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Eye colonizer
Disease - Dra. Evelina N. Lagamayo 1. coagulase-negative staphylococcus
Notes from Lecture 2. Potential pathogens
USTMED ’07 Sec C – AsM a. Hemophlius spp.
b. Neisseria spp.
Factors that determine microbial flora in and on the human c. Viridans streptococci
body:
1. Age D. Lower Respiratory Tract
2. Diet - larynx, trachea, bronchioles and lower airways are
3. Hormonal state generally sterile
4. Health 1. acute lower airway disease:
5. Sanitary conditions a. Strep. Pneumoniae
6. Personal hygiene b. Staph. Aureus
c. H. influenza
Two important points to be emphasized: d. Members of Enterobacteriaceae (Klebsiella
- care should be taken to maintain the normal balance of spp.)
microbes 2. chronic aspiration
- An important distinction exists between colonization o polymicrobial disease
with pathogenic organism and disease a. anaerobes (Peptostreptococci)
b. and anaerobic gram negative bacilli
How does Normal Microbial flora control the proliferation of c. Candida spp. demonstrated in tissue
Pathogenic organisms? d. Dimorphic fungi (Histoplasma, Coccidioides,
- competition for nutrients or receptors on host cells Blastomyces spp.)
- production of bacteriocins (small-molecular-weight
proteins that are bactericidal for other organisms) E. Gastrointestinal Tract
- Stimulation of immune response 1. stomach
a. lactic acid-producing bacteria
Normal flora is Pathogenic organisms b. Lactobacilli
disrupted (e.g. by are introduced into a c. Streptococci
broad-specturm normally sterile
d. Helicobacter pylori
antibiotics environment
o affected by drugs that neutralize or reduce
production of gastric acid
2. Small intestines
o bacteria, fungi and parasites
o Common casues of gastroenteritis
DISEASE IS PRODUCED Salmonella spp
Campylobacter spp.
Example: 3. Large intestines
Oro-pharyngeal flora Aspiration of oral a. Anaerobes:
secretions into the lower avirulent bifidobacteria
Streptococcus respiratory tract eubacteria
pneumoniae Peptostreptococci
Staphylococcus aureus
Gram-negative bacilli Bacteroides fragilis group
b. Facultative anaerobes
Enterobacteriaceae
Bronchopulmonary disease
Enterococci
c. Antibiotic-resistant organisms
Classes of Microbes according to their propensity for causing Enterococci
disease: Pseudomonas
1. Opportunistic pathogens – will not cause disease except Fungi
in immunocompromised patients Clostridium difficile-diarrhea to
o example: Staphylococcus epidermidis at the pseudomembranous colitis
site of IV catheter d. Enteric pathogens:
2. Strict pathogens – always associated with disease Shigella
o example: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Shigella Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)
spp., Neisseria gonorrhea Entamoeba histolytica
3. Facultative pathogens – associated with disease;
majority of organisms F. Genitourinary System
o Example: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia 1. Anterior urethra
coli, Candida albicans a. avirulent organisms:
lactobacilli
Respiratory Tract and Head
corynebeacterium
A. Colonizers of the upper respiratory tract: coagulase negative staphylococci
1. Anaerobic bacteria b. colonizers that can lead to disease:
a. Peptostreptococcus enterococci
b. Fusobacterium Enterobacteriaceaaae
c. Prophyromonas
Candida
d. Bacteroides
c. Asymptomatic colonizers:
e. Actinomyces
2. Aerobic organisms: Neisseria gonorrhea
a. Viridans group streptococci Chlamydia trachomatis
b. Coagulase-negative staphylococci d. Significant irregardless of the presence or
c. Nonpathogenic Neisseria absence of symptoms
d. Haemophiluss spp (not H. influenza) 2. Vagina
3. Potentially pathogenic organisms a. Newborn girls
a. Group A streptococci Lactobacilli from birth up to 6 weeks
b. Streptococcus pneumoniae Staphylococcus
c. Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus
d. Neisseria meningitides Enterobacteriaceae
e. Hemophilus influenza b. Puberty
f. Moraxella catarrhalis Lactobacilli
g. Enterobacteriaceae Staph aureus
B. Ear colonizer Coagulase negative staph
1. Coagulase negative staphylococcus Streptococcus (group B)
2. Potential pathogens Enterococci
a. Streptococcus pneumonia
Gardnerella vaginilis
b. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Mycoplasma/Ureaplasma
c. Enterobacteriaceae
Esterobactenaceae
Anaerobes
Opportunistic Infections
Definition:
- Infections that occur as a result of abnormalities in host
defense
- May occur as a complication of abnormal defense
mechanisms or as a result of various iatrogenic or
nosocomial factors