2.11.

A NOVEL ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPENSATOR

J. P. G. Abreu
EFEI

H. Arango

G. Paulillo

- Federal School of Engineering at Itajuba - Brazil

qualify and, in the next step, to reduce or to solve the power quality problems, is an important concem today. In this way, this paper describes a novel electromagnetic compensator which uses a new autotransformer topology to control voltage phasors, phase by phase, originally proposed by Abreu [l] under the "ADZ" acronym. In accordance with the ADZ development, such as its constructive characteristics, this device can be applied in the following situations: to help power flow control [,4,5]; I - to feed static muticonverter systems, by reducing or even eliminating harmonic components [1,6]; as an altemative to mitigate voltage drop and unbalances, a frequent occurence in distribution electric systems [l ,?J. Analitical results and laboratory measurements obtained by using an ADZ prototype are also presented, in order to verify the feasibility of this proposal.

ABSTRACT

Nowadays, power quality concems are bringing important challenges to industrial and utilities engineers. In general, due to the proliferation of nonlinear loads, electric signals are unbalanced, asymmetric and distorted. As an altemative to solve these problems, this paper presents a proposal for a novel electromagneticcompensator. This equipment can be helpful: a) in the load flow control; b) to feed static multiconverter systems, replacing with some advantages the commonly used deltakig-zag transformers, to reduce or even to eliminate the characteristic harmonics; c) to correct voltage drops and unbalances simultaneosly, as an altemative to the conventional solution obtained by LDC (Line Drop Compensators);
1. INTRODUCTION

Among other important topics, Power Quality has become a real concem for utilities, manufacturers and consumers. The electric system, whose voltage and current signals had been almost perfectly sinusoidal for a long time, presents today non-sinusoidal characteristcs. In other words, distortion, asymmetry and unbalance are the most important characteristics presented by electric signals. This new reality arose from the non-linear loads growth in the system as, for example, the proliferation of static converters located at customer facilities. This fact increased productivity levels and allowed the efficient use of energy, However, this equipment is responsible for the deterioration of the delivered energy quality. Moreover, it is very sensitive to this quality. The problem has become greater because of a considerable increase in sensitive loads. Therefore, modem electrical systems are now dealing with a paradox, by putting together and in conflictingterms quality, efficiency and sensitivity. In this context, utilities, consumers and equipment manufacturers aware of the power quality problem, should discuss how to handle and how to find solutions to mitigate or even eliminate the problem. This means that power quality phenomena are bringing important challenges to utilities, industrial and manufacturing engineers. So, the development of equipment to measure, to

1 ADZ .
1 . Basis: 11

The phase-shift autotransformer, ADZ, can obtain a complex and variable transformation ratio, thus promoting a non-conventionalphase-shift between 10 voltage signals. This equipment allows variations in the output magnitude and/or phase angle of the input voltage. Its basic structure consists of one main coil and two auxiliary coils on each phase. According to the ADZ construction characteristcs, if the input voltage phasor is equal to 1 0 p.u. with a phase angle equal to Qo, the . output voltage phasor base equation will be:

Where:
-

- output voltage phasor N, - number of tums of the main coil N2 number of turns of the 1st. auxiliary coil N3 number of tums of the 2nd. auxiliary coil

vs

ClRED 97,2-5 June 1997,Conference Publication No. 438,O IEE, 1997

I
I

2.1 1.2

K1 - polarity of electrical signal on the 1st. auxiliary coil K2 - polarity of electrical signal on the 2nd. auxiliary coil T tap of the 1st. auxiliary coil 1 T2 tap of the 2nd. auxiliary coil

these considerations, the applications of the ADZ are described.

H. THE ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPENSATOR I

The output voltage phasor Vs with all its possibilities originated by the connections on the taps of the auxiliary coils creates a geometric locus, such as shown in Fig. 1.

111.4

- Power Flow Control:

PHASESHIFT

*
NEGATIVE PHASESHIFT
-

According to the classical theory, there are many possibilities to power flow control. including the use of power transformers. The utilization of this "phasor controller", according to Table I, which can modify module and phase angle of output voltage, is possible. Therefore, this device, installed between two bars, can control active and reactive power flow 151. To confirm this statement, the following system was buitt in laboratory.

Figure1: Geometric locus of the Vs

.
Figure 2: Distribution system with ADZ.

The prototype available in our laboratories presents N2= N3= 0.1N1, which represents a total of 441 different values for the output voltage, including the case where input and output voltages are the same.

11.2 ADZ Prototype Measurements:

As it was said before, the ADZ prototype has N2=N3=0,1.N1.In this case, (1) becomes:
Vs = 1- 0,05(KlT1+ K2T2) - j0,0866(K1T,- K2T2)

By using the same positions as Tablel, the applicability of the ADZ can be "proved. The results obtained are presented below, considering resuits in percentage terms. By ration of the ADZ as power flow controller is well unde

(2)

Active Power

I Readive Power I

In accordance with the geometric locus, specific points are defined to compare output voltages calculated and output voltages measured. This is shown on Table I.

-~

Table 2: Line 2 without ADZ.

1
Line 1 Line 2 Load

I I
1

Active Power
[%] 51-85 48.15

1 Reactive Power 1 1 [%]

44 99

100.0

55.01 100.0

Table 3: Line 2 with

11.2 Static MulticonverterSystems:

Table 1: Comparative values of Vs. The results obtained before prove theoretical expectation from idealization of the ADZ. After The main chara conventional angu application to multi

2.11.3

fact also permits redudion or even elimination of harmonics components. In the case of the need to adjust on the feeding voltage level, by using ADZ this operation becomes easier. Moreover, beeing ADZ an autotransformer, it has low leakage reactance without interference on the multiconvertercomutation reactance. In order to confirm the feasibility of the ADZ in this application, the following system, shown in Figure 3,was implemented:

ia
d

The development of the ADZ on voltage drop and unbalance compensation originated LDUC, or Line Drop and Unbalance CompensatoP. The basic idea of the LDUC is based on the independent output voltage control in each phase. As this device allows the selection of auxiliary coil taps to be done independently at each phase, the compensator can minimize or even eliminate the problem [7,8]. The basic equations of the LDUC are similar to those in (1). However, they are handled independently per phase. Vx, Wv e Wz are the desired output voltages, symmetric and balanced, and VA,Ve e Vc are the respective input voltages, asymmetric and unbalanced. Making the first ones equal to the positive sequence voltage, VL6, this equations are:

ADZ 7,5

Figure 3:48-Pulse Multiconverter System using ADZ. The current waveshapes obtanined in this system are:

The calculation.of the correct taps and polarities leads the system to the output of the symmetric and balanced compensator. Therefore, this compensator act by eliminating the undesirable portion by correcting output voltages. The operation block diagram for LDUC is shown in Figure 5. This implemented system requires the use of a microcomputer and has three independent stages: data acquisition unit, processing unit and tap switching unit.

Figure 4: Multiconverterfeeding current waveshape using ADZ. a) a = 30,p = 0; b) a = 30, = 7. p

1 13 1. Voltage Compensation:

Drop

and

Unbalance

Unbalances are very common in distribution systems. They are produced mainly by the unbalancedthree-phaselsingle-phase loads.

Figure 5: LDUC operation diagram.

2.1 1.4

Real System Application:

A voltage unbalance of 2.72 % was verified at a substation bay in a small town in the State of Minas Gerais Brazil. That problem caused large current unbalance in induction motors, taking them to misoperation.

The input voltages VA, VB and

V C are:

VA = 0,955L29,32"
- 90"

VB = l,OL -

(4)

Vc = 0,9881147,42"

The desired output voltages

vx, vy and vz,are:

(5)

usually two power transformers. At the same time, the output voltages, according to (3), independent in each phase, can be balanced and regulated by the correct selection of taps and polarities [7,8]. This compensator also can be used to feed static multiconverter systems contributing to reduce or even to eliminate harmonic components. The authors are conscious that each application needs more investigations to develop new control strategies to be applied to this compensator [7,8]. For example, a global control strategy which will allow to use this compensator in all applications here described simultaneously. Because the ADZ is an autotransformer it becomes more attractive, since voltage drops, power losses and excitation current improve efficiency over conventional transformers. Therefore a greater efficiency and a better regulation are obtained.

Vx = 0,98L28,91"

VI. REFERENCES
1. Abreu, J. P. G., 1991, "Development and Implementation of a Phasor Controller", Doctorade Thesis, Unicamp, Campinas, Brasil (in Portuguese);

v y = 0,98L - 91,09"

vZ= O,98L148,9l0

Calculating the K and T,, factors as described: ,

2. Abreu, J.P.G., Rezek. A.J.J., and CBndido, A.,

(6)

1994, "Modelling and Implementation of a 48Pulse Multiconverter", Proceedinns IEEE VI ICHPS, Bologna, Italy, pp 50-54;

The values of output voltages and unbalance are:

3. Abreu, J. P. G et al, 1991, "Harmonics Elimination in Multiconverter Systems by using a Special Autotransformer - ADZ", Simulation- & Control Revue. AMSE Press. v38, n 4, Paris, France, pp 45-53;
4. Abreu, J. P. G. and Arango, H., 1995, "Electromagnetic Compensator", CBMaa'95 Annals - Electromaanetic Brazilian Conaress, UFSC FlorianopolislSC, Brasil, pp 125-128 (in Portuguese);

vx = 0,9841 + 28,30
=0,984L-91,45"
= 0,9771

v y

DES=0,1074 %

(7)

Vz

+ 148,41"

Note that the modules are not I ,00 P.u.. This is so because, having extemal means to cope with symmetrical voltage drops, the LDUC is used only to correct unbalance.
V. CONCLUSIONS

5. Abreu, J.P.G., Oliveira, J.C., Miskulin, M.S., l J 1993, "Simultaneous Power Flow Control", & SNPTEE, Recife/PE, Brasil (in Portuguese);

6. Ptta, A. J. C., 1995, "Phase-Shift Autotransformer for Converters", Master's Dissertation, EFEI, Itajuba, Brasif (in Portuguese);
7. Paulillo, G.,1996, "Line Drop and Unbalanced Compensator", Master's Dissertation, EFEI, Itajuba, Brasil, (in progress , in Portuguese); 8. Abreu, J.P.G., Prof. Arango H. and Paulillo, G., 1996, "Proposal for a Line Drop and Unbalance Compensator", Proceedinas IEEE VI1 ICHQP, Las Vegas, USA, pp 276-279;

The results obtained in all of the applications described in this paper shows the importance and versatility of this compensator. In each case, there is at least one important observation. In the first one, a single equipment, ADZ, is used to the power flow control replacing