HOT WATER VS COLD WATER ABSTRACT The aim of this experiment I.

INTRODUCTION Hot water can freeze faster than cold water for a wide range of experimental conditions. This C. Purpose To compare the time that needed to freeze a container of water at various starting temperatures of the To water, under the the same conditions. understand Mpemba Effect II. SUPPORTING THEORY The phenomenon that hot water may freeze faster than cold is often called the Mpemba effect. Because, no doubt, most readers are extremely skeptical at this point, we should begin by stating precisely what we mean by the Mpemba effect. When we freeze the hot water and cold water together and the hot water freeze first we have seen the Mpemba effect. But will not see the phenomenon is extremely counterintuitive, and surprising even to most scientists, but it is in fact real. It has been seen and studied in numerous experiments. While this phenomenon has been known for centuries, and was described by Aristotle, Bacon, and Descartes, it was not introduced to the modern scientific community until 1969, by a Tanzanian high school student named Mpemba. Both the early scientific history of this effect, and the story of Mpembas rediscovery of it, is interesting in their own right -Mpemba's story in particular provides a dramatic parable against making snap judgements about what is impossible. This is described separately in this experiment. So, this experiment is done. B. Problems Can hot water freeze faster than cold water? What is the factor that influence?

A. Background

Mpemba effect for just any initial temperatures, container shapes, or cooling conditions.

investigations is guaranteed different results from all others." So with the limited number of

In fact the Mpemba effect has been observed in a number of controlled experiments. It is still not known exactly why this happens. A number of possible explanations for the effect have been proposed, but so far the experiments do not show clearly which proposed mechanisms is the most important one. The main problem is that the time it takes water to freeze is highly sensitive to a number of details in the experimental set- up, such as the shape and size of the container, the shape and size of the refrigeration unit, the gas and impurity content of the water, how the time of freezing is defined, and so on. Because of this sensitivity, while experiments have generally agreed that the Mpemba effect occurs, they disagree over the conditions under which it occurs, and thus about why it occurs. As Firth wrote "There is a wealth of experimental variation in the problem so that any laboratory undertaking such

experiments done, often under very different conditions, none of the proposed mechanisms can be confidently proclaimed as "the" mechanism. Above we described four ways in which the initially warmer water could have changed upon cooling to the initial temperature of the initially cooler water. What follows of below the is four a short related More description

mechanisms that have been suggested to explain the Mpemba effect. ambitious readers can follow the links to more complete explanations of the mechanisms, as well as counterarguments and experiments that the mechanisms cannot explain. It seems likely that there is no one mechanism that explains the Mpemba effect for all circumstances, mechanisms but are that important different under

different conditions. 1. Evaporation -- As the initially warmer water cools to the initial temperature of the initially cooler water, it may lose significant amounts of water to evaporation.

The reduced mass will make it easier for the water to cool and freeze. Then the initially warmer water can freeze before the initially cooler water, but will make less ice. can Theoretical explain the calculations have shown that evaporation Mpemba effect if you assume that the water loses heat solely through evaporation. This explanation is solid, intuitive, and evaporation is undoubtedly important in most situations. However, it is not the only mechanism. Evaporation cannot explain experiments that were done in closed containers, where no mass was lost to evaporation. And many to scientists explain have their claimed that evaporation alone is insufficient results. 2. Dissolved Gasses -- Hot water can hold less dissolved gas than cold water, and large amounts of gas escape upon boiling. So the initially warmer water may have less dissolved gas than the initially cooler water. It has been speculated that this changes the

properties of the water in some way, perhaps making it easier to develop convection currents (and thus making it easier to cool), or decreasing the amount of heat required to freeze a unit mass of water, or changing the boiling point. There that are favor some this experiments

explanation, but no supporting theoretical calculations. 3. Convection -- As the water cools it will eventually develop convection currents and a nonuniform distribution. temperature At most

temperatures, density decreases with increasing temperature, and so the surface of the water will be warmer than the bottom -- this has been called a "hot top." Now if the water loses heat primarily through the surface, then water with a "hot top" will lose heat faster than we would expect based on its average temperature. When the initially warmer water has cooled to an average temperature the same as the initial temperature of the initially cooler water, it will have

a "hot top", and thus its rate of cooling will be faster than the rate of cooling of the initially cooler water at the same average temperature. Got all that? You might want to read this paragraph again, paying careful distinction to the difference between initial temperature, average temperature, and temperature. While experiments have seen the "hot top", and related convection currents, it is unknown whether convection can by itself explain the Mpemba effect. 4. Surroundings -A final difference between the cooling of the two containers relates not to the water itself, but to the surrounding environment. initially warmer water The may

are not very general, since most experiments are not done with containers sitting on layers of frost. Finally, supercooling may be important to the effect. Supercooling occurs when the water freezes not at 0C, but at some lower temperature. One experiment found that the initially hot water would supercool less than the initially cold water. This would mean that the initially warmer water might freeze first because it would freeze at a higher temperature than the initially cooler water. If true, this would not fully explain the Mpemba effect, because we would still need to explain why initially warmer water supercools less than initially cooler water. In short, hot water does freeze sooner than cold water under a wide range of circumstances. It is not impossible, and has been seen to occur in a number of experiments. However, despite claims often made by one source or another, there is no well-agreed explanation for how this phenomenon occurs. Different mechanisms have been proposed, but the experimental evidence is inconclusive. For those wishing to

change the environment around it in some complex fashion, and thus affect the cooling process. For example, if the container is sitting on a layer of frost which conducts heat poorly, the hot water may melt that layer of frost, and thus establish a better cooling system in the long run. Obviously explanations like this

read more on the subject, Jearl Walker's article in Scientific American is very readable and has suggestions on how to do home experiments on the Mpemba effect, while the articles by Auerbach and Wojciechowski are two of the more modern papers on the effect.

"The

fact

that

water

has

previously been warmed contributes to its freezing quickly; for so it cools sooner. Hence many people, when they want to cool hot water quickly, begin by putting it in the sun. . ." He wrote these words in support

History of the Mpemba Effect The fact that hot water freezes faster than cold has been known for many centuries. The earliest reference to this phenomenon dates back to Aristotle in 300 B.C. The phenomenon was later discussed in the medieval era, as European physicists struggled to come up with a theory of heat. But by the 20th century the phenomenon was only known as common folklore, until it was reintroduced to the scientific community in 1969 by Mpemba, a Tanzanian high school student. Since then, numerous experiments have confirmed the existence of the "Mpemba effect", but have not settled on any single explanation. The earliest known reference to this phenomenon is by Aristotle, who wrote:

of a mistaken idea which he called antiperistasis. Antiperistasis is defined as "the supposed increase in the intensity of a quality as a result of being surrounded by its contrary quality, for instance, the sudden heating of a warm body when surrounded by cold". Medieval scientists believed in Aristotle's theory of antiperistasis, and also sought to explain it. Not surprisingly, scientists in the 1400's had trouble explaining how it worked, and could not even decide whether (as Aristotle claimed in support of antiperistasis), human bodies and bodies of water were hotter in the winter than in the summer. Around 1461, the physicist Giovanni Marliani, in a debate over how objects cooled, said that he had confirmed that hot water froze faster than cold. He said that he had taken four ounces of boiling water, and four ounces of non-heated water, placed them outside

in similar containers on a cold winter day, and observed that the boiled water froze first. Marliani was, however, unable to explain this occurrence. Later, in the 1600's, it was apparently common knowledge that hot water would freeze faster than cold. In 1620 Bacon wrote "Water slightly warm is more easily frozen than quite cold" [2], while a little later Descartes claimed "Experience shows that water that has been kept for a long time on the fire freezes sooner than other water". In time, a modern theory of heat was developed, and the earlier observations of Aristotle, Marliani, and others were forgotten, perhaps because they seemed so contradictory to modern concepts of heat. However, it was still known as folklore among many nonscientists in Canada, England , the food processing industry, and elsewhere. It was not reintroduced to the scientific community until 1969, 500 years after Marliani's experiment, and more than two millennia after Aristotle's "Meteorological I". The story of its rediscovery by a Tanzanian high school student named Mpemba is written up in

the New Scientist. The story provides a dramatic parable cautioning scientists and teachers against dismissing the observations of non-scientists and against making quick judgments about what is impossible. In 1963, Mpemba was making ice cream at school, which he did by mixing boiling milk with sugar. He was supposed to wait for the milk to cool before placing it the refrigerator, but in a rush to get scarce refrigerator space, put his milk in without cooling it. To his surprise, he found that his hot milk froze into ice cream before that of other students. He asked his physics teacher for an explanation, but was told that he must have been confused, since his observation was impossible. Mpemba believed his teacher at the time. But later that year he met a friend of his who made and sold ice cream in Tanga town. His friend told Mpemba that when making ice cream, he put the hot liquids in the refrigerator to make them freeze faster. Mpemba found that other ice cream sellers in Tanga had the same practice.

Later, when in high school, Mpemba learned Newton's law of cooling, that describes how hot bodies are supposed to cool (under certain simplifying assumptions). Mpemba asked his teacher why hot milk froze before cold milk when he put them in the freezer. The teacher answered that Mpemba must have been confused. When Mpemba kept arguing, the teacher said "All I can say is that is Mpemba's physics and not the universal physics" and from then on, the teacher and the class would criticize Mpemba's mistakes in mathematics and physics by saying "That is Mpemba's mathematics" or "That is Mpemba's physics." But when Mpemba later tried the experiment with hot and cold water in the biology laboratory of his school, he again found that the hot water froze sooner. Earlier, Dr Osborne, a professor of physics, had visited Mpemba's high school. Mpemba had asked him to explain why hot water would freeze before cold water. Dr Osborne said that he could not think of any explanation, but would try the experiment later. When back in his laboratory, he asked a young technician to test Mpemba's

claim. The technician later reported that the hot water froze first, and said "But we'll keep on repeating the experiment until we get the right result." However, repeated tests gave the same result, and in 1969 Mpemba and Osborne wrote up their results. In the same year, in one of the coincidences so common in science, Dr Kell independently wrote a paper on hot water freezing sooner than cold water. Kell showed that if one assumed that the water cooled primarily by evaporation, and maintained a uniform temperature, the hot water would lose enough mass to freeze first. Kell thus argued that the phenomenon (then a common urban legend in Canada) was real and could be explained by evaporation. However, he was unaware of Osborne's experiments, which had measured the mass lost to evaporation and found it insufficient to explain the effect. Subsequent experiments were done with water in a closed container, eliminating the effects of evaporation, and still found that the hot water froze first .

Subsequent discussion of the effect has been inconclusive. While quite a few experiments have replicated the effect, there has been no consensus on what causes the effect. The different possible explanations are discussed above. The effect has repeatedly a topic of heated discussion in the "New Scientist", a popular science magazine. The letters have revealed that the effect was known by laypeople around the world long before 1969. Today, there is still no well-agreed explanation of the Mpemba effect.

B. Equipments and Materials glass thermometer freezer stopwatch hot water cold water

C. Variables Independent Variable: initial temperature of water Dependent Variable: the time that needed to freeze Control Variable: The temperature of the freezer , The amount of water in the glass, The size, shape and material of the

III.

EXPERIMENT METHOD

glass, Any type of air motion over the water D. Procedure Fill the glass with hot water, put it in a freezer and measure the time it takes the water to freeze. Periodically open the freezer to see if the water is freezing. Then repeat the experiment with exactly the same amount of water in the same glass at a cooler temperature. Do this a number of times, reducing the initial temperature of the water. IV. DATA AND ANALYSIS

A. Pictures of Experiment

A. Data NO EXPERIMENT The water is 1 stayed on freezer for 2 hours In every 30 minutes. We 2 open the door of freezer to observe the changing. B. Analysis In the first experiment, we put the both of water in the freezer for two hours. Two hours later, we open the freezer and observe the changing. And the result is in the hot water, the all of water is almost freezing. But the cold water just a little tahat is freezing. In the second experiment, the condition of water is different with first experiment. In the second experiment, every 30 minutes we open the door of freezer to observe. And the result is both of the water just a little that is freezing. VI. CONDITION HOT COLD WATER Almost all of water is freezing WATER Just a few of water is freezing

If we compare both of result, we know that Mpemba Effect only can happen in certain condition. We must make the close system. It means that, we dont do another treatment. Just let it and observe it after that. This result is match with the Just a few of water is freezing Just a few of water is freezing theory of Mpemba Effect. Mpemba effect presents that this effect only happen in certain condition. V. DISCUSSION In the second experiment, wa cant prove the Mpemba Effect because we open the door of freezer at several times. air Opening flow the the freezers door can produce the unpredictable evaporation rate. CONCLUSION

The hot water can freeze faster than the cold one. This phenomenon is known as the Mpemba effect. This effect can be proven through this experiment under several conditions such as; we make the close system, the shape of container that we used and another surrounding factor. Reference:

www.resepcake.com Mpemba, E.B. and D. G. Osborne. 1979. The Mpemba effect. Canada: Physic Education. Jeng, Monwhea. Can hot water freeze faster than cold water?. University of California. Nave, Rod. Hot Water Freezing. Georgia State University: Hyper physic.