Prepared By: Jason Pascual

Elastic Cartilage

- branching elastic fibers

- lacuna (w and w/o chondrocytes)
- no cell families
- fatty degeneration (avascular)
- perichondrium
o periphery, condensed collagen CT
o chondroblast form cart
- epiglottis, Eustachian tube

Fibrocartilage

- No perichondrium
- Alternating layers
o Collagen fiber bundles
o Hyaline matrix with chondrocytes in
lacuna
- intervertebral disks, tendon

Adult hyaline cartilage

- isogenous (cluster) of chondrocytes

o darker basophilic matrix
 territorial matrix
- lighter interterritorial matrix
- perichondrium (at periphery)
o supplies nutrition to lacuna via
diffusion
o chondrogenetic layer (growth)
 site of appositional growth
- trachea

( note:
appositional growth: widening at periphery via cell
elongation;
interstitial growth: in young cartilage, lengthen
cartilage thru mitosis)
 Fetal Hyaline Cartilage

- perichondrium: many CT cells, BV

- no cell families
- many close arranged chondrocytes
- avascular
- developing bone

Perichondrium

__________________________________________ - at the pointer

- center for interstitial growth, mitotic activity

Lymph node
- pointer: germinal center of fleming
- dense cortex
o fibrous trabeculae
o lymph nodules
- loose medulla
o lymphatic or medullary cords
- lymph sinuses
o marginal: cortex and capsule
o cortical: trabeculae and nodules
o paracortical: deeper cortex
o medullary: cords and trabeculae
convex: afferent lymphatics enter
concave: efferent lymphatics exit

Salivary tonsil

- lining epithelium: strat. squam non

keratinizing
- salivary corpuscles: infiltrating lymphocytes
- lymph nodules in tunica propia
- tonsilar crypts

Lymphoid ring of waldeyer

1) palatine
2) lingual
3) pharyngeal
Peyer’s Patches

- aggregations of basophilic lymphocytes

- no intestinal villi
- lining epith: simple columnar w/ striated
cuticular border, goblet cells
- intestinal glands: simple tubular
- tunica propria of ileum

- infection of patches cause = typhoid fever

Spleen

- filters blood, no afferent lymphatic vessel

- splenic lobule
o enclosed by fibro-musc. capsule
o white pulp
 lymph (splenic) nodules
 w/ arteriole inside
• central arteriole
o red pulp
 biliroth (splenic) cords
 RBCs, lymphocytes, CT
 Venous sinuses
Thymus

- fibrous capsule
- packed thymocytes in cortex
- lighter medulla
o hassall’s body: thymic corpuscle
 degeneration, hyalinizatn
Thin Skin

epidermis
- stratum basale (germinativum)
o tall columnar attach to BM
o high mitotic capacity
o melanocytes
- stratum spinosum
o polyhedral cells (prickle cell)
o desmosomal attachment
- stratum granulosum
o keratinocytes
o keratohyaline granules
o waterproof coating
- stratum corneum
o flat, keratinized cells no nuclei
NO stratum lucidum

dermis
- papillary level: dermal papilla w/ BV, nerves
o collagen, elastic, reticular fibers
- reticular level
o main fibrous bed, bigger BV, nerves
- hair follicle
- sweat gland
- sebaceous glands (sacs attach to follicle)
- arrectores pili

hypodermis
- subcutaneous tissue with loose areolar, fat
_____________________________________________
Thick Skin

Epidermis
- stratum basale
- stratum spinosum
- stratum granulosum
o keratinohyalin granules
- stratum lucidum
o eleidin droplets give it translucency
- stratum corneum
- stratum disjunctum
o outer layer that is constantly
desquamated

- excretory duct of sweat glands

- no pilo-sebaceous units, or arrector pili
- dermal papilla
o BV, meissner’s corpuscles
o dermal ridges = fingerprinting
- Palms and soles

Neuron
- Stellate shaped Multipolar neuron
o Nerve processes
o Classified as Golgi Type I cell
- Fish eye nucleus
o Even dispersion of chromatin
- Nissl bodies (chromophilic subst)
o Basophilic granules
o Composed of RER and ribosomes
- Spinal cord Anterior horn
 Medullated Nerve Fiber

- endoneurium: covers individual neurilemma

o neurillema: schwann sheath enclosing
nerve fiber, myelin: salutatory condctn
- perineurium: covers fascicle bundles
o location of vasa nervorum: vessels
that supply nerve trunk
- epineurium: covers nerve trunk
- schwann cell: source of myelin in PNS

Spinal Ganglion Cell

- rounded, unipolar cells

- fish eye nucleus
- Nissl bodies
o Uniformly distrib.,
o In multipolar neurons: clumped
- Nucleated capsule
o Composed of flattened satellite cells
 Also called amphicytes
- abundant areolar CT
o w/ myelinated nerve fibers

- dorsal root ganglion

Tongue

- Papilla
o Filiform
 No taste buds
 Dorsal surface
o Fungiform
 Mushroom shaped
 Taste buds
o Circumvallete
 In sulcus terminalis
- lining epith: strat.squam. non keratinizing
- taste buds: neuroepithelium
o tip: sweet, salty
o sides: sour
o sulcus terminalis: bitter
- serous glands of von ebner
 Esophagus

- lining epitth: strat. squam non kerat.

- Muscularis mucosa
- Submucosa
o Esophageal glands proper (pointer)
 Tubuloacinar mucous glands
 Mucus for lubrication
- muscularis externa
o ICOL
 Upper 1/3 skeletal
 Middle 1/3 skeletal, smooth
 Lower 1/3 smooth

Taste Buds

- chief sensory cell

o lighter stained
o neuroepithelial
- columnar sustentacular cell
o darker stained
- basal sustancular
- taste pore: communication with oral cavity
 Stomach – fundus
- simple tall columnar
- parietal cell
o clear cytoplasm, superficial
o secrete HCl, intrinsic factor
- chief cell
o darker, more basally located
o secrete pepsin

Gastro-esophageal jxn
- Esophagus
o strat. squam non-k
o deep esophageal glands
- stomach
o to simple columnar
o cardiac glands in tunica propia
 compound tubular
 deep crypt, lumen
o gastric pits
Pylorus of stomach

- simple columnar, with deeper crypts

- pyloric glands
o branched convoluted
o G-cells secrete gastrin that stim HCl
secretion

Duodenum

- simple columnar with striated cuticular border

and goblet cells
o inc surface area for absorption
- intestinal villi: foliate shaped
- brunner’s gland in submucosa
o alkaline mucosa, protects from gastric
secretion
- crypts of lieberkuhn
o tubular, recycling of epithelial cells
Jejunum

- simple columnar, striated w/ goblet cells

- intestinal villi: rounded shaped
o diffuse lymphoid tun. Propria
- crypts of lieberkuhn
- Auerbach’s plexus
o In muscularis externa
- granular cells of paneth
o tips of intestinal glands
o bacteriocidal enz., phagocytosis

Ileum

- intestinal villi: conical

- peyer’s patches
o agminate lymph nodules
o infected in typhoid fever
Appendix

- lamina propia contains much lymphatic CT

- abdominal tonsils, no Villi

Colon
- simple columnar,
o no striated cuticular border
o many goblet cells
- crypts of lieberkuhn
o bigger, longer crypts
- lymph nodules
o tunica propria

Rectum

- goblet cells, w/o cuticular border

- large intestinal glands
- rectal columns of morganni
o longitudinal folds
Anorectal jxn

- simple tall columnar to strat squam non k

- abundant venous plexus
o during inflammation = hemorrhoids
- circum-anal glands of Gay
o sweat glands

Liver

- epithelial plates radiates outwards from central

vein: underneath is bile canaliculi
o in between are sinusoids
 blood from portal/hepatic to
central
- at periphery lies portal area:
o interlobular branches of portal vein,
hepatic artery, bile duct
-
Gall Bladder

- simple columnar w/ microvilli

o highly folded: Rokitansky-Aschoff
sinuses
- no true glands
- many lymphatic vessels in tunica adventitia
-
Salivary Gland – Parotid gland

- serous acini
o no centroacinar cells
- interlobular = striated duct (larger)
- intralobular = intercalated duct
-

Sublingual gland

- mixed gland = more mucous acini

- no intercalary (excretory) duct
- there is intralobular duct = intercalated
- deminlunes of Giannizi
o thinner but longer

Submaxillary gland

- mixed gland – more serous acini

- demilunes are shorter but thicker
- excretory (intercalary) ducts present