OP 1002 7.2 RKT

m-s riwc R-D
NAVY
To ail !nsert
Approved
f
BUREAU OF ORDNANCE,
1002 (1st. Rev,) I entered -4 --~-__---__ -. A<! Ch4.l Brso q 01 -
i81t//:,
WASHINGTON, D.C.
/
OP
/I+
1002 )
./A
(. L
I 13QLt I
DEPARTMENT,
holders change;
by The
CHANGE I2 September
of
Ordnance Pamphlet writeon cover Change

Chief of The Bureau
(1st Rev
of Ordnance
Page _~.~
Page
ORDNANCE PAMPHLET is changed OS follows:
1002
(1st. Rev.)
712
ROCKET
LAUNCHERS
AND
MARK
20,
MARK
22
AMMUNITION
;,s:;i:'ication changed from C~~NF'Ij)EI'iTTAL, is to RESTRICTED. Clasrifioat ion is now marketl I. on the cover and every page cf lJa!lll)r,iet; s,ouLd be cl!:,nged R?Q'1'1~lC' +hl:; ?,o IL 1.1 . a. CJIJI.Iz!J?Ii:,I, 1
1 e c i
JJ~STFIBUTION - - _ --_ - - - - Heque E0rrn -t,c: for :idritionaIcopies of OP 1002 (1st Revision), Change 1 should be submitted on NAV(JX :9 !rRDNI,NCll: PUBLICATIONS AND FORMS REQJJISITION,to the nearest Ordnance Publications ?Jlc;tribu?if~rl Center: Navy Yard, Wash. 25, D.C.; Adak, Alaska; Pearl Harbor, T.H.; Mare I::l;int-l, C2,lif'.11 ; .piritll Santo, New Hebrides; Exeter, England;Brisbane,Australia'. Disi ri~JUtiOn Cent.i:r ;.dtire ;SC?S should be obtained from List!Onnof the Standard Navy Di::tribut,ion rn;i iiir!,? I,irt, 01 from _v,erever:+: side of NAVORD FORM 1.
star,cl: 1 L ~Jl.:;t~itJUtiOn i-d List No. 26 2 co, ie' c;li uILlessotherwise noted. 1. . 1. 3. . i2 ;5 : 'I)I:,t:,II, i, k, 1; h, , c, h, k, n, v ' I,lJ'J';, S cui
I.
Y,
:Ik, u+' x, ee ,
0 p i es> i, j, h
.
: , .
(
:i
P.
i,'1:76P;dI:t &STS , )/I roijiei:), n (IO) b,
G, K, Q, S, Z, kAj, hh
- l-
BUREAU
Of6iibNANCE
25, D. C.
WASHINGTON
To all holders of Ordnance Pamphlet 1002 (1st Rev.) insert change; write on cover Change 2 inserted Approved by The Chief of The Bureau of Ordnance
1 Page ORDNANCE PAMPHLET 1002 (1st Rev,) is changed as follows: i On page 4, add the following reference: OP 1437 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Range Table for 7.2 Inch Shipboard Rockets
Page 1
7:2 ROCKET LAUNCHERS, MK 20, MK 22, AND AMMUNITION,
On page 58, add the following note under 712 assemblies: > Range Table data for 7:2 assemblies given in OP 1437 supersede the corresponding data given in this table.
DISTRIBUTION Requests for additional copies of OP 1002 (1st Rev.) Change 2 should be submitted on NAVORD FORM 1 ORDNANCE PUBLICATIONS AND FORMS REQUISITION, to the nearest Ordnance Publications Distributiok Center: Navy Yard, Wash. 25, D.C.; Adak, Alaska; Mare Island, Calif,; GuamIsland, Marianas; Pearl Harbor, T.H.; Manus Island, Admiralty Islands, Distribution Center mailing addresses should be obtained from List 1Onn of the Standard Navy Distribution List, or from the reverse side of NAVORD FORM 1. Standard Navy Distribution List No. 28 (C) and 31 (R) 2 copies unless otherwise noted. 1. 2. 3.* B3. F.: 5. 6. 7. ;. . 10. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. a, e, g-i, k, 1 a*, c, h, k, n c(l), k, o, z, bb, kk, mm, nn, w(3), ww-yy, bbb; LIONS, CUBS k z bb kk mm, nn, ww-yy, bbb b (Londbn only) a f, h-k, u*, x, ee (5 copies), b, c, j, p, s b, h*, i, j, 1, n (SPECIAL LISTS G, K, Q, S, Z, AA, GG, NH), hh i, .j, t, qq, ss (25 copies), nn a (BuShips, CNO, ComdtMarCorps) a, b (Revision 1) c(3), (4), (6) a, q, s.
* Applicable addressees.
-l-
/ i
WESlRiCTED NAVY BUREAU
DEPARTMENT
OF ORDNANCE
OP 1002 (let Rev)
15
WASHINGTON25,D.C.
To all holders of Ordnance Pamphlet 1002 (let Rev) insert change; write on cover Change 3 inserted Approved by The Chief of the Bureau
Acting Chief UJ Bureau
CHANGE 3
November EJL~
1 Page
Page 1
OIUINUCE PAWHLET1002 (let is changed a8 follows:
Rev)
7!2 ROCKET LAmCmHs, 20, MARK ANDAHHUNITIOP 22
1. 2. 3. 4.
Insert
Change 3 inetructlon
sheet between Change 2 instruction
sheet and tltlo
page.
P8ge 33. Page 34. Page 35.
Cancel lnf ormatian in lae t paragraph under NOTE. Cancel information continued heading Safety Featuree. Cancel heaiing from page 33 and the two paragraph0 above the
Handling and the paragraph below the heading.
CONFIDENTIAL
ORDNANCE PAMPHLET
No. 1002
FIRST REVISION
72 ROCKET LAUNCHERS, MARK20, MARK22 ANDAMMUNITION

DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION
30
NOVEMBER 1943
This publication with Article
is
CONFIDENTIAL
76,
United
and will States Navy
be handled Regulations,
in accordance
1920
NAVY BUREAU
DEPARTMENT OF ORDNANCE D. C.
WASHINGTON,
CONFIDENTIAL
30 November
1943
ORDNANCE
PAMPHLET
NO. 1002,
FIRST REVISION
7.2
ROCKET LAUNCHERS,
1. Ordnance Pamphlet No.
MARK 20, MARK 2FL,AND AMMUNITION

1002, First Revision, describes the operation and use of the and theammuare approved,
7.2 Rocket nition
Launchers,
Mark 20 and Mark 22, the control This pamphlet and Mods. of 7 .2 Launchers
panels, the equipment, therefor
used with these launchers. can be readily
is made in loose leaf form with the intention and Ammunition chapters. for the instruction of men who may be
that when new Marks the data thereon 2. This assigned
added as additional
pamphlet
is intended
for use by officers the equipment. 0. P. 1002 dated should
to operate
and maintain supersedes
3. This A69-43, missioned
pamphlet
August
1942, Ordnance equipments
Circular
Letters of a com-
G4-42, officer.
and G13-43, Pamphlet.
which
be destroyed
by burning
in the presence
Other publications
on these and related
are listed on page 4 of
this Ordnance 4. This current 1920.
publication
is CONFIDENTIAL Publication
and should Manual
be handled
in accordance
with the
edition
of the Registered
and Article
76, U. S. Navy
Regulations,
W. H. P. BLANDY, Rear Admiral, Chief of the Bureau U. S. Navy,
of Ordnance.
7.2 ROCKET LAUNCHERS
0. P. 1002
REFERENCES TO EXISTING PUBLICATIONS

The following publications, pertaining to Launchers, Mark 20 and Mark 22, and accessories, may be of interest to personnel responsible for launcher installations. 0. P. No. 0. S. No. 1017 2759 Projector Charge Fuzes (Restricted) August and Test 1943. of Pro-
Specifications jector, Mark
for the Installation 20. (Restricted.)
0. S. No. 2963
Specifications jector, Mark
for the Installation 22. (Restricted.)
and Test
of Pro-
Ordalt
No.
1383
Projector, Mark 20, Installation Safety Plug and Rewiring of (Restricted.)
of Watertight Control Panel.
Ordalt
No.
1435
Projector, Projector
Mark Ways. Panel,
20,
Instructions
for
Stiffening
the
(Restricted.) Mark 2, for Launchers, Panel, Mark 20 and
Ordalt
No.
1803
Control 2 or 3.
22---Replacement
with Control
Mark 3, Mods.
Ordalt
No.
1836
7 .2 Launchers, of New Type
Mark Knife
20 and Mark
22, Installation
Edges. Mark 20 Electrical and Mark Wiring. 22,
Ordalt
No.
1952
7.2 Rocket Launchers, Installation of Watertight Letter No. A4-43, dated A50-43, dated Jan. 1943. 1943. 25 June 1943.
BuOrd. BuOrd. BuOrd. BuOrd.
Conf.
Circular Letter
Circular Conf.
No. A31-43, Letter No.
1 May dated
Circular
Order No. 47-43,
dated
8 July
1943. Charge, Mark 20 and Mark 22 (Mouse-trap)
Tentative Cominch (confidential). (jf /yy7
Instructions,
Projector
CONTENTS
0. P. 1002
Page
REFERENCES TO EXISTING PUBLICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
Chapter 1
7.2 ROCKET LAUNCHER,
MARK 20 ..........................................
9
13 13 15 17
21 9
INTRODUCTION. ............................................................ DESCRIPTION ............................................................... 7.2 ROCKET LAUNCHER ............................................. ....................................................... INSTALLATION ELECTRICAL CONTROLS ................................................ FIRING PANELS ........................................................
Chapter 2
7.2
ROCKET AMMUNITION
7.2
AND FUZES ..................................
25
25 25 25 27 27 29 31 33 33
............................................................. AMMUNITION ROCKET. ................................................................ BODY ................................................................ MOTOR .............................................................. PROPELLANT COMPONENTS ......................................... FUZE SEAT LINERS .................................................... FUZES ...................................................................... U. S. N. NOSE FUZE, MARK 131 (AND MODS.) ................................. GENERAL ............................................................. OPERATION .......................................................... SAFETY FEATURES ..................................................... HANDLING .......................................................... SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS ................................................ U. S. N. NOSE FUZE, MARK 135 (AND MODS.). ............................... GENERAL ............................................................. OPERATION .......................................................... SAFETY FEATURES ....................................................
33
34 35 35
37 37 37
38
CONFIDENTIAL
0. P. 1002
Page
U. S. N. NOSE FUZE, MARK 140 ............................................. GENERAL ............................................................ THE MECHANISM ..................................................... EXPLOSIVE COMPONENTS ............................................ OPERATION .......................................................... SAFETY FEATURES .................................................... ARMED FUZES ........................................................ INSTALLING IN ROCKET .............................................. POINTS TO CHECK .................................................... 7".2 ROCKET ASSEMBLY SHEET. ...................................... SERVICING ........................................................... PACKING AND MARKING ............................................ 39 39 41 41 41 42 42 43 43 44 46 46
Chapter 3
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
7.2 ROCKET LAUNCHER, MARK 20. 47
47 47 48 49 52 52 OPERATION ................................................................ STOWAGE AND ASSEMBLY .......................................... LOADING AND FIRING ............................................... SAFETY PRECAUTIONS ................................................ ...................................................... MAINTENANCE TACTICAL OPERATION ...............................................
Chapter 4
PERFORMANCE DATA OF 7.2 ROCKET LAUNCHER, MARK 20.. . . . e.. 53
53 PERFORMANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
COGNIZANCE
Chapter 5
61
COGNIZANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter 6
MARK 22 .........................................
. ... . ...
63
63 63 63 65 65 67 69 71
INTRODUCTION .......................................................... DEFINITION ........................................................... USE ................................................................ DESCRIPTION ................................................................ 7".2 ROCKET LAUNCHER. ............................................ ....................................................... INSTALLATION ELECTRICAL CONTROLS ............................................... CONTROL PANELS ...................................
. ................
CONFIDENTIAL
CONTENTS
.
0. P. 1002
Page
Chapter 7
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE 7.2 ROCKET LAUNCHER, MARK 22.. . 75
OPERATION ................................................................. LOADING AND FIRING .............................................. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS ................................................. ........................................... MAINTENANCE ..N .......... ROCKET PERFORMANCE ................... 75 75 76 77 77
............ ..O ............
Chapter 8
COGNIZANCE
COGNIZANCE ............................ ....... .a,............, ............. 79
Chapter 9
2.5
ROCKET LAUNCHER AND 2.5 ROCKETS FOR LAUNCHERS, MARKS2oAND 22...................................................

INTRODUCTION .............................................................. DEFINITION ........................................................... USE .................................................................... AMMUNITION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...........................
81
81 81 81 83 83 83 83 83 83 83 84 84 85 85 87
THE 2".5 ROCKET ........................................................... GENERAL ............................................................ .............................. . ......................... INSTALLATION BODY ................................................................. MOTOR .............................................................. PROPELLANT COMPONENTS .......................................... OPERATION ................................................................ .......................... LOADING AND FIRING .................... SAFETY PRECAUTIONS ................................................ COGNIZANCE ........................................................ DISTRIBUTION ...............................................................
CONFIDENTIAL
0. P. 1002
FIG.
I.
7".2 ROCKET LAUNCHER, MARK 20, LOADED,
FOR FIRING
READY
CONFIDENTIAL
INSI ALLING IN KUCKt I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;I POINTS TO CHECK.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 o RACKET ACCFAARI CUFFT V
43
INTRODUCTION
Chapter
0. P. 1002
7.2 ROCKET LAUNCHER, MARK20
DEFINITION
9
The 7.2 Map) Rockets. jector Mark The subsequent.
Rocket
Laer,
Mark
20 (formerly
known and
as the 7.2 Pro-
is a set of steel wazsupporting launcher was also name Panel formerly
firing as the
This
known
20, and many Control
plates
are so marked. to Firing Panel
designation
was changed
to the preparation
of this Ordnance
Pamphlet.
CONFIDENTIAL
0. P. 1002
LAUNCHER IN FOLDED AND RAISED POSITIONS

The launchers can be folded, When lashed down and locked to the deck when not in use. in elevation heading raised for firing, they are fixed being fired with the ship and at the proper
and azimuth,
the salvo
on the gun
train order
bearing
value of range.
LOCATION OF LAUNCHERS ON FOREDECK

Ordinarily port center and one two launchers starboard, are mounted arranged and facing on the foredeck, about one the symmetrically forward. Each
line of t:he boat in a salvo.
launcher
fires 4 rockets
Firing is electrical
and is controlled
from the bridge.
7.2 ROCKETS
The rockets fired from long. the Launcher, The body Mark 20, are 7.2 in about 30
diameter pounds
and 35.0 of explosive.
is filled with
The rocket
is equipped
with an impactof
firing fuze and is propelled the powder in the motor.
through
the air by the burning
10
CONFlDENTlAl
INTRODUCTION
0. P. 1002
RANGE OF ROCKETS
A small boat, approximately using two launchers, 300 yards forward. can fire a salvo of 8 rockets
PATTERN OF FIRE
The ways of the launcher wise, so that the 8 rockets about boat. 83 yards long are spread apart at the ends, fanin a straight line strike the water angles
at right
to the center
line of the
CONFIDENTIAL
11
0. P. 1002
ANGLEIRON q BY ORDALT
STIFFENER DATED 1435
ADDED l-14-43
A. -
STOWED
POSITION r -% WAYS
RETAINERS \ RETAINER HANDLE e-d .
!UTCH
ELECTRICAL
CONTACTS
DEFLECTOR
PLATE
=-..,
DEFLECTOR
DECK PLATE
1BASE
FOUNDATION
RAISED
POSITION
FIG. 2.
7.2ROCKET LAUNCHER, MARK 20
12
CONFIDENTIAL
DESCRIPTION
7.2
0. P. 1002
ROCKET LAUNCHER,
MARK
20
The launcher unit which deck crutch two
consists
of ways welded
together
to make
a rigid to the by a
is hinged
to the base which erected, the
in turn is fastened ways are supported in place of
structure. which
When
also is hinged The ways
to the base and locks consist of
with steel
levers.
themselves
sections ride.
plate bent up to make rails in which inside sections serving are made broad
the rockets
The three thus of
and wedge-shaped, adjacent rockets.
one piece
as common
rail for two
A spread
one part in 40 is made between of shots. rockets retainers A set of retractable from being washed manually
ways to give the required retainers is provided in a heavy in place
spacing the
to keep sea.
out of place and pinned
These
are raised They
after the ways In firing, an
are loaded. intense motors
do not interfere
with the firing. from the nozzles
blast of hot gases is ejected for several they feet. Unless
of the rocket structures To steel laid
the deck
and nearby
are protected, divert
are likely
to be scorched
considerably. heavy long
the direct
blast
at the base of the projector, and a $-inch behind. steel plate not
deflectors
are provided
24.0
on the deck immediately by the blast, The launcher
For places
directly
struck
a light steel sheet is sufficient. is designed to fold down and be lashed in figure 2. When to the deck require elevated that the
when not in use, as shown it, weather and loaded. permitting, Whenever
conditions
the launcher weather
may be maintained conditions are such
launchers ject to
or the ammunition damage or
exposed
on the rails would ammunition and lashed
be subbe
deterioration,
the
should down.
unloaded
and stowed
and the rails lowered
CONFIDENTIAL
13

LAUNCHER \ IN STOWED POSITION
0. P. 1002
PORT
LAUNCHER
STARBOARD
LAUN CHER
STEEL
DECK SHEATHING
FIVE WIRE CONNECTION
BOX
STEEL SHEATHING ON BREAKWATER
FIVE WIRE CABLE
,p SAFETY READY SERVICE AMMUNITION BOXES k
RECEPTACLE PANEL
CONTROL
PILOT HOUSE
FIG. 3.
FOREDECK INSTALLATION OF 7.2ROCKET LAUNCHER, MARK 20
CONFIDENTIAL
r~--
~ -
-RI-.--
-.--
-I---n--*.--
---_I__--
-___-._---
-_1.11_.
.l__
-m
DESCRIPTION
0. P. 1002
INSTALLATION
The launchers ing two tures tection direct long paint clear against line from directly aft are mounted about are sheathed blast. The on the foredeck 38.0 by 84.0. with j{s-inch from the floor (see fig. 3) requirAll wooden steel sheet launcher, plate intensity about strucas proin the 2 feet
SO
spaces
Extending flame
of the blast, surfaces
a SC-inch steel
is provided. repainting launchers
is of sufficient may
to remove
directly
in line for the first
2 or 3 feet,
frequent The
of the sheathing
be necessary. foundations
SO
are mounted forward. The
on wood
or metal
that they
are level athwartships position, the ship. of the base is inversely This
and have a 3-5
slope fore and are placed, about of the the inThis
aft with the high point in the folded centerline board further deviation launchers. imately edge from of
The two launchers symmetrically forward point deviates the
on the foredeck extreme than of each launcher to
4 to 5 inches between an approx-
the centerline placement
the aft end of the base. dis:ance gives launchers
proportional of the to all 8 rockets. are provided ready below in easily decks
equal spacing boxes for
Ready-service to the launchers, and holds proof
on the foredeck, Each box accessible in magazine racks.
convenient is waterAdditional
ammunition.
8 rounds
ammunition
is stowed
stowage.
CONFIDENTIAL
15

MOTOR
0. P. 1002
TROUGH OF WAY
FORWARD
SHROUD
UPPER ELECTRICAL CONTACT
LOWER ELECTRICAL CONTACT
o COMMON
FIG.
4.
ELECTRICAL CONTACTS FOR 7.2 ROCKET LAUNCHER, MARK 20
16
CONFIDENTIAL
DESCRIPTION
0. P. 1002
ELECTRICAL CONTROLS
Electrical rocket contact grounded contact motor contact for firing is made of knife deflector edges plate to the two shrouds (see fig. 4). The inside grips the of the lower of the to on are by means in the
mounted
rear motor is mounted
shroud,
which
is electrically bronze shroud. spring Both
connected and bears
one side of the igniter, the outside
and serves as a stop. on a phosphor forward steel.
The upper insulated contacts
of the insulated stainless
made of hardened
CONFlDENTlAL
17
-T
---------
0. P. 1002
~BRANCH
BOX EM TYPE
I
SAFETY RECEPTACLE b SAFETY PLUG
5 WIRE CONNECTION BOX
CONTROL PANEL p MARK 2, MOD. 2
FIG.
5.
CIRCUIT SCHEMATIC FOR 7.2 ROCKET LAUNCHER, MARK 20

(USING CONTROL PANEL, MARK 2, MOD. 2)
A cable with 5 active conductors runs from the control panel to a 5-wire connection box. From this box, a cable runs to a branch box Type E at each launcher, and thence to the launcher. In certain watertight installations, bushing the cable from the control panel passes through the deck through a to a 5-wire connection box. For schematic diagrams of the circuits, see
figures 5 and 6.
18
CONFIDENTIAL
DESCRIPTION
0. P. 1002
5 WIRE CONNECTION BOX SAFETY RECEPTACLE 3, MOD. 2
SAFETY PLUG
BATTERY BOX
FIG.
6.
CIRCUIT SCHEMATIC FOR 7.2 MARK 20

panel is located plug receptacle. The safety on the bridge. All connections receptacle From the control mounted
ROCKET LAUNCHER,

The control to a safety in a position panel, a 4-conductor unless cable runs the safety structure are broken in this receptacle from the launchers.
plug is in place.
is usually
on the side of the bridge
protected
from blast and at a safe distance
CONFIDENTIAL
19
0. P. 1002
FIRING BUTTON
TH IS NAME PLATbE USED ON CONTROL PANEL MARK 3, MOD.1 AND MARK 3, MOD. 3
CONTROL PANEL MARK 3 AND MARK 3, MOD. 2
TERMINAL TUBE TO SAFETY PLUG (ADDED BY ORDALT 1383 DATED 12-18-42) PLUG RECEPTACLE =
FIG. 7.
CONTROL PANELS FOR 7.2 ROCKET LAUNCHERS, MARK 20 AND MARK 22
20
CONFIDENTIAL
DESCRIPTION
0. P. 1002
CONTROL PANELS
The Mark identical Control Control from decks. Figure 45-volt batteries unchanged Two Mark The Mark 7X-volt 3, Mod. battery 3, Mod. types 3, and of control Mark panels 2. in use are Mark (See fig. 7.) The The differences batteries either 2, Mod. latter 2, the two are The the 3, Mod. in external Panel Mark appearance. of power
2,
lie in the batwiring. whereas
teries used as sources Panel Mark One 45-volt 8. The
and in the internal 2, contains 3, Mod. located
Mod.
3, and Mark box and one 6-volt Panel
2, have power above
supplied or below
batteries
in a separate Mark 2, Mod. Control
dry battery 3 operates
serve as power for with either one
the ControlPanel
2, as is shown in the wiring diagram, Mark 9 (A). 6-volt or one 45-volt The wiring dry batteries with and two 6-volt to the panel is are supplied. Panel 3 and
and one 6-volt as is shown whether dry 2. box
dry battery in Figure
one or two batteries
are supplied with
the Control Panels Prior Mark
The wiring of this panel is shown in Figure 9 (B). supplied the Control be discarded as a unit when the batteries to discarding, a portable This the old box and installed the launchers. 2, Mod. 2, should
2, should should may The
are exhausted the receptacle storage battery hour operated battery should
and replaced
by a new box. from
be removed
on the new one.
In case no battery be 6-volt
box is available,
be used for operating and preferably Panel Control Mark
not less than 50 ampere-
capacity.
be
only with 45-volt
and 6-volt batteries,
as described
above.
Service experience and laboratory tests have demonstrated that the 45-volt battery originally supplied with control panel Mark 2 and with about200 control panelsMark 3 as unsuitable dueto high internalresistance. Ordalt No. 1803 has been issuedwhichprovides for the replacement the firing panelMark I, Mod. 2 by the firing of panelMark 3, Mod. 2.
CONFIDENTIAL
21
--
_.--
--
--
0. P. 1002
BOX TYPE
5 WIRE
CONNECTION BOX
CORD CONNECT0 STARBOARD b
POWER,#jPOWER L ._ --_-.-. ---- --.CONTROL PANEL c+
FIG. 8.
The operation ways
WIRING DIAGRAM FOR Y.2 MARK 20

of any of the above ways Switches when control permit panels is the same. a time-delay of port relay selection Plug
ROCKET LAUNCHER,

A push button which marked FIRE and is on Panel, fires the odd-numbered
l/&XOnd later.
and actuates
fires the even-numbered launchers or both switch
or starboard
a master Mark
switch
cuts off all power. 2.
A green pilot light indicates is in place
when the power
and a red light indicates 2, Mod.
the Safety
in the case of the Control
22
CONFIDENTIAL
--
--_-_.--__
DESCRIPTION
0. P. 1002
BRANCH
BOX 5 WIRE CONNECTION BOX
BOX TYPE
FIRING P SWITCH
SAFETY RECEPTACLE BATTERY CONTROL PANEL BOX
A 0
CONTROL PANEL MARK 3. MOD. 2
FIG.
9.
WIRING DIAGRAM MARK 20
FOR 7.2 ROCKET LAUNCHER,
(USING FIRING PANEL MARK 3 OR MARK 3, MOD. 2)

On the Firing Panels, Mark 3 and Mark 3, Mod. 2, a single light is illuminated when the The power switch on the panel should Safety Plug is in place and the power switch is ON. be turned to firing. misfires. 64) 6-8 to ON Leaving The volt only to ascertain if the launchers unnecessarily the switch at ON lights No. furnished 90) 12-16 with double Volt candelabra contact are in a ready condition, and just prior will result in a run-down battery and bases. are Navy type TS-20 (Mazda NO. If these lamps are too bright,
indicator (Mazda
the panels
3 c-p, bayonet
Navy
type TS-43
6 c-p may be used instead.
CONFIDENTIAl
23
--~__---__ F
.---1.11

NOSE FUZE MARK
131
0. P. 1002
FUZE PROTECTING CAP
YUZE
PROTECTING CAP
-4
72 ROCKET BODY MK. 5
7:2 R 0 CK ET BODY MK 4 v
THREADED
JOINT
FORWARD SHROUD REAR SHROUD P 2i25 ROCKET MOTOR MK. 3

0
FINS
7:2 ROCKET END VIEW
7:2 ROCKET
FIG.
IO.
7.2ROCKET
24
CONFIDENTIAL
AMMUNITION
Chapter 2
0. P. 1002
7.2 ROCKET AMMUNITION FUZES AND 7.2 ROCKET AMMUNITION

Two general views of the 7.2 Rocket ammunition for use with Launchers, Mark 20 and 22, are shown in figure 10. The units consist of the body, the motor, and the fuze. The body is 7.2 inches in maximum diameter and the assembled projectile weighs about 63 pounds. The entire unit is streamlined and provided with The pounds consisting fins to give body of of TNT stable the flight and a high is filled of TPX. sinking An rate in water. 30 booster projectile TNT with approximately auxiliary
or 34 pounds
of granular
is employed
to detonate
this charge.
BODY
The body for 7.2 Rocket ammunition is a welded steel cylindrical case, with a relatively flat nose section and a conical tail fairing. It is provided with an opening in the nose section to receive designed the nose. the fuze seat liner and the fuze. Later designs provide Originally the body was into for nose filling and the fuze seat liner was screwed for filling through
the rear and
the fuze seat liner in these bodies is integral with the body. The body, Mark 4, and motor, Mark 3, are assembled by screwing the motor into the threaded cone bushing of the body. The newer body (Mark 5) with integral fuze seat liner uses a connector closure into which an adapter is screwed which, in turn, accommodates the motor. The design of this body not only permits of pouring of the high explosive through the rear opening but also permits the use of a larger other motor when the adapter is omitted, thus allowing applications of this body.
CONFIDENTIAL
25
_____
_._-_
-_--__---
-----.

FRONT CLOSURE DISC /
0. P. 1002
--------i
/ /I
IGNITER
INSULATED
WIRES
c-==-/
SECTION
A-
PERSPECTIVE
OF POWDER
GRAIN
INSULATION GRID
INSULATED MACHINE
WIRE
INSULATED
WASHER
NOZZLE
CLOSURE
DISC
DESICCANT
BAG
FIG. 11. DIAGRAMMATIC SKETCH OF ROCKET MOTOR

(SHOWING DETAILS OF TYPICAL PROPELLANT ASSEMBLAGE)
26
CONFIDENTIAL
AMMUNITION
0. P. 1002
MOTOR
The motor 2.25 inches, consists of a steel tube having an outside shroud diameter of the 4 radial fins and a cylindrical The forward surrounding
fins (see fig. 11). threaded relative rotation would
end of the motor tube is externally The fins are inclined to 10
for assembly to the tube
with the body. axis. This design
is intended
impart which
to the rocket disturb
and to cancel
ruddering
effects
the underwater
trajectory.
PROPELLANT COMPONENTS
The typical propellant assembly components are contained is shown in the in figure extruded motor. 11. A The of the components
main component powder. igniter At the which
is a single grain of solventless forward end of this powder squib
b&stite an
grain is located
consists
of an electrical electrical
leading
into a charge the motor grain to the burns,
of black shrouds igniter. igniting
powder. through When
Two a central
wires
are run from
perforation circuit which
in the powder is closed, burns
the electrical grain
the igniter
the propellant
uniformly
on all sur-
faces at a pressure
of 800 to 2,300 pounds The gases evolved
per square inch, dependare forced out through
ing upon temperature. the nozzle propel any blast, the the
at high velocity unit forward. with
and, by their reaction The propulsion does
on the motor, not depend on
interaction
the air or upon exists.
the shields
struck which light
by the makes boats.
so no recoil problem use of such equipment
It is this feature on relatively
possible
The burning ture, while
continues the rocket
for about travels occurs
0.4 second 33 feet.
at normal After
tempera-
about
this period,
no further
propulsion
and the rocket
is in free flight.
CONFIDENTIAL
27
7
U. S. N. NOSE FUZE, MARK 131
U.S.Na NOSE FUZE- MARK 131
SAFETY BE IN
PIN MUST POSITION
U. S. NOSE FUZE, MARK 135
FIG.
13
30
CllNFlDENTlAL
FUZE SEAT LINERS

(See Rocket The opening nently fig. 12). seat A threaded 4, into head liner is threaded light opening which is provided in the 7.2 body, Mark the fuze seat liner externally metal internally is screwed. threaded to fit the permafor the
fuze
to fit this or liner the cavity
in the body
and is threaded
fuze threads.
A formed, booster.
extension
fixed to the fuze seat liner head forms for engaging 131 fuze
fuze and auxiliary with hooks used. loaded the Mark
The fuze seat liner flange is provided the fuze cap when the Mark to protect remain the propeller 131 fuze is vanes of is
This fuze cap is intended and should way. on the launcher
in place until the rocket
The fuze seat liner is an integral Mark 5. -
part of the 7.2 Rocket
body,
CONFIDENTIAL
29
AMMUNITION
0. P. 1002
THE FUZES
One of the three fuzes is used with 7.2 Rockets as follows: (Uses one
1. U. S. N. Nose
Mark 1 (3-inch)
Fuze,
Mark
131 and
Mods.
booster.) Fuze wit
2. U. S. N. Nose bodies Mark provided 1 booster.)
3. U. S. N. Nose Fuze, Mark 140 and Mods. (2 -inch) These upon boosters.) after entering object. the
(Uses two Mark 2
fuzzes are armed or other
water deck
and
all fire of
impact
with the steel surface submerged
or the wood
gratings
a submarine
The fuze is screwed or directly the body, booster cylinder inspection is removed.
into the fuze seat liner of the Mark 4 body c into the Mark 5 body. Before the fuze is screwed into should be made to ascertain that the auxiliary shipping
is present in the fuze liner and that the cardboard
CONFIDENTIAL
72 ROCKET LAUNCHERS
BOOSTER PELLET \ \j \ P BOOSTER CASE BODY SHUTTER /STdP LEAD-INaLOAb DETONATOR LEAD-IN-DISC P STOP PIN FUZE
0. P. 1002
Y/P
SPRIN PIN
SHUTTER DETONATt 3R
JI
SECTION
A-A
/ i/
SECTION SLEEVE FIRING SLEEVE 3 BALLS RETAINING Ba* :: % P GASKET SET-BACK
B-B STOP PIN SLEEVE SPRING RING COLLAR
FIRING PI SPRING FIRING PI WEIGHT 1

2 i,
SEALING
COLLARb I > fz
SEALING WASHER
! FUZE-PLUG ARMING ---o SPRING ARMING I a LOCKING SCREW PLATE WIRE HUB \
-. I
VANE SHEAR VANE PINS
-SAFETY
- -- ------,
PIN
SET SCREW
ARMING
VANE A
UNARMED
POSITION
FIG. 14. U. S. N. NOSE FUZE, MARK
131
32
CONFIDENTIAL
FUZES
U. S. N. NOSE FUZE, MARK
GENERAL
The Nose Fuze, Mark 131, in general a counterpart is illustrated in Figure of the British 14. to the Fuze, Mark
0. P. 1002
131
(AND MODS.)
Fuze No. 420, except that
the collar shear wire is omitted, NOTE. The Nose Arming for complete Detonation immersed object Generally,
The Nose Fuze, Mark charge, Fuze, Mark
131, is identical
in appearance
136, which red. is not
is used in the projectile sufficient
except
that the nose of Nose never be used in rockets. revolutions be sufficiently
Fuze, Mark
131, is painted in rockets
136, has a collar
shear wire and since the set back
to shear this wire, it should the fuze is accomplished the surface. although revolutions arming, it will
after the fuze strikes the water and has sunk to between of the arming armed vanes are required probably to fire on side impact or glancing, on an
10 and 15 feet below after only 4 complete
Seven complete of the vane.
of the fuze is accomplished the fuze will not operate
by impact, on striking
either direct, and sinking
oblique,
after the rocket has sunk beyond
the arming distance
of between
10 and 15 feet.
into soft sea bottoms.
OPERATION
The arming rockets to avoid Prior set-back fuzes screw, have are issued fuze plug, been with the tagged and set-back in place safety pin in place. remain at which to weather. vane is prevented vane hub lock the arming from and vane rotating the plug. until by the These set-back secured due to behind arming ways, rockets This time pin passes until it should through the collar and should in place after the fuzzed be removed. firing-
positioned remain from
on the launcher on fuzed
The fuze caps should damage collar to firing
at all times ---until just before
to fuzes by handling the launcher, locking which engages collar
or by exposure the arming pins in the
pins fit in a slot force causes When against rotation
in the set-back
collar to move
and positively backward
the set-back the rocket
on the plug. the set-back
The vane collar moves
is further rearward drops
by a vane shear wire which fixes the arming vane hub directly is fired from the launcher, position in this rearward
to the fuze plug.
its inertia and is retained the fuze plug pin. NOTE.be retracted When 131, and mod$
by a small spring plate which
CONFIDENTIAL
33
72 ROCKET LAUNCHERS
remains, should it is true, but this could$e armed by sub$$bent shouldbe severed spray. replaced. by heavy I+$er . the arming impa& p,f-.sea water
0. P. 1002
coming
over
the
bow, and the fize
such sba%onditions,
the set-back
collar If the
not be retracted the &t-back
until just .before firing, collarhas moved
i~S$&l weattier
fuze is not fired, the collai After
rearward,
vane is restricted,
or with stickyjcollars. I ,. l ! i
again&t rota-
tion, during air flight,, by the vane shear wire. Upon striking the water, the tbr$ue impoyd on I the vane by the water! action shears the vane shear wire, allowing the:vane to r&Ate hs the charge sinks. As the %ane:rotafes, forward into und& the the arming influence scre& moves fo&ard, alpowing spring.! th$ w$ght, This togither to pl@es shutter with the associated also move the weight to spring moves prevent effort firing pin, f&ng pin locking ballb, firing pin spfing sleeve and firing pin sleevi, action detonator
of the compressed with
in its armed!position, a? arqed pos&on khe 4 stops
free to oscillate in alignment agairist ,:
about its base, and allow&he the firing inward pin. by their springs. by rotation
As the firing
pin sleeve vane
forward,
z/re released, and moved bking forced when unarming described theirelease booster
These, detents by hand in z$n
the firing pin from to render
the detonator : a&&e, o!!the pellet
of the arming
and screw in the r&efse With the fuze$qthe The firing
direction
an/inadvertently
armedfuze
it isafe to handle. ax-me4 cond+ion
any blow which will cause the weigh? firing pin from tfe locking The balls q<b detonator thk detonagor.
to iosci)late sleeve.: detonates cause rockets
abouC iis .base will\permit pin spring which booster
&h,en forces, the firing and the main filler. to fix$ due cause oscillation
pin in@
init!ia%es the lead-in adjacent laterally
fires the tetr$ rockets
the auxiliary armed
in tie base of the\fu,ze, which in turn 6 , The detonation of one rocket will probably countesmining iJ / action accelerating I i the
to the
of their weight&.
SAFETY FEATURES
The safety follows : (a) position mitted booster (b) manner (c) wire, arming The detonator is held out of alignment or otherwise, rather with features of the fuze,
when in the unarmecicondition, the firing Firing
may
be summarized and in
as
pin point
alignment
with a vent hole leading by any means, into the interior pellet. The arming as to prevent The arming
to the interior accidentally
of the fuze body.
of the detonator
while in this to the in such shear the
will permit
the explosive
force to be trans-
of the fuze body
than to the lead-in a retaining
and subsequently
screw holds oscillation safety
the weight
within
ring of the fuze body collar,
of the weight. rotation of which by the set-back must be displaced by the vane before pin-all or ruptured
vane is held against
and by the tagged vane can turn.
Remember thefuze is in a very dangerous that condition afterthearming vanehasbeenunscrewed 2 or 3 revolutions,for any reason.
34
CONFIDENTIAL
FUZES
0. P. 1002
SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS
No attempt any circumstances. In installing this precaution arming the fuze. allowance record fits the outer should be made to remove armed or partially armed fuzes from rockets under The rocket or removing is not followed, parts) and the fuze should be disposed of together.
this fuze in or from a rocket, the plug may be unscrewed wrench be used for installing
do not grasp the fuze by the arming set-back collar, or arming vane turned, This vane. If or the arming or removing tools. thereby wrench is on
vane or use a pipe wrench
or any other tool on the plug,
Only the special spanner should
which has been placed
on the ships launcher There
list (spare
the fuze.
pair of holes in the fuze body, accident caused
and not the holes in the fuze plug.
a serious
by the use of improper
CONFIDENTIAL
35

P POST
SHUTTER / DETONATOR
t P. lU2
SHUTTER
SPRING
DETENT
SPRING
SHUTTER
SPRING
CAP
DETENT
SPRING
CAP
SECTION
A-A
LEAD-I N-LOAD
BOOSTER
PELLET
LEAD-I N-DISC
BOOSTER
CUP
HOUSING
RETAINING
RING
FIRING
PIN
LOCATING
PIN
SET-BACK
COLLAR
FIRING
PIN
SPRING
3 BALLS
BODY
WEIGHT
BELL
CRANK
NOSE
PLATE
BELL
CRANK
PIN
DIAPH RAG M
GASKET
SAFETY
PIN
NOSE
CAP
DIAPHRAGM
BUTTON
NUT d
b DIAPHRAGM
BUTTON
FIG.
15. U. S. N. NOSE FUZE, MARK 135 AND MARK 135,MOD. 1

(H.I. FUZE) R.
36
CONFIDENTIAL

GENERAL
The Nose H. I. R. Fuze, Mark 135, is illustrated in figure 15.
135
(AND MODS.)
designated
This fuze was formerly impact firing, rocket type.
fuze.
The fuze is of the hydrostatic
arming,
OPERATION
Arming the fuze is accomplished two builds up against by pressure which a prestressed behaving shutter of water phosphor entering bronze the cavity previously diaphragm. thus pin in the nose of withdrawn. At a certain the fuze. The the fuze through value of pressure, two bell cranks, Upon impact f:G-inch holes from pops, a safety pin has been
The water pressure
the diaphragm releasing
like the bottom freeing pellet the
of an oil can and operates arming locking balls.
the detonator the weight
and freeing
the weight, firing
or jarring, which
is displaced, booster
firing pin spring then forces initiates booster the lead-in and the main filler.
the firing pin point fires the tetryl
into the lead azide detonator. which in turn detonates
The detonator the auxiliary
The fuze normally At the high velocity pressure depth on one velocity reached. After hold is built which
arms under with which
a static
pressure strikes after
equal
to approximately when actually causing merely range. before
30 feet of water. fired, a dynamic or the
the rocket immediately short
the water the impact,
up on the head
the fuze to arm at a dropped overboard cases, In these depth
of 15 to 20 feet. in the water
This effect would would
not occur normal
on a rocket operating arming
fell considerably
of the
not be sufficient
to cause
a 30-ft.
had been
the fuze is armed, pin. forward, them. is about
it will fire if the weight deceleration, the balls inward hit causes sponding less than a foot fuze.
is jarred against
off, releasing the rocket
3 steel balls which strikes head-on,
the firing
A sudden
for example the weight to about
when
pulls the weight
first forcing A glancing the body equal,
the force of the firing pin spring to roll about drop at a;uch outline a point on the edge and The sensitivity to forward
and then releasing where it is supported sidewise (head-on). sufficient impacts wood post.
against
and releases the balls. surface inclined of the extreme
a&inch
in air on the end of a as 7S from normal of a submarine hull is
The fuze will fire on an under-water Th us a hit within to actuate the armed
CONFIDENTIAL
37

-. .
0. P. 1002
SAFETY
Safety weight locking shaking positive against positively button safety
FEATURES
dropping or jolts is guaranteed by the fact that the bell cranks the other in. Similarly, In shipping hold the in place until they have been forced on the diaphragm is provided prevents out by the diaphragm. independently. Their symmetry The intereffects of
/
I
is such that sidewise are cancelled
blows tend to move one bell crank out and move their moving action out by the opposing of the bell cranks.
and handling, is fired, position, against the j , it
by a safety pin which passes through If this wire is pulled which heavy action and completely in excess
a hole in the nose cap and locks the rocket
the diaphragm
in the safe position. is fairly
out just before supported
serves also to clean out the ports through Since the diaphragm the fuze will remain penetration penetration operative at depths
water enters the nose cap. in the collapsed The unit is sealed clamped of 600 feet. compound.
of water by the gasket supplemented of moisture
of the edge of the diaphragm
between
nose cap and the body,
by a coat of crater parts in storage.
This seal also prevents
to the moving
CONFIDENTIAL
FUZES
0. P. 1002
- _-
I^--__
SAFETY
PfN
TO BE REM OVED BEFORE FI RING
FIG.
GENERAL
The Nose Arming high velocity Fuze, Mark
16.
u. S. N. NOSE FUZE, MARK 140
140, is a hydrostatic pressure
arming,
impact-firing pressure
fuze. however, at the is built up on the head deck or a wooden
occurs
under a static
of approximately dynamic
30 feet of water;
with which the rocket on impact
strikes the water,
so that the fuze arms at depths The fuze will function deck grating.
of from 8 to 15 feet. with a solid object such as a submarine
CONFIDENTIAL
39

/MAGAZINE
LEAD-IN DISC
0. P. 1002
BOOSTER,
STRIKER
RING BELL CRANK
FIRING I,/ RELEASING SPRING
PIN SPRING BUTTON PIVOT
2 LOCK
SCREW
DIAPHRAGM NUT -1
DIAPHRAGM
DETENT SHUTTER SHUTTER
--___ ____-
SPRINGS
SECTION
(UNARMED
X-X
140
POSITION)
SECTION
(ARMED
X-X
POSITION)
FIG. 17. U. S. N. NOSE FUZE, MARK
40
CONFIDENTIAL
FUZES
THE MECHANISM
The mechanism is screwed bronze phragm diaphragm is contained in the fuze body. and covered A nose cap with two water with a fuze protective against a diaphragm of from cup. seat.
0. P. 1002
140
intake This
ports dia-
in the upper end of the body is set in the upper and so clamped
A phosphor-
end of the body A button, is secured
is prestressed
at the rim that a static pressure so that inverting wire is inserted from which the diaphragm through extend
12 to 15 pounds are engaged, against ports the the diaof the A
per square inch is required is secured bell cranks. phragm nose cap.
to push it inward. the button
in which two bell cranks will work intake
by a nut in the diaphragm, The nut to which
is so shaped
that it will anchor
to the nose cap when a safety
the water upward
The bell cranks are affixed by pins to slots in the head in which they can be pivoted. hooks and downward. fitted on the hub of the head. The head fits tightly and locking on the fuze base and The striker ring the base. A lead-in The disc
On each bell crank there is a projection safety ring is loosely is secured by a press fit.
The fuze base houses and the firing sleeve which detonator is housed shutter between under
the firing pin, firing pin spring, maintains spring pressure is fitted
balls.
the lockin, u balls in place in a groove A booster
are set around encloses
in the fuze base. magazine
the shutter
and the booster.
the fuze cavity.
EXPLOSIVE COMPONENTS
The explosive (1) (2) (3) components -Housed consist of: in disc. 30 grams (1 .l) ounce tetryl Housed m booster cap. DetonatorBooster Boosterin shutter. lead-in-Housed Approximately
OPERATION
ARMING.
is removed. intake through reached bottom ports After When the fuze has been assembled the rocket enters the water, tending action thereby detents. in the nose of the the pressure built to push pops rocket, motion When the which safety enters wire the has of the water up by the it inward. of the nose cap and the dynamic act .on the diaphragm This diaphragm of from pressure of the rocket the rocket like the under be
the water a depth
8 to 15 feet the diaphragm moves arming The
or is inverted, The shutter
behaving operating
of an oil can.
the two bell cranks the fuze. is aligned sleeve
out of engagement
with the shutter spring pressure lead-in dislodged where
and the firing sleeve, slides to a position by spring
where the detonator
with the firing pin and booster is also free and can now acting
it is locked
firing
by impact
with a solid object. is fired, the set-back However, bell cranks force and air pressure the freely moving force set-back on the diaphragm such premature safety ring is held in engageto prevent
At the time the rocket ment with the hooks
tend to arm the fuze prematurely. on the arming.
by the
CONFIDENTIAL
41
? +
-c__--__-I
-_- _.._ ---_-
--~-

When water impact occurs, premature arming is also prevented
0. P. 1002
by the momentary
engage-
ment of grooves
in the firing sleeve with the hooks upon impact
on the bell cranks. It is designed bottoms. When balls. so that it
FIRING: Th e f uze functions

is not likely however inertia ejected firing detonator forces pin, now A glancing The sideways to function the firing on impact sleeve on impact by the force free, blow with wood
with a solid object. such as muddy releasing
with soft objects thereby under
It will function the impact The spring. strikes occurs, balls are The the the
gratings forward, forward
on the decks of submarines. is under pressure
the locking
of the firing pin which is moved causes releasing train.
of its compressed
the force striker one-fourth
of its compressed ring to move
spring,
and sets off the explosive
the loosely the locking
fitting
sidewise
camming
firing sleeve forward,
balls and thus permitting
the fuze to function,
sensitivity
is approximately
of the nose sensitivity.
SAFETY
DETONATOR
detonator maturely, the force
FEATURES
SAFETY:
This fuze is detonator charges. be dissipated safe. In the unarmed an opening position, function the prewith the booster would Should the detonator of the detonation components. in the rocket, pops the fuze After is in the of through in the body
is out of alignment
away from the explosive
INSTALLED
unarmed position. 12 to 15 pounds been armed, some solid object.
IN ROCKET: Wh en the fuze is installed

Arming per square will not occur inch until pressure to operate is required
the diaphragm. by impact of the
Pressure fuze
the diaphragm.
the fuze has with
it will not function
until the locking
balls are freed
DURING SHIPPING AND STOWAGE:

and stowage tively moving locks by a safety wire inserted button through the diaphragm ports. The fuze has a large wrench tothe
Additional
safety
is provided ports. of the
during
shipping wire posifrom clean to
the water intake The removal
The safety wire serves
nose cap, thereby the fuze.
preventing
the diaphragm
inward
and accidentally
arming
the water intake
DROP SAFETY:
with water protective nose. entry
dome-shaped
steel cup fitted over the exposed The sole purpose is accidentally dropped
end on its
and spanner
holes around
its sides.
of this fuze
cup is to prevent
functioning
of the fuze if a round
ARMED FUZES
From through an examination However, of the exterior ports of the fuze, it is impossible it is impossible to tell whether to reinsert the safety or not the wire wire can fuze is armed. be reinserted when this fuze is armed, in the nose cap. the nose cap. the safety the water intake If the fuze is unarmed,
all the way through
42
CONFIDENTIAL
FUZES
INSTALLING IN ROCKET
INSTRUCTIONS: (1)
69
Remove liner. the shipping plug from the rocket and inspect
0. P. 1002
the fuze
seat
Clean if necessary. the fuze from as to the gasket. This is accomplished should its container Check by turning when and examine the fuze it for defects, par-
Remove ticularly ring. The
the freedom
of movement alternately
of the safety nose-down
and nose up. last click position. (3)
The ring should be heard
be heard to click
with each movement. to the nose-up on the bell cranks. wrench
the fuze is turned the hooks
In this position
the ring engages
Screw the fuze securely in the openings so that Seepage fuze. should entering provided. cup. of the fuze protective the connection Before inserting or any
in the nose of the rocket The spanner of the fuze with wrench the
using a spanner
fits the holes in the side in position of the wire from will be watertight. a light coat safety
Insure that the gasket is properly rocket
of water past the gasket available
may result in the malfunctioning should be given Also, the mineral grease.
the fuze the threads
of petrolatum be coated
with a light coat of grease in order to keep moisture
into the fuze. the safety wire from the water intake ports in the nose of the
(4)
Remove
fuzc prior to firing the charge.
(5)
Do not
remove
the fuze
protective
cup
from
the fuze.
This cup is a body.
part of the Mark
140 fuze and should
not be confused
with the fuze cap
used to protect, fuzes and which is a part of the projectile
POINTS TO CHECK:
The following points should be checked during the installation of the fuze in the rocket:
(1)
(2)
(3)
That
the fuze seat liner into substances.
which the fuze is to be screwed
is clean
and free of foreign
That the two 2.0 length auxiliary That That the safety ring moves freely.
boosters
are in place in the rocket.
(4) (5) (6)
the fuze gasket is properly seated
in position. in the rocket.
That the fuze is securely That
the safety wire has beenremoved.
CONFIDENTIAL
43
---
------
- -
- --
.-.---
--

ASSEMBLY SHEET AMMUNITION USE
BODY COMPONENTS LINER Dwg. No. Dwg. No.
0. P. 1002
7.2
AND
2.5
FOR
ROCKET
SHIPBOARD
ROCKET
COMPLETE ROUND MARK No.
USE OF ROUND
NOMINAL ROUND WT. (LBS.) Size Mark
ROCKET Mod.
BODY
FILLER
TYW
2 -- Service 101 201 Target Drill Service Target Drill Service 6 106 206 7 Service Target Drill Service Service Service Target Drill Service Service Target NOTE. (1) (2) (3) Mark Mark Mark 60 60 60 60 60 60 65 62. 5 62. 5 62. 5 61. 4 62. 4 57. 5 57. 5 57. 5 58. 5 63. 5 8. 8
--
--7.2 --7.2 --7.2 --7.2 --7.2 --7.2 7 ---- .2 --7.2 --7.2 --7.2 --7.2 --7ll.2 --7.2 --7.2 --7.2 --7.2 --7.2 2.5 bodies motors loaded
1 1 1 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 1 All All . All (Note 1) All (Note 1) All (Note 1) All (Note 1)
Lane Wells Lane Wells Lane Wells 330904 330904 330904 329138 329138 329138 329138 330906 330906 330906 330906 330906 330906 329138 329402 Mark Mark 4a bodies. 3 mod.
SK99440 SK99440 SK99440 SK99440 SK99440 SK99440 SK99440 328708 329292 (Note (Note 3) 3)
TNT Plaster Plaster TNT Plaster Plaster TNT TNT Plaster Plaster TPX TPX TNT Plaster - Plaster TNT TNT Solid
2 102
Integral Integral Integral Integral Integral Integral 328708 329292 None
8
9 109
-
209 10 15
4 all mod. 3 all mod. 4 plaster
do not include do not include bodies
1 motors. fuze seat liner.
may or may not include
CONFIDENTIAL
0. P. 1002
BOOSTER
I
Mark
ROCKET ROCKET
MOTOR MOTOR Mod.
COMPONENTS
_GRAIN Mark FUZE Mark
BALLISTIC Curve No.
DATA Column No.
Mark
Needed
Dwg.
No.
.1
Page
54
Page
58
1 None None
2r.25
1 1 1 3 3 3
2fl.25 I
2!.25 1 1 2.25 2.25 2lj.25 1 1 2ll.25 2lj.25 2.25 2.25 1 2 1 2.25 2ll.25 2ll.25 2ll.25 I 2 2 2.25 2ll.25 2.25 1.25 /
I
1
I I
1 1 1 1 All (Note 2)d All (Note 2) All (Note 2) (Note All (Note All (Note All (Note All (Note 2) 2) 2) 2) 2)
I I
1
330905 330905 330905 329932 329932 329932 329932 329932 329932 329932 329932 329932 329932 329932 329932 329932 329932
-.-
1 1
135 None None 135 None None 135 1 131
1 1
1 1
.- None
1
1
None None 1 1 None None 1 2 1 None None 2 2
1 1
1 1
.-
1 None ---
---
3 3 3 3 3
2 3 3 None 3 3 10 10 None 10 3 4
2 / 1 3 3 1 1
2 3 3
1 None None 131 140 131 None None 140 140 None
4 3 5 5
4 3 5 5
-_
3 3 3 3 3 3
None
/ (N:e! 2) / All (Note 2) All (Note 2) 1
6 7 8
6 7 8
1 329403
CONFIDENTIAL
45
0. P. 1002
SERVICING
USE OF LUBRICANTS:
or corroded Before of grease. should be given installing in the projectile Fuze surfaces fuze threads that might should become rusted grease. a light coat of petrolatum or mineral
be given a light coat
DISASSEMBLY:
No disassembly
of this fuze is authorized.
REPORTS OF MALFUNCTIONINGS:
tionings to the fuze. or any difficulties Bureau of Ordnance. history detailed encountered The report should a complete and all pertinent
Reports contain
of
malfuncnumber, the
with this fuze should information
be reported
the lot
concerning
PACKING
AND
PACKING:
tainer . ping box.
MARKING
One fuze is packed in a sealed cylindrical metal conshipfuzes in containers are packed in a wooden
Twenty-four
MARKING:
the date shipping contained number, within,
The
fuze
is marked
with
mark, activity. year
mod.,
and lot number, container and order number of fuzes
of manufacture box are marked name
and the loading with mark number, of manufacturer, initials.
The
lot number, of
manufacture,
and the inspectors
46
CONHDENTIAL
__,
-I-_ ----
OPERATION
Chapter 3
0. P. 1002
OPERATIONAND MAINTENANCE 7.2 ROCKET LAUNCHER, MARK20
STOWAGE
The installed), motors ten high. The above 7.2 Rockets rocket motors, uncrated
AND
are issued to and fuzes.
ASSEMBLY
ships They in three units: Bodies (with auxiliary with boosters and are to be stowed the motors facilities. in ready stowage service stowage, fuzes are not to be In ships where to proin magazines bodies
assembled,
and unfuzed, with existing
and may be stacked stowage Except
on top of each other not to exceed slightly apart.
Separators
should
be used between
to keep the shrouds
is in conformity
Fuzes are issued in boxes of 24 each. assembled in the ammunition to provide in watertight or stowed separate it is impracticable vide stowage
in magazines
with the ammunition. for the fuzes,
magazine
it is acceptable
lockers,
topside. care must tubular spacer Before be exercised cardboard to avoid spacer, cross threading. fully home plug, and the
In assembling It will be necessary into the body fuze cap are installed fuze cap, shipping tain that the correct given
the motor to employ The
to the body strap auxiliary
wrenches booster,
in order to drive
the motor
threads shipping
threads.
in the body number
when shipped. cardboard
Prior to inserting boosters mineral
the nose fuze, remove
plug, and tubular
from the nose of the body inserting
and make cershould be
and correct petrolatum
mark of auxiliary or any available
are in place (see page 3 1), grease, such as water pump seal
and that the fuze hole threads a light coat of grease down it should wrench provided grease, bearing and screwed The special
are undamaged.
the fuze the threads
grease, or cup grease.
After the fuze has been inserted Attention
in the nose of the body is invited to 0. P. 1017
be set up sufficiently
tight on its gasket to insure a watertight
must be used for this purpose.
CONFIDENTIAL
47
_... --
.-_-.
.-
--___-______-_

BuOrd Circular Letter before No. covering plugs this subject. When the Mark
0.P.1002
and
A5043
Nose
131 fuze
is
used the fuze cap should in place issuing until just depot. should
be put on again after the fuze has been installed, firing. and fuze caps should
and should
be kept
be turned
in to the next
Rockets Excessive rockets
not be fuzed boxes
until just should
before
they
are put into the ready-service at hand. Fuze intervals for inspection surfaces
boxes. caps on of the toavoid with
ready in ready
box temperatures service any moisture Before
be avoided
by any means
should
be removed
at frequent
fuze and to remove be covered rust or corrosion.
which may have accumulated or mineral the fuze in the body
under the cover. should
Fuzes should
with a light coat of petrolatum screwing
grease on the exposed the threads
be covered
a light coat of grease.
LOADING
Exact loading Headquarters, In general, two loaders provided.
possession.
AND
and firing in Chief,
FIRING
is covered States in publications Fleet. To prepare a launcher for firing, under the cognizance of United
procedure
Commander 4 to 6 loaders
plus a gun captain
will be used.
lift the rails or ways and swing the crutch

B e f ore loading, the gun captain
up in place, boxes. They
locking remove
it with the latches

plug in his
of the launcher
crew must have
the safety
Two
loaders
are stationed load the rockets
at the
ready
the rockets
from
the ready boxes and pass them to 2 other loaders loaders, rocket. last mentioned, one hand is placed between
who are stationed
at the launchers. In loading position
The two the rockets, and pushed
in the ways of the launchers. 6 inches above
the fins of the tail ring and the other hand grasps the nose of the its normal shrouds should seat properly accidentally and that the the
The rocket is then laid in the way about with the rear contact.
down into the contacts. vanes do not interfere two motor When foredeck captain shrouds
Care must be taken that the motor If the rocket
be dropped
may short together
and make a misfire possible. are swung up and pinned in place, and the to the from plug is in to The gun POWER ON.
all the ways are loaded, These and the guards at the safety for firing, 2, Mod. 3, Mod. ON. Mark Mark
the retainers positions receptacle the conning protected
crew takes firing stations. are guarded takes station Panel, Panel,
are chosen
in such a way that all entrances the safety plug at a command marked the safety plug
out of line of blast of the launchers. and inserts officer throws indicator the switch
the bridge. is inserted place
To prepare
on the Control On the Control
2, the red safety 2, the
lights up when switch when
in the receptacle, the power switched
and the green indicator The power
when the power lights should switch
is turned
red indicator
the safety
and
be kept at OFF
except
48
CONFlDENTlAl
OPERATION
check board officer button for readiness are thrown presses should or to fire.
0.P.1002
To fire both launchers,

position. When at the next instant until all the rockets large interval
the switches
marked
port
and starthe conning The firing is in good of a salvo.
to the ON
the proper have gone;
range
is reached,
the firing button be kept depressed
that the ship is on even keel. unless the battery between the firing of the halves
condition,
there may be a relatively

is gone, the safety
As soon as the salvo
plug must be removed and the power switch opened.
The laun-
chers can then be reloaded. The ready between salvos. the connection the rockets safety boxes are replenished be noted These from storage as soon rockets as possible, have safety in any time shorting available before issue, a
It should in the motor.
that certain boxes. With
wires shorting
wires are to be clipped ammunition
off close to the terminals of present and future after
are placed
in the ready
clip will be used instead on the ways.
of wires.
This
clip must
be removed
the ammunition
has been loaded
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
It should motors excess blowing should of that be emphasized printed that all rocket exposed tube, ammunition must be treated may no result with care. in the rocket Rocket in to not be needlessly to the direct is fired. rays of the sun or to any temperature Under circumstances the safe limits. in excess within are rockets Ammunition limit
on the motor
as such exposure
motor
up on the launcher
when the rocket
be fired when they have been subjected until they have been allowed which limits has been exposed the lower within or less than limit to excessive printed use. before
to a temperature temperatures
in excess of the safe firing limitations within of the upper
to return to a temperature on the tube) Every should
(temperatures should
be maintained be made
the safe firing ammunition
for at least 6 hours
effort
to maintain
in ready service Since, and asphalt development procedure stance disposed
the safe temperature the propellant
firing limits at all times. into the motor visual is at present tube by means of closure discs The
at present, paint,
is sealed to conduct
it is not possible
or surveillance
tests of any kind. Under Any rocket
of surveillance
tests for ballistite from
being undertaken of a publication.
and when a proper no circummotors on must be
has been worked
out it will be made the subject disc or discs have become in to an ammunition
is the propellant
to be removed
the motor of any rocket. loosened depot
hand in which the closure ing into deep water. It is obvious being loaded.
must not be fired.
They
of either by turning
or, if this is not practicable,
by dump-
that it is dangerous
It is more dangerous,
to stay directly
however, to
in front of a launcher
behind
while it is loaded
or
stay directly
the launcher
under the same
CONFIDENTIAL
49

The blast that is emitted from the nozzle thousand (rear) end is intensely difficult
0.P.1002
circumstances.
hot and the slivers of
gases travel burning

Extreme loaded
at a rate of between may be blown
six and seven
feet per second. are very always
Small
powder
caution launcher
out of the nozzle,

loaded.
and these should
to extinguish.
to the rear of a
must be taken to make sure that no one is directly or one that is being
in front of or directly
Loading should
be done in such a manner or intentionally.
that the loader or the blast Carelessness
and any member take in case
of the crew are well to one side of the path that the projectile a rocket be fired either accidentally in fatal casualties. with safety circuit. The plugs and safety receptacles. These receptacles therefrom, be to see respects to be in the
would
in this respect launchers of the
has resulted
All rocket are installed and are part possession ready place safety have
are equipped bulkhead, firing
on an external or under
in sight of the launcher person, whose
and at a safe distance plug is at all times responsibility it shall
electrical the control
of a particular immediately person. launcher
that the safety
plug is not installed
in the receptacle a loaded
until the launcher The safety loaded must
is in all other
to be fired, and is removed is approached plug resulted by any other
after firing. or partially
plug shall be removed with the plug in not to load any that the casualties certain Fatal
by the person charged launcher
with its care before any loaded
launcher
All personnel member
be instructed with its care.
or to approach from
until it has been made absolutely charged precautions.
is in the possession failure
of the crew
to observe
the necessary
Marks
Tests immediate
of Firing circuits vicinity
of launchers, shall
20 and 22, when they involve

until all rockets or stored
personnel
being
in the from
of the launchers
not be conducted of the launchers
have been removed box.
the launchers
and the immediate
vicinity
in the ready-service only
Subseof
quent to the completion an individual actual physical
of such tests, the rockets may be reloaded who has been plug. made responsible
on the launchers for the loading
at the order and
at the launchers possession
operation
is in
of the safety
The personnel
safety
precaution
in the
preceding
paragraph instructed
shall
be posted in it.
conspicuously
and
concerned
frequently should
and thoroughly
and drilled
The projectiles grease. The tests should
be kept free from rust, and the unpainted should be periodically bending of the danger due to lack trajectory. that a misfire occurs of setting off the electric
surfaces primer.
protected but
with
condition
of the insulation
inspected,
no electrical
be made because and handled
It is important a
that it be stored serious effect
in such a way as to avoid
of the tail rings, since distortion and will also have
of these rings may cause misfires on the underwater happen
of contact
in the launcher,
It may sometimes remain such on the ways. a misfire.
and one or more rockets for at least
in a salvo 10 minutes
will after
No one is to be allowed
the launcher,
on the forecastle
which should
Be f ore approaching
be done from one side
if possible,
make sure that the safety
plug has been removed
from the safety
receptacle.
If inspection
then
re-
veals that the closure
disc in the nozzle
has not been blown
out, it is probable
that the igniter
50
CONflDENTlAL
OPERATION
did not fire because
inspected. that shorting the nozzle Note rockets found,
0.P.1002
of electrical
have
difficulties.
by salt bridges down
The contacts which
should
be checked
and connections it may be These can at
If the rockets
been subjected with water.
to sea spray The stream
while in the launcher, on the contacts.
has been caused by washing
have formed
easily be removed closure
of water must not be directed
disc, as it may loosen
the disc. two rockets may remain on the ways, defects since are
that if a misfire is due to a short circuit, are connected examine reveals in parallel pairs. the delay-relay no obvious
the contacts
For example, in the control remove
if all the evenpanel.
or odd-numbered again fails to replace the shortthe
are misfired,
If any obvious from
they are to be repaired
and the firing repeated. defects,
In case the same rocket the round body,
fire, and inspection the safety ing wire or shorting the character number which
the launcher,
wire in the fuze, and remove clip, unscrew previous of malfunctioning,
the fuze from the projectile. from the rocket of days firings from of misfire. Mine the round Then
After replacing properly had been
the motor successful the cause
tag it so as to show on the ways, to the remarks nearest the

but in has
the number
of immediately
the same ways, Depot, Yorktown,
or any other
may aid in determining rules apply interval
turn in the motor In actual
ammunition enemy,
depot for trans-shipment to target
to the Naval practice
Va., for inspection. combat against officer,
All the foregoing the time
or test firings.
may be shortened
shall
at the discretion
remain
of the commanding
such case every precaution shown to be dangerous
be taken that personnel powder gases.
clear of the area which experience
because of burning
The misfired rounds shall be dropped It is not intended as the time taken to prevent to repeat
overto
board, cycle
after the fuze safety by repeating and possibly
wire has been replaced. the normal firing procedure of misfire,
efforts
fire the rocket
the firing
clear the launcher
is small. armed once it has been armed, unfired rockets
Because
of the fact that the fuze remains They
are not to be fished up out of the water. Since small pieces of solid propellant precautions be thoroughly inflammable. It is of the utmost shall never be allowed powder in the igniter which ing any work partment, powder plans. practicable. importance makes may should be taken to avoid
do not necessarily during washed
fire on sand bottom. firing and remain overboard, on the deck should
may be ejected fragments
fire hazards.
After firing the launcher,
the decks
hosed down and all such powder
as they are highly
that naked lights, matches, where this ammunition highly an abnormally high
or other flame producing is present. temperature Because storage The presence Before to ignition.
apparatus of black performlocal comwhere
in the vicinity cause
this ammunition either place type
susceptible
or an intense
heat in a magazine
or storage
where rocket ammunition
ammunition separate
is kept or in an adjacent of the presence be provided with should
the ammunition in the igniters Storage
must be removed should
to safe storage. not be made
of black approved
of rocket
in magazines
except
in accordance
GONFIDENTIAL
51
?---
_______ -_-- ---- .-
__-____
--
Y.2 ROCKET LAUNCHERS

MAI NTE NANCE
0.P.1002
The launcher units should be kept painted and free from rust, dirt and accumulations The electrical system should be examined at frequent intervals to insure that the of salt. batteries, dition.
launcher
firing panel, contacts, U n d er

rails
no
safety
plug and receptacle

electrical system in the immediate
and wiring
be checked vicinity
are in satisfactory
when rockets are on
conthe
condition
should
the
or when in an exposed
condition
of the launcher.
A simple
test of the electrical (a) (b) switch With With at ON.
system
is outlined in the OFF unloaded
below: position measure the voltage at ON at the battery. and the

starboard
all switches the launcher
place the power switch
(or
upper)
Insert the safety plug into its receptacle. Measure the voltage between the hot knife edge contact and ground. A reading appreciably less than that obtained under (a) indicates a short circluit or low resistance parts, which should be found and corrected. If both voltage readings (a) and (b) are substantially and ground; passing a quick about check the same, connect a suitable resistance 21 Such a at least 3 the knife edge contact a convenient resistance consists of a 6-volt
between
cl, or 32 cp automobile type lamp, lamp should light up fairly brightly; volts across (c) the lamp. To avoid duration as possible. Repeat (b) with power switch
4 and 6 amperes, respectively. with a voltmeter should show down

port
running
the battery and the
these tests should (or

lower)
be of as short at ON.
at ON;
switch
(d) All terminal tubes, glands, boxes, fittings, tight, gaskets and packing being used as necessary. one of the electric pass into (e) connection Remove cables, boxes, the covers which etc., both Wash paint above
etc., exposed to salt spray should be kept Unless this is done water may enter into will act as a hose, providing a channel whereby water may and below decks. If moisture and dry. particularly on the of the application assembly, in general is present ascertain intervals. edge contact varnish;
of all boxes at frequent on the knife
and remove (f) Do insulation. varnish (g) Each
means of entry. not use ordinary
out the box with fresh water
If necessary use an approved insulating will not materially improve performance. Salt bridges ship may on may form on ex,posed carry a spare safety hosing with fresh, or even sea water, plug Yards. and or Navy
parts causing
short circuits remove battery.
and misfires. them. Additional
In genbatteries removed to the process,
eral, a thorough may be obtained If ice forms before ways. firing. Extreme
should
one spare
from tenders If loaded, care
the launchers,
including
the contacts,
it must
be completely the de-icing
must be taken to insure
that the rockets during
are not frozen
care must be taken using a hose.
that the fuzes are not armed
particularly
when
TACTICAL
Tactical must be determined issued by Headquarters,
OPERdTlON
of the launcher, Commander Mark 20, including firing range, States the several will be found Fleet. corrections which and included in the proper in Chief, in a publication United
employment
52
CONFIDENTIAL
PERFORMANCE
Chapter 4
0.P.1002
PERFORMANCE OF DATA 7.2 ROCKET LAUNCHER, MARK20
As has been previously with an almost The from value about constant of the
mentioned, pressure depends
the propellant
grain burns of a second. varying 1,500 per square The time of varying from
for several tenths inch
pressure
on temperature,
800 pounds
per square
at 10" F., and
pounds
per square inch,
inch at 70 F., to 2,300 pounds tube is tested is provided. safety factor
inch at 120 F. per square burning depends
Since the motor ample inversely
to 5,000 pounds
on the temperature,
0.7 seconds
to 0.2 seconds.
CONFIDENTIAL
0.P.1002
CONFIDENTIAL
PERFORMANCE
A graph,
temperature. on a number escaping from figure 18, shows the relationship between range
0.P.1002
and propellant depends of the gas pressure. temperis greater in a
The variation of factors. the nozzle
of velocity is lowered
and range because
with temperature velocity burning distance effects
At low temperature,
the effective of the lower acceleration of these decrease
Also, more energy ature, leaving at low and decrease hence temperature,
must be used to heat the powder Further,the The combination resulting range. of about in more curvature 10 percent,
mass to the burning
less for propulsion.
in this part of the trajectory results 20 percent, in going strength praclow
in shorter
in velocity
in range of about loss of powder to increase
from 70 F. to loo F. of the powder tically is sensibly velocities, for vacuum. A range The correction results compensating constant the ranges
At elevated for effects from 70 will only
temperatures, tending F. to
in mechanical in unburned
in an increased
form,
the range.
Thus the range
120
F.
Because
of the relatively
be about 3 percent
shorter than those calculated
for complete in range
round is twice
assemblies the
which
differ
in weight rule: in in weight,
from the nominal percentage and in the opposite
round change
weight of page 44, may be made by the following percentage in weight change i. e., an increase
direction,
causes a decrease
range and vice versa.
CONFIDENTIAL
55
0.P.1002
DEPTH-FEET
56
CONFIDENTIAL
PERFORMANCE
Since the point of the charge, beyond depend 120 imately the launcher. quite markedly one-fifth 2 yards in 300. approximately about 6 yards of application of thrust of the rocket motor is behind
0.P.1002
the center of gravity continues way may at is approxand the is nearly to the a given
there may be some tendency For this reason, on the burning of the burning At normal 12 yards.
to veer off course dispersion
when the acceleration of shots from
the lateral occurs At
time, and hence on the temperature. on the ways and the lateral one-tenth of the burning 10 F., the fraction in range, angle,
For example,
F., about
dispersion
temperatures, The
is on the ways and hand,
the dispersion dispersion constant,
is approximately
4 yards.
is one-thirteenth
dispersion
on the other
in 300? since at 49 quadrant at the end of burning.
the range is not sensitive
angle of the trajectory In cold causes notable less. weather, deflection
due to slower errors. into the wind.
burning
time
of propellant
grain,
a strong
cross
wind or
For example,
at 25 F., a 20 mile per hour cross wind produces the corresponding component error is 5 yards to the cross range of wind velocity. position and
a 25 yard deflection
At 70 F. or higher,
The error into the wind is proportional It is recognized that pitch affects
the range since the ways are in a displaced component in range quantity depending on the direction to make firing should is not sufficient Thus which
the charges However, while. rocket
have an upward the amount
or downward
of the pitch. worthof the be done when
of this variation Another
corrections
Also the roll of the ship results in an error in train. is the forward first speed of the boat. after striking the water, course the
the ship is on an even keel.
has a bearing
on the trajectory
In the path, of travel, velocity
2 or 3 feet is brought fig. 19.)
rocket
continues gravity.
on its former In about 30 feet
but with a large deceleration the rocket (See of 22 to 25 ft./set.
of the order of 50 to 100 times and proceeds takes 100 foot depth
to a vertical In order
downward under
with its terminal including water, 8 seconds it is given make about the rate in 12 at one
To reach
12.5 seconds, on course
flight in air. four revolutions of spin greater depths.
to keep the rocket in 40 feet. probably
a spin by the vanes on the motor. per second is approximately one turn
Near the end of the air trajectory, in 6 feet, decreasing
the rockets to about
and one revolution
Just under
the surface,
Until temperature
further
notice
is given,
this ammunition
must not be used if the propellant
is higher
than
120" F., or lower than 10" F.
At
temperatures
higher with a burning from
than 120 F., burning of the propellant grain is greatly accelerated At temperatures lower than 10 F., dangerous increase in pressure. may be incomplete and large unburned may result. pieces of powder may the nozzle. Also misfires
be ejected
CONFIDENTIAl
57
------
0.P.1002
. 4
-I.
I I T
I I
. \.
- o>
I/
58
CONFIDENTIAL
PERFORMANCE
SPREAD-YARDS
40 20
0.P.1002
0 I
20
40
ROCKETS APPROXIMATELY 11.8 YARDS APART ON LANDING
300
280
260
240
220
200
180
v) n
160
% >i G f 140 M
120
100
80
60
40
20
FIG.
20. PATTERN OF FIRE
CONFlDENTlAL
59
COGNIZANCE
Chapter 5
0.P.1002
COGNIZANCE
The Bureau equipment :

A B
of Ordnance 7.2 Rocket
will supply Launcher,
and retain 20.
cognizance
over the
following
items
of
Mark
Control panel, Mark 2, Mod. 2, or Mark panel, Mark 7, when furnished. plug and receptacle. from launcher to branch box E
3 or
Mark
3, Mod.
2, or control
C Safety
D E
Wiring
type,
Ammunition
and fuzes.
F Fuze wrenches.
G Batteries.
The Bureau ment : A
of Ships will supply Foundations thereto.
and retain
cognizance including used
over the following means for securing
items of equipthe launchers
for the launchers, or other stowage
B All steel sheathing C Watertight D Magazine

E
material lockers
for deck
protection. ammunition.
metallic stowage stowage
for ready-service
for fuze containers. for assembled rockets (unfuzed). (except panel. in order that the at the launchers. with personnel safety plug and receptacle)
Magazine
F All wiring
and electrical
appurtenances to the control proper
for connecting
G
the launchers may maintain
Such communication firing station
or signal facilities
as may be authorized
contact
CONFlDENTlAl
61
0.P.1002
UPPER WAYS Q,
LOWER
WAYS
JTCHES RETAII HANDL
RETAIN
BAS E
DEFLECTORS
k/
FIG. II.
7.2 ROCKET LAUNCHER, MARK 22, LOADED, READY
FOR FIRING
62
CONFIDENTIAL
INTRODUCTION
Chapter 6
0.P.1002
7.2 ROCKET LAUNCHER, MARK22
DEFINITION
The 7.2 Rocket Launcher, Mark 22, is a rocket-launching device similar to the launcher, sets of steel ways instead This launcher Mark 20, but consisting of two hinged of one set, as is the case with the Mark 20. known as the Projector, Mark 22,
was formerly
and many The
name plates
are so marked. Panel was changed to Firing pamphlet. Panel
designation
Control
subsequent
to the preparation
of this ordnance
USE
The 20. launcher, Mark 22, is used exactly the same as the Mark in a salvo. Each launcher, Mark 22, fires 8 rockets
CONFIDENTIAL
63
/-----------
..-.---.- -__ __
--__I__
7:2 ROCKET LAUNCHERS
-----------------
UPPER WAYS
LOWER
WAY:
BASE\
FIG. 21.
MARK 22, IN STOWED
POSITION
64
C ONflDENTlAl
--~-
DESCRIPTION
l
7.2
0.P.1002
ROCKET LAUNCHER,
The hinged position launcher consists to the base frame by its own crutch. bent way up to make are made for two ways broad
MARK
ways. themselves
22
Each supported consist ride. set of ways in the of sections is of raised
of 2 sets of steel The ways
and is independently rails in which rockets.
steel plate as common is made retractible blast should must
the rockets
inside sections
and wedge-shaped,
The three one piece thus serving of one part in 40
adjacent
A spread
between
to give the required
retainers
is provided out of place.
spacing of shots. A set of for each set of 4 ways to keep the rockets In general, the same protection Mark against 20. Mark It 22 for the Launcher,
from being washed be noted
be provided
as is provided Mark 20.
that the deck plate is not a part of the launcher,
as it is with the Launcher, The launcher permitting, ever weather exposed lashed ammunition down. is designed
to fold down 22. When
and be lashed conditions elevated
to the deck when require it, weather Whenthe and
not in use, as shown
in figure
the launcher conditions should
may be maintained are such that be subject
and loaded. or deterioration, rails
the launchers to damage and the
or the ammunition lowered
on the rails would
be unloaded
and stowed
CONFIDENTIAL
65
LAUNCHER \
IN STOWED
POSITION
PORT
LAUNCHER,
FIVE WIRE CONNECTION
BOX
FIVE WIRE
CABLE
2 SAFETY
RECEPTACLE
CONTROL /
PANEL
PILOT
HOUSE
-N _J,
I
1
CONFIDENTIAL
FIG. 23.
FOREDECK INSTALLATION LAUNCHER, MARK 22
OF 7.2 ROCKET
66
DESCRIPTION
0.P.1002
INSTALLATION
For mounting by 108 inches portion plates upper the launchers, are required requires two clear spaces foredeck. about 42 inches or less on the it. A 16-inch of the forward end of the lower launcher Mark ways may be cut
off only if installation on Page 15.
The same type of blast deflector 22, as have been described of the deck between behind the the upper set
are used for the Launcher, In addition, against
the portion blasts. on wood
and lower set of ways and immediately
of ways is sheathed The launchers
are mounted forward.
or metal
foundations
so
that they are level athwartships aft with the high point in the folded centerline edge of the is position, base of of the ship.
and have a 3-5
slope fore and are placed, about the
The two launchers symmetrically point 5>/, to distance gives forward deviates to the
on the foredeck The extreme each launcher than
of the inboard 6% inches This between approxi-
further ,from deviation launchers. mately
the centerline inversely This placement
the aft end of the base. an
proportional
of the launchers
equal spacing boxes for
to all eight rockets. are provided ready racks below on the foredeck, Each box convenient holds stowage. the Additional
Ready-service to the rounds launchers, in easily
ammunition. decks
accessible
and is watertight. in magazine
ammunition
may be stowed
CONFIDENTIAL
67
)r
-.-
-_-
--

MOTOR
0.P.1002
TROUGH OF WAY
INSULATION
UPPER ELECTRICAL CONTACT
LOWER ELECTRICAL CONTACT
FIG. 24. ELECTRICAL CONTACTS FOR

MARK 22
68
CONFIDENTIAL
DESCRIPTION
0.P.1002
ELECTRICAL CONTROLS
Firing is electrical contact and is controlled from the bridge. shrouds The of the rocket lower contact Electrical by means mounted shroud for firing is made to the motor as in Launcher, Mark 20. of knife edges
in the deflector which
plate grips the inside of the grounded connected to one side of the
rear motor igniter and
is electrically
serves as a stop. bronze contacts spring
The upper insulated bears
contact
is mounted
on a phosphorshroud. Both
and
on the outside stainless
of the forward steel.
are made of hardened
The wiring to the safety plug is the same as described Mark

bility
for the Launcher,
20.
to
The safety see that the
plug is carried plug is not
by the gun captain inserted in the safety
and it is his responsireceptacle until all
personnel
is off the foredeck,
after the launchers
have been loaded.
CONFIDENTIAL
69
0.P.1002
FIRING BUTTON
THIS NAME PLiTE USED ON FIRING PANEL MARK 3, MOD. 1 AND MARK 3, MOD. 3
CONTROL AND MARK
PANEL 3,
MARK MOD. 2
FIG. 25. CONTROL PANEL FOR

MARK 22
7.2 ROCKET
LAUNCHER,
CONFIDENTIAL
DESCRIPTION
0.P.1002
FIRING PANELS
The one two Control and dry Panels, Mark two Mark 22. dry The 3, Mod. The Control batteries. Control Panels, Panels, 1, or Mark Panel, (The Mark Panel, 3, Mod. 45-volt 3, are used 1 utilizes is now 3 utilizes 3, Mod. with the Launcher, 45-volt 7%-volt known 3, Mod. Panels, board. plate Mark Mark 3, Mod. 3, Mod. 6-volt battery
to be unsuitable). batteries. that 3 are identical except Mark reads
Control
3, Mod.
1 and Mark
to the Control 3, Mod.
Mark 3 and Mark is changed. reads 1 and Mark
2, respectively,
the name-plate Mark 3, Mod. (See UPPER upper the ways
In the Control Port-Power-Star3, Mod. 3, the
3 and Mark
2, the plate
In the Control
Panels,
Upper-Power-Lower. the switch the marked
fig. 25.) is operated of both marked and port the projectors and starboard is operated above is
When are and fired, launchers repeated
odd-numbered are fired,
fire together.
When the switch same
LOWER as described
the launchers
sequence
for the lower ways, both port and starboard. description of the rocket and fuzes is given in chapter 2 of this
A detailed pamphlet. mentioned
Views
of the rocket
are shown
in the illustrations
in this chapter.
CONFIDENTIAL
71
________------.--
.-.-
--
0. P. 1002
BRANCH
BOX E
CH BOX E TYPE
BRpANCH BOX E TYPE
10 WIRE CONNECTION
130Xdx-
ABCDE
SAFETY
PLUG\
SAFETY RECEPTACLE I CONTROL PANEL MARK 3, MOD. 1 BATTERY BOX -
A$CbE
, RFADY LIGHT
A 0
CONTROL PANEL MARK 3, MOD 3
FIG.
26.
WIRING DIAGRAM MARK 22
FOR
3,
7.2
ROCKET
3,
LAUNCHER,
MOD.
3)
(USING CONTROL PANEL, MARK
MOD. 1 OR MARK
WIRING
Control Panel, Mark
DIAGRAMS
3, Mod. 3.
Wiring diagrams for the launcher, Mark 22, are shown in figures 26 A and B. Figure 26A shows the wiring of Control Panel, Mark 3, Mod. 1 and figure 26B shows the wiring of
72
CONFIDENTIAL
DESCRIPTION
LOWER
LAUNCHERS
0.P.1002
XlBLt
CONDUI T o
BRANCH BOX E TYPE i
-----Y
UPPER
BRANCH BOX E TYPE
BRANCH BOX E TYP ,---, j h
BRANCH BOX E TYPE WIRE CONNECTION BOX
SAFETY
RECEPTACLE PLUG
BATTERY
BCX
SAFETY
FIG. 27,
CIRCUIT SCHEMATIC MARK 22
FOR
7".2
3,
ROCKET
MOD.
3)
LAUNCHER,
(USING CONTROL PANEL, MARK
CIRCUIT SCHEMATIC
A Circuit is shown Schematic for the Launcher, Mark 22, using Control Panel, Mark 3, Mod. 3, in figure 27.
@ONFIDENTIAL
73
OPERATION
Chapter 7
0.P.1002
OPERATION MAINTENANCE AND 7.2 ROCKET LAUNCHER, MARK22
LOADING
Exact loading
AND
FIRING
will be covered in publications from other sources.
and firing procedure
To prepare up in place, swing

captain
a launcher
for firing, two loaders provided. it with
lift the upper set of ways and swing its crutch They the latches then raise the lower provided.
Before
locking
it with the latches and lock
set of ways
loading, the
and
gun
its crutch
up in place
of the launcher
crew must have the safety
plug in his possession.
Two loaders
are stationed
at the ready loaders,
boxes.
They
remove
the rockets
from the ready boxes and pass them to two other The two loaders, last mentioned load the rockets the fins of
who are stationed
at the launchers. In loading
in the ways of the launchers. the tail ring and the other hand way about be taken 6 inches above that the motor After
the rockets,
one hand is placed The rocket
between
grasps the nose of the rocket. position and pushed down
is then laid in the Care must with the
its normal shrouds
into the contacts. do not interfere
seat properly of the motor
and that the vanes
rear contact. the safety be dropped
the shroud be removed
has been placed
in contact
with the knife edges, The rocket to short should not and
clip should
if this has not been done previously. blow may cause the two shrouds
on the motor
as a hard
together
make a misfire possible.
CONFIDENTIAL
75
OPERATION e
MAINTENANCE
The maintenance to the Launcher, Mark instructions 22. of page 52 of this pamphlet apply also
ROCKET PERFORMANCE
The rocket given rocket the for the Launcher, Launcher, 53 through Mark Mark 20. 22, is exactly the the same performance as the data for Therefore,
on pages
58 will apply.
CONFlDENTlAl
77
r-
------
COGNIZANCE
Chapter 8
0.P.1002
COGNIZANCE
The equipment
Bureau :
A B
of Ordnance 7.2 Rocket Control Safety Wiring
will supply Launcher, Mark
and retain Mark 22.
cognizance
over
the following
items
of
Panel,
3, Mod.
1 or Mark
3, Mod.
3, or Control
Panel,
Mark
7, when supplied.
C D E F G
plug and receptacle. from launcher to branch box E type.
Ammunition
and fuzes.
Fuze wrenches. Batteries. of Ships will supply Foundations thereto. and retain cognizance including over the following means for securing items of equip-
The Bureau ment :

A
for the launchers, including stowage
the launchers
All steel sheathing, blast. Watertight, Magazine Magazine All wiring metallic stowage stowage
the steel deck plates lockers
in the area of the direct ammunition.
C D E F
for ready-service
for fuze containers. for assembled the launchers or signal may rockets (unfuzed). (except safety plug and receptacle) in order that panel. contact with personnel at the
and electrical
appurtenances facilities
for connecting
G
to the control proper
Such communication the firing station launchers.
as may be authorized
maintain
CONFIDENTIAL
79
____________._--T-
--
_---__
..---
2.5 ROCKET LAUNCHER

al5 ROCKET LAUNCHER \
0.P.1002
FIG. 28.
7.2 ROCKET LAUNCHER, MARK 20, EQUIPPED WITH 2.5 ROCKET LAUNCHER AND LOADED WITH 2.5
ROCKETS
80
CONFIDENTIAL
INTRODUCTION
Chapter 9
0.P.1002
2.5 ROCKET LAUNCHER 2.5 ROCKETS AND FOR LAUNCHERS, MARKS 20 AND 22
DEFINITION
2.5 Rocket Launchers, Mark 4 are used Mark as subcaliber purposes. attachments on 7.2 Rocket the use of subcaliber Launchers, ammunition 20 and Mark 22 to permit for practice
USE
2.5 Rocket against target Launchers submarines by the crews and 2.5 Rockets contact thus are used for training crews in the use of launchers. can be heard registered. 2 .5 Rockets inside, are used in practice with the submarine each hit to be and upon
enabling
CONFlDENTlAL
81
2.5 ROCKET LAUNCHER
+------
BODY
ROCKE IDY MK.
IGNITER -------
SAFETY SHORTCIRCUITING WIRE (TO BE REMOVED ONLY WHEN ROCKET IS READY FOR USE)?
CONTACT POWDER GRAIN @
PLUG d
1:25 ROCKET MOTOR MK. I
INSULATED
WIRES o,/./--GRID NOZZLE RING,
/
2'15 ROCKET
BODY MK. I MOD. 2 --o SHROUD
DESICCANT
BAG 9
SECTION
THROUGH
ROCKET WIRE
VIEW FIRING
OF ASSEMBLED PIN ASSEMBLY
ROCKET REMOVED
READY FOR USE EXCEPT FOR REMOVAL OF SHORT-CIRCUITING
FINS END VIEW
FIG. 29.
2.5 ROCKET (SUBCALIBER)
82
CONFIDENTIAL
----
--__
AMMUNITION
THE 2.5
GENERAL:
The 2.5 Rocket is approximately 17 inches Performance data is given on pages 54 and 58. long and 2.5 in diameter
0.P.1002
ROCKET
at its widest point.
INSTALLATION:
The 2.5 Rocket Launchers are installed between the adjacent rails of the 7.2 Rocket launcher in such a way that the guide near the lower end of the 2.5 Launcher fits between the ways of the 7.2 Launcher ward of the upper From with the ground the upper cross 2.5 Launcher this position and the hook on the upper of the 7. 2 Launcher. Launcher is slid down until the lower end is in firm contact under side of the 2.5 Launcher lies forcross member the 2.5
contact on the 7.2 Launcher and the hook of the 2.5 Launcher has engaged member of the 7.2 Launcher way assembly. The electrical contact of the should then be bearing on the insulated electrical contact point on the 7.2
Launcher. Care should be taken to insure that no part of the 2.5 Launcher other than the electrical contact is bearing on the insulated electrical contact point of the 7.2 Launcher.
BODY:
The after engage vided 2.5 Rocket Body, Mark 1 is approximately in shape 6.6 long and 2.5 in diameter. internally The to section of the body a shotgun is ogival and terminates in a base threaded the thread to contain of the motor The cavity in the nose of the body was originally proshell which was fired when the rocket came in contact with the has proven the use of shotgun issues of 2.5 shells for such a purpose will contain no explo2.5 It future rockts tube.
hull of a submarine. to be unsatisfactory sive charge Rocket Body, has no cavity
As experience
and unsafe for handling,
in the body.
Shotgun shells will not be used. A later development is the Mark 1, Mod. 2, which is approximately 6.27 long and 2.5 in diameter. provided for any shotgun shell.
MOTOR:
The 4 radial externally motor, fabricated of steel, consists of a tube having an external The forward diameter of 1.25, is to the fins and a cylindrical threaded for engaging shroud surrounding the fins. end of the tube 5 relative of improvthe base of the body, The fins are inclined
tube axis in order to impart a certain amount ing the travel of the rocket in water.
of spin
to the rocket
with the object
PROPELLANT
The propellant ponents powder is shown with
COMPONENTS:
components in figure ribs 28. are confined in the motor. A typical assembly of the comThe main component is a single grain of extruded ballistite and a perforation through the center. At the forward end of
extruded
this powder grain is located an igniter which consists of an electrical squib leading to a charge of black powder. Two insulated electrical wires are run from an electrical plug through the powder grains to the igniter. When the electrical circuit is closed, the igniter burns, igniting the propellant through grain which burns uniformly on all surfaces. The gases evolved propel are forced out the nozzle at high velocity and by their reaction on the motor, the unit forward.
CONFIDENTIAL
83
23 ROCKET LAUNCHER
0.P.1002
LOADING
AND
FIRING
Before possession
loading,
the gun captain plug.
of
the launcher
crew must be in
of the safety
After
the 2.5 Rocket the 2.5 Rockets
Launchers are placed conthen
are in place
on the 7.2 Launcher,
in the launchers. nects together be removed
The short circuiting
wire or clip which plug should
the two prongs and the contact
of the contact plug inserted
in the receptacle. which are are
As soon as this is done, the crew takes firing stations chosen guarded launchers.
Safety
in such
a way
that
all entrances out
to the foredeck of line of blast station
and the guards The
protected
of the at the of the
gun captain
of the crew takes
Receptacle
and inserts the safety plug on command From here on the firing procedure
As
conning
officer.
is exactly
is gone,
the same as for live ammunition.

the safety plug must be removed
soon as the salvo
and the power switch
opened.
The launchers
can then be reloaded.
84
CONFIDENTIAL
OPERATION
0.P.1002
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
It should ballistite above 120 be emphasized in the Also, F. the that motor blast
when
although can blow the from

Rockets, using 7.2
the rocket motor
body
is inert,
the
powder
up at elevated
temperatures intense.
should
is extremely
precautions
Consequently, be observed
when using the 2.5 as are observed
the same safety Rockets.
Pages
47 through
to
51 apply
to 2.5 Rockets
as well as to 7.2 Rockets.
COGNIZANCE
The tioned Bureau items of Ordnance of equipment will supply, (in addition and retain cognizance over the menfollowing to the items previously on page 61): (a) (b) 2.5 Rocket Launchers (Subcaliber Ways).
2.5 Rockets.
CONFIDENTIAL
85
v I/
--_
--
DISTRIBUTION
Requests for OP 1002 1st. Revision, Distribution Center: Commandant U. S. Naval Washington (Attn: should be addressed to the nearest BuOrd Publications
and Superintendent, Gun Factory, 25, D. C. Navy Yard,
OrdPubSubcen).
Commandant, Navy Yard, Mare Island, Calif., (Attn: OrdPubSubcen). Commander Service Force, SEVENTH Ordnance Publications Subcenter, c/o Fleet Post San Francisco, Office, Calif. FLEET,
Officer in Charge, Ordnance Publications Naval Supply Depot, T. H. Pearl Harbor, DISTRIBUTION:
Subcenter,
Standard Navy Distribution List No. 18. 2 copies each unless otherwise noted. 1. a-e, g, h, k, 1, r-t, x, z, aa-ff, ii-11, nn, ss, tt, zz; 2. e-h, m, o, p, r-t, v, x; 3. c*, e*, k*, 1* , r*, y*, cc*, nn*, vv*, xx*, yy *; B3. (5 copies), LIONS, CUBS; E3.; 4. e*, g*, k*, p*, r*-w*, gg*, mm*, oo*, pp*,
f-j,
o, p, s, u (except
Naval
qq*; 5. b (Alusna, London only); 6. (25 copies), a-p; 7. Clothing Depot), x, ee; 7. (5 copies), 1; 7. (25 copies), b, c;
8.h (NOL and No. B each only), i, j, 1, n (SPECIAL LIST G, K, L, Q, S, AA), hh; 8. (50 copies), b, n (10); 10.i (except Chicago), j, t; 10. (15 copies), i, (Chicago); 10. (25 copies), nn; 1l.a
*Applicable
(BuShips,
ships
CNO,
SecNav);
12.; 14.a;
14. (50 copies),
s.
86

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Ordnance Pamphlet writeon cover Change

ORDNANCE PAMPHLET is changed OS follows:

i,'1:76P;dI:t &STS , )/I roijiei:), n (IO) b,

7:2 ROCKET LAUNCHERS, MK 20, MK 22, AND AMMUNITION,

WESlRiCTED NAVY BUREAU

OIUINUCE PAWHLET1002 (let is changed a8 follows:

7!2 ROCKET LAmCmHs, 20, MARK ANDAHHUNITIOP 22

sheet between Change 2 instruction

sheet and tltlo

P8ge 33. Page 34. Page 35.

Handling and the paragraph below the heading.

72 ROCKET LAUNCHERS, MARK20, MARK22 ANDAMMUNITION

This publication with Article

and will States Navy

MARK 20, MARK 2FL,AND AMMUNITION

7.2 Rocket nition

panels, the equipment, therefor

used with these launchers. can be readily

that when new Marks the data thereon 2. This assigned

for use by officers the equipment. 0. P. 1002 dated should

and maintain supersedes

3. This A69-43, missioned

1942, Ordnance equipments

and G13-43, Pamphlet.

on these and related

are listed on page 4 of

this Ordnance 4. This current 1920.

and should Manual

W. H. P. BLANDY, Rear Admiral, Chief of the Bureau U. S. Navy,

7.2 ROCKET LAUNCHERS

REFERENCES TO EXISTING PUBLICATIONS

Specifications jector, Mark

for the Installation 20. (Restricted.)

Specifications jector, Mark

for the Installation 22. (Restricted.)

Projector, Mark 20, Installation Safety Plug and Rewiring of (Restricted.)

of Watertight Control Panel.

Mark Ways. Panel,

(Restricted.) Mark 2, for Launchers, Panel, Mark 20 and

7 .2 Launchers, of New Type

Edges. Mark 20 Electrical and Mark Wiring. 22,

BuOrd. BuOrd. BuOrd. BuOrd.

No. A31-43, Letter No.

Order No. 47-43,

1943. Charge, Mark 20 and Mark 22 (Mouse-trap)

Tentative Cominch (confidential). (jf /yy7

AND FUZES ..................................

7.2 ROCKET LAUNCHERS

............ ..O ............

ROCKET LAUNCHER AND 2.5 ROCKETS FOR LAUNCHERS, MARKS2oAND 22...................................................

7.2 ROCKET LAUNCHERS

7".2 ROCKET LAUNCHER, MARK 20, LOADED,

7.2 ROCKET LAUNCHER, MARK20

as the 7.2 Pro-

is a set of steel wazsupporting launcher was also name Panel formerly

20, and many Control

are so marked. to Firing Panel

7.2 ROCKET LAUNCHERS

LAUNCHER IN FOLDED AND RAISED POSITIONS

LOCATION OF LAUNCHERS ON FOREDECK

line of t:he boat in a salvo.