Presentation of Data Introduction to Data

Rohit Vishal Kumar

Reader, Department of Marketing
Xavier Institute of Social Service
P.O. Box No: 7, Purulia Road
Ranchi – 834001, Jharkhand, India

What is Data? Types of Data

Data:
Primary Data:

Data refers to unorganized information
Data collected primarily for the purpose of the given enquiry

Datum – refers to a single piece of Information are called primary data

Data is the measurement (or outcome) of an
Secondary Data:
experiment. This is frequently referred to “raw data”.
Data which has been collected by some other agencies (either
Data is processed to get information Government or Private) and exist in published or unpublished
form is known as secondary data

A collection of data is referred to as “data-set”

Height of 10 college going students in cm
140.90 161.20 153.90 172.20 162.90
159.10 147.20 773.50 181.50 1590.0

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Collection of Data

Complete Enumeration:

Each and every individual of the group to be surveyed is
covered and the information is collected for each individual
separately

Leads to greater accuracy in analysis

Is time-consuming, costly and at times impractical

Sampling:

A subset of individuals (called the sample) which are
representative of the group to be surveyed is covered and the
information is collected only for the sample

Low accuracy, but gives sufficiently accurate results

Requires knowledge of statistics to do it correctly
Scrutiny of Data

Collected data should be checked for errors before
being used in analysis

Errors due to decimal point shifting

E.g. : 10.97 or 109.7

Errors due to wrong recording

E.g. : 107 or 707

Improbable (but not impossible)

E.g. : Age of father 45, Age of Son 30

Errors of date

E.g. : Output of a factory on 2nd October 2006
Find the error in the following data
Methods of Data Collection

The Questionnaire Method:

Questionnaire GIVEN to the respondent for filling up

Investigator collects the filled in questionnaire

The Interview Method:

Questionnaire NOT GIVEN to the respondent

Investigator asks the questions and records responses

Method of Direct Observation

Respondent not told that he is under observation

Investigator observes and records response
Types of Data Series

Non Frequency Data

Time Series (Historical) Data

Values of the variables are given for different period of time

E.g. : Food grain production in India for the last twelve month

Spatial Series (Longitudinal) Data

Values of the variables are given for different individual in a
group for the same period of time

E.g. : Height, weight and Sex composition of babies born in May
’06 in the various districts of Jharkhand

Frequency Data

Data in which the “characteristics” formed by a group of
individuals is of interest. Frequency of occurrence is important

E.g. : IQ of a group of class 10 students
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 Textual Presentation
“Total geographical area of India is about 329 mn
Types of Data Presentation hectare, but statistical information is available for only
305 mn hectare. 41 mn hectare of the total reporting
area is classified as barren land and as area under
non agricultural use. 67 mn hectare is under forest.
Permanent pastures or grazing land is about 12 mn
hectare. Cultivable waste land accounts for 19 mn
hectare. Fallow land account for a further 30 mn
hectare. The net sown area is only 136 mn hectare”

CMIE Land Use Statistics 1987-88

Textual Presentation Tabular Presentation Title

Contains a brief
description of the table
Stub
Describes what
is contained in Table 2.1 Caption

Advantages: the rows Describes what
Land Utilization Pattern in India 1987-88 is contained in

Appeals to people with analytical bent of mind the columns

Allows all details to be explored Item Area (mn ha) Percentage

Attention can be focused on special issues 1. Total Geographic Area 329 100
2. Total Reporting Area 305 93 Body

Normally employed in official reports Contains the relevant
3. Barren Land 41 13
Figures
4. Area under forest 67 20

Disadvantages 5. Permanent Pastures 12 4
6. Cultivable waste land 19 6

Not very useful for a large mass of data 7. Fallow Land 30 9

Can become monotonous and boring 8. Net Sown Area 136 41
Footnote
Source: CMIE Land Use Statistics, 1987-88 Contains the source and other
explanatory material

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Tabular Presentation Graphical Presentation - Types

Advantages:
Line Diagram:

Shows data in a compact form
Normally used with time-series data

Variations: Log & Semi Log Chart, Band Chart, Multiple Axis Chart

Puts the information in a clear perspective

Bar Diagram

Does not require explanatory material

Can be used for time series or any other series

Enables easy comparison to be made

Variations: Multiple bar chart,

Errors and Omissions can be easily detected

Pie Chart

Used for representing percentage

Disadvantages
Pictorial Diagram

Requires expertise in preparation
Similar to Bar Diagram, uses pictures instead of bars

Wrong presentation can lead to faulty inference
Statistical Maps

Line Diagram Bar Diagram

60000 8.00
Rural
7.00 Urban
50000

6.00
Kg. per month

40000
Rs. Crores

5.00

30000 4.00

3.00
20000

2.00

10000
Value of Exports 1.00

0 0.00
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 Rice Whe at Jowar Bajra M aize

Fig 1: Value of Indian Exports (including re-exports) in India during 1985-94 Fig 2: Average Per Capita Consumption of Cereals per month during 1985-94

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Pie Chart Pictorial Diagram
0.52
0.56

0.95
Kg. per month

Rice
6.93 Wheat
Jowar
Bajra
Maize
4.7

Fig 2: Average Per Capita Consumption of Cereals per month during 1985-94 Fig 3: Input needed to produce food energy

Statistical Map Graphical Presentation

Advantages:

Easily understood by laymen

Disadvantages:

Only a limited amount of information can be presented

Can only provide a rough idea about magnitude of variation

Numerous charts can become boring

Fig 4: Map of India showing Land Types Classification

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Thank You