6:05 p.m. next Monday. The present progressive may be used to express future time when the idea of the sentence concerns a planned event or definite intention. (Compare: A verb such as rain is not used in the present progressive to indicate future time because rain is not a planned event.) A future meaning for the present progressive tense is indicated either by future time words in the sentence or by the context. The simple present can also be used to express future time in sentences that concern events that are on a definite schedule or timetable. These sentences usually contain future time words. Only a few verbs are used in this way: e.g., open, close, begin, end, start, finish, arrive, leave, come, return.

FUTURE PROGESSIVE SUBJECT WILL (NOT) I/You/He/She/It/We/They will (not) wont BE be BASE FORM + -ING working coming tomorrow

(a) I will begin to study at seven . You will come at eight. I will be studying when you come. (b) Right now I am sitting in class. At this time same time tomorrow, I will be sitting in class. (c) Dont call me at nine because I wont be home. I am going to be studying at the library. (d) Dont get impatient. She will be coming soon. (e) Dont get impatient. She will come soon.

The future progressive expressive an activity that will be in progress at a time in the future.

The progressive form of be going to: be going to + be + -ing Sometimes there is little or no difference between the future progressive and the simple future, especially when the future event will occur at an indefinite time in the future, as in (d) and (e).

Grammar Explanations 1. Use the future continuous with will (not) and wont to talk about thinks that will be in progress at a specific time in the future. Ex.: Robe will be taking the dog for a walk at noon/ He wont be cleaning the house. Now Robo will be taking the dog for a walk at noon He wont be cleaning the house 12:00 Past Future

2. Usage note: we also use (not) be going to + be + base form + -ing but the structure with will is more common. Remember! Stative verbs are not usually used in the continuous form. Ex.: Robe is going to be taking the dog for a walk at noon./ He isnt going to be cleaning the house. Ill know my test results next week/ NOT Ill be knowing my test results next week 3. Remember that if the sentence has a time clause, use the present simple or present continuous in the time clause, not the future or future continuous. Ex.: Ill be cooking while the robot is cleaning/ NOT Ill be cooking while the robot will be cleaning.

FUTURE PERFECT (a) I will graduate in June. I will see you in July. By the next time I see you, I will have graduated. (b) I will have finished my homework by the time I go out on a date tonight. The future perfect expresses an activity that will be completed before another time or event in the future. (Notice in the examples: by the time introduces a time clause; the simple present is used in a time clause.)

FUTURE PERFECT STATEMENTS SUBJECT WILL (NOT) I/ He/She/It/We/ You*/They will (not) wont *You is both singular and plural

HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE have saved enough money by then

FUTURE PERFECT YES/NO QUESTIONS SHORT ANSWERS WILL SUBJECT HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE Will he have saved enough by then? Yes, he will No, he wont

FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE (c) I will go to bed at ten p.m. He will get home at midnight. At midnight I will be sleeping. I will have been sleeping for two hours by the time he gets home. (d) When Professor Jones retires next month, he will have taught for 45 years. (e)When Professor Jones retires next month, he will have been teaching for 45 years. The future progressive emphasizes the duration of an activity that will be in progress before another time se event in the future. Sometimes the future perfect and the future perfect progressive give the same meaning, as in (d) and (e). Also, notice that the activity expressed by either of these two tenses may begin in the past.

I will be doing something (future continuous) = I will be in the middle of doing something We also use will be doing in a different way: to talk about complete actions in the future. You can use will you be ing? To ask somebodys plans, especially if you want something or want them to do something. We use will have (done) (future perfect) to say that something will already be complete.

FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE STATEMENTS SUBJECT WILL (NOT) HAVE BEEN + BASE FORM + -ING I/ He/She/It/We/ You/They will (not) have been saving for three years wont

FUTURE PERFECT CONTIUNOUS YES/NO QUESTIONS WILL SUBJECT HAVE BEEN + BASE FORM+-ING Will he have been saving for long?

SHORT ANSWERS AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE Yes, he will No, he wont

Grammar explanations
a. When we use future perfect, we imagine a certain point of time in the future, and we look back at events that will be completed by that time Now By June, he will have paid his debt. We wont have saved enough by then.

Past paid debt June

Future

Use by + time expression to identify the point in time in the future Use already to emphasise that an event will have happened by a point in time

By June, shell have bought a car Shell have looked at a lot of cars by then. By May, hell have already saved 1000

b. When we use the future continuous, we imagine a certain point in the future and we look back on things already in progress.

We moved here in 1998. By next December we will have been living here for several years. Were moving to Paris next year. By 2009, we will have been living there for several years and it should feel like home

Now 1998 Past .. living December Future

The future perfect continuous focuses on how long and often includes the length of time Remember! Stative verbs are not usually used in the progressive c. Use the future perfect or the future perfect continuous with the present simple to show the order of events: FIRST EVENT: future perfect (continuous) SECOND EVENT: present simple Now finish dinner Past start to read arrive Future

Youll have been speaking French for ten years by then. By Mary, hell have owned his car for a year NOT hell have been owning his car By the time you arrive, Ill have finished dinner. NOT By the time you will arrive, Ill have finished dinner By the time you arrive, Ill have been reading for an hour