Technology for Hold Baggage Screening

ICAO Requirement - 100% Hold Baggage Screening by January 1, 2006

Acceptable Approaches for HBS
Physical Search Dogs Conventional x-ray Advanced x-ray technology Certified EDS Trace

Regulators Challenge
Balance the conflicting demands
Efficiency: Bag delay Time Cost: Procure, Install, Operate & Maintain Passenger Privacy

Against the nonnegotiable demand to find the bomb that may be in the bag

Physical Search
Manpower Intensive Slow Invades passenger privacy Not effective unless complemented by trace Can be effective if supplementing other approaches

Explosive Detection Canines

Highly mobile Multiple Security Tasks Goes to explosive vapor source Visible deterrent

Explosive Detection Canines

Canines can be effective but there are challenges
Selection and initial training Performance testing and maintenance High overhead cost Work rest duty cycle Better suited to non-routine tasks Cultural norms

Why Use Technology

Higher detection performance Reduces human errors Reduce passenger privacy compromise Potentially more efficient

Understanding the technology Options

Trace Conventional x-ray Advanced x-ray technology Certified EDS

Explosives Detection Options X-Ray and Trace

X-Ray

Trace

Trace Detection

C-4 particle on cloth 400X

Vapor molecule of TNT

Trace Detection
Collect Separate Detect Residues or vapors of explosives False Alarms can be caused by innocent contamination

Trace Checked Baggage Systems

Current Checked Baggage Technologies Explosives Trace Detection Devices

EXPLOSIVE TRACE DETECTORS

Detect & identify microscopic amounts of explosive material Used for detection of the explosive component of an IED Can be used in conjunction with X-Ray and physical search to provide an additional layer of security Slow, intrusive and labor Intensive to be effective Trace alarm does not necessarily mean there is a bomb in the bag Passenger using certain medications Fertilizer Residues from hobbies or profession

Conventional X-Ray
Dual energy may indicate explosives Bomb components may be recognized Detection depends on operator training and vigilance Threat Image Projection will motivate and measure screener performance Testing has identified problems in maintaining acceptable screener detection performance

Automated X-Ray
High Processing Speed Automated explosive detection Some explosives ignored Level one technology High false alarms Human alarm resolution

Computerized Tomography (CT)

Generalized detection based on density/mass/volume Development will increase speed, decrease cost
X-Ray Tube Tunnel Central Ray

Bag

Conveyor Belt

X-Ray Detector Arc

DeployedBaggage Technologies Technology CT based EDS Current Checked

Explosives Detection Systems (Computerized Tomography (CT)

CTX 2500 CTX 5500DS

CT-80 L3 eXaminer 6000

46 31. 5
711

46

CT for HBS
Passed rigorous certification testing process Procurement and Installation cost Limited throughput, up to ~ 400 B/H Requires false alarm resolution Integrateable into baggage handling systems Detects all explosives of interest

EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR CHECKED BAGGAGE

Technologies combined with CT:
Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance X-Ray Diffraction Multi-View Techniques

Non-gantry CT Potential benefits

Reduce false alarm rate Improved detection capabilities Reduced total cost Increase throughput

US Checked Baggage Technology

System
CTX 2500 CTX 5500 L3 6000 CTX 5500 In-Line CTX-9000 - In-Line L3 6000 In-Line Ionscan 400B Itemizer II Egis -II

Cost
$600,000 $825,000 $800,000 $850,000 $1,200,000 $900,000 $37,500 $37,500 $45,000

BPH
120 180 180 250 425 425 36 36 36

Technology EDS EDS EDS EDS EDS EDS ETD ETD ETD

Deployed
145 534 384 2 121 66 2625 3723 573

HBS Technology Requirements

Very Low False Alarm Rate Very High Probability of Detection for all Threats Minimal Decision Making by Human operator Integrated into the Holistic Security Infrastructure Robust Can Be Operated by Real Screeners Cost effective and efficient Privacy Concerns Addressed

Universal Challenge of 100% HBS

First Detect the Bomb System procurement & installation cost System operating efficiency System performance sustainability Maintaining operator proficiency