On Target 1

ON TARGET 1: UNIT 1
GRAMMAR PRESENTATION (1) The Simple Present In this section you will learn four major uses of the simple present tense. You no doubt know what the simple present tense is. Anyway, the simple present is the basic form of the verb (e.g. write) or the s-form (e.g. writes). The s-form is used with third person singular nouns and pronouns (he, she, it) as in the following example: 1. I / We / They / You 2. He / She 3. My tutor 4. My brothers write writes writes write

letters every week.

The four main uses of the simple present discussed in this section are as follows: 1. Present Habits: 2. Ideas, Opinions, and Feelings: 3. Facts and General Truths: 4. Future Events: The simple present is also used to refer to future events. This is particularly so if the future event is seen as a fact; i.e. something determined in advance: - KU flight No. 219 departs at 2:30 p.m. next Thursday. - Our finals begin next week. NEGATIVE SENTENCES The rule for changing a statement into a question is simple. Consider the following examples: 1. I like cheese I do not (don't) like cheese. 2. He speaks English He does not (doesn't) speak English. 1 --- My tutor speaks English fluently . Does my tutor speak English fluently ? 2 --We meet twice a week . Do we meet twice a week ? REMINDER In writing do not forget to begin a sentence with a capital letter and to end it with a full-stop (period) if it is a statement and a question mark if .it is a question

GRAMMAR PRESENTATION (2) Future Events As is clear from the title, this presentation deals with how the simple present is used to refer to future events. We discussed this above. As you may recollect, the simple present is used to refer to a future even if such event is seen as a fact; i.e. something determined in advance: e.g. Our train leaves at 9:15 from Platform 2. This year Christmas falls on a Friday.

SOME FREQUENCY ADVERBS AND EXPRESSIONS once} a day/week/month/year} {twice} {three times} everyday/night/week/morning/month/year often, usually, always, frequently, weekly, daily rarely, never, seldom -

ON TARGET 1 : UNIT 2
1 . PRESENT PROGRESSIVE: FORMATION BE + V + -ing (is/are/am/ + speaking) Noun/Pronoun Auxiliary V + ing 1. I am writing this exercise for you. 2. They/We/You are studying English grammar. 3. She/He is watching TV. 4. The cat/It is chasing the mouse. GRAMMAR PRESENTATION (2) Future Time

As pointed out above, this presentation deals with the use of the present progressive to refer to planned future events. Consider the following examples: We are having fish for dinner tonight. I am reading a paper at Cairo University next week.

ON TARGET 1 : UNIT 3
GRAMMAR PRESENTATION (1) Comparative Adjective + than Consider the following examples and pay special attention to the words/constructions in bold type. e.g. Cairo is larger than Damascus. The Nile is longer than the Euphrates. Damascus is older than Beirut. My car is cheaper than yours. Rules: To form comparative adjectives: o Add the suffix er if the adjective consists of one syllable as in the above examples. o Use more or less in front of adjectives that consist of more than one syllable: e.g. beautiful more/less beautiful intelligent more/less intelligent o If a two-syllable adjective ends in y, change the y into an i and add the suffix er. : e.g. lazy lazier; noisy noisier. o There are exceptions to rule 1 above: good better; bad worse; far farther.

GRAMMAR PRESENTATION (2) Talking About Differences We use not as + Adj + as for showing differences between persons, places and things. e.g. England is not as sunny as Kuwait. Mount Hermon is not as high as Mount Everest. Ali is not as intelligent as Hassan. GRAMMAR PRESENTATION (3) Talking About Similarities: as + Adj + as:

The construction as+Adj+as is used to express similarities. Consider the following examples: e.g. A tiger is as dangerous as a lion. Warsaw is as cold as Moscow in winter. Mahmoud Darwish is as famous as Taha Hussein.

ON TARGET 1 : UNIT 4
GRAMMAR PRESENTATION (1) Simple Past

As you know, the regular past tense form of the verb is derived from the basic form of the verb by adding the suffix ed or d if the basic form ends in e: e.g. -d -ed smile smiled listen listened like liked walk walked notice noticed want wanted 1.1. The Verb BE / Negative He was here He wasn't here. There were downstairs They weren't downstairs. RULE was + not wasn't (or was not) weren't (or were not) were

1.2. Interrogative Ali was here. Was Ali here? 2.1. Verbs: Hassan saw didn't see We played didn't play. RULE .Invert the subject and the verb Other Negative

the accident. tennis.

RULE .Add did not or didn't .1 .Use the basic/root form of the verb .2 2.2. Interrogative

Ali Did Ali Sh e Did she

bought a new car last week. buy a new car last week? worked as a receptionist. work as a receptionist.

ON TARGET 1 : UNIT 5

GRAMMAR PRESENTATION (1) Simple Past and Past Progressive This grammar presentation is linked to both Unit 2 (Present Progressive) and Unit 4 (Simple Past). You have already studied about the forms and uses of both tenses. Now let us look at the form and uses of the Past Progressive: 1. FORMATION

RULE :The Past Progressive is formed in this way was V + -ing + were

2.

DECLARATIVE / INTERROGATIVE / NEGATIVE

We use the same rules of the Present Progressive except for the auxiliaries. Present auxiliaries are am, is, and are whereas past auxiliaries are was and were. Consider the following examples: 2.1. Affirmative and Negative A baby was was not wasn't crying at the airport.

2.2

Affirmative and Interrogative

Passengers were checking in. Were passengers checking in? 3. USE The past progressive is used to refer to past actions that were at a certain point in the past: 5

1. 2.

Continuing (going on): e.g. This time last year I was travelling round the world. Incomplete: e.g. Yesterday they were painting the house.

Compare the past progressive with the simple past in the following two sentences. A. At six o'clock this morning the old man B. died. was dying.

Sentence (A) but not (B) indicates that the old man did actually die. GRAMMAR PRESENTATION (2) Time Clauses Consider the following examples, paying attention to the words and phrases in bold type. No. 1 2 3 4 Time Clause As the plane was landing, When the storm came in, I was working on a British ship, While they were checking in, Main Clause an earthquake happened. I was driving to the airport. when a torpedo hit it. the torpedo struck.

ON TARGET 1 : UNIT 6
GRAMMAR PRESENTATION (1) The Superlative 1. The Nile is the longest river in the world. 2. Some archeologists believe that Damascus is the oldest city in the world. 3. Mecca and Jerusalem are the most sacred cities for Muslims. 4. The Dead Sea is the lowest place in the world. It is 394 meters below sea level. Rules: 1. Adjectives that consist of one syllable: Add the suffix est: old oldest; long longest; low lowest 2. Adjectives that consist of two syllables and that end in y: Change the y into i and add est: easy easiest; pretty prettiest 3. Adjectives that consist of two or more syllables: Add the most or the least in front of the adjective: expensive the most/least expensive; intelligent the most/least intelligent Exceptions: The following adjectives do not follow the above rules: good the best; bad the worst; far the farthest

GRAMMAR PRESENTATION (2)

Making Comparisons with Adverbs and Nouns

ON TARGET 1 : UNIT 7
GRAMMAR PRESENTATION (1) 1. FORMATION The Present Perfect: Relating the Past to the Present

The Present Perfect is formed in the following way:

Note: As you no doubt know, the auxiliary has is used with third person singular nouns and pronouns (he, she, it). 2. DECLARATIVE, INTERROGATIVE AND NEGATIVE SENTENCES

The formation of interrogative and negative sentences is done by means of the auxiliary have or has. 2.1. Interrogative Sentences: (1) a. He has seen the accident. b. Has he seen the accident? (2) a. They have finished their work. b. Have they finished their work?. Another use of the present perfect is that it refers to repeated past actions that are also related in one way or another to the present time in the sense that this action may happen again as in the following examples: (1) He has been arrested several times so far. (2) She has written five novels over the last ten years

ON TARGET 1 : UNIT 8
GRAMMAR PRESENTATION (1) should, ought to for Giving Advice Read the presentation and the examples in the box and notice how should and ought to are used to give advice to people. Notice further that the meaning of both modals in these examples has nothing to do with obligation, which is their basic meaning.

GRAMMAR PRESENTATION (2) had better for Giving a Warning Read the presentation and the examples in the box and notice that had is often contracted and linked to the preceding pronoun (i.e. you had better you'd better). Notice further that the tone of had better is more pressing than should or ought to. GRAMMAR PRESENTATION (3) Softening Advice Read the presentation and the examples in the box and notice that some speakers soften their advice by using the verb think with should. Thus instead of (1), they would use (2). (1) You should study more if you want to get an A. (2) I think you should study more if you want to get an A.

ON TARGET 1 : UNIT 9
GRAMMAR PRESENTATION (1): Adjective Clauses Note: In most grammar books adjective clauses are called relative clauses. Let us begin by considering the following examples from English Structure II (by Lewis Mukattash, al-Quds Open University, 1996: p. 191): (1) a. b. c. d. A [person] who reads the news is a newsreader. A novelist is a [person] who writes novels. A killer disease is a [disease] which kills people and animals. A museum is a [building] in which objects illustrating art, history, science, etc. are displayed.

GRAMMAR PRESENTATION (2): Relative Pronouns as Subjects Read the presentation and the examples in your SB (p. 88). Here are some more examples that illustrate the use of the relative pronoun as subject IN THE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE: NOUN DESCRIBED S 1. I know a man ADJECTIVE CLAUSE Predicate

who speaks five languages. who plagiarizes.

2. I cannot respect a researcher

Consider further the following examples used in a different context: NOUN CLAUSE 8

MODIFIED A person Drivers

S who who

Predicate deceives his own people don't care for the safety of the public

is not worthy of respect. should be punished.

GRAMMAR PRESENTATION (3): Relative Pronouns as Objects Read the presentation and the examples in the box and notice that the relative pronoun in the examples cited functions as an object (O) [IN THE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE]. By way of further exemplification, consider the following examples: MODIFIED NOUN CLAUSE ORIGIN: S V O A. You met the man. BECOMES: B. whom you met O S V is a linguist.

The man

Now do Exercises 5-7 in your SB and Practices 4-8 in your WB all of which deal with adjective clauses and relative pronouns. NOTE If the relative pronoun functions as an object in the adjective clause, it can be left out: .e.g a. The man [whom you met yesterday] is a linguist. b. The man [------ you met yesterday] is a linguist.

ON TARGET 1 : UNIT 10
GRAMMAR PRESENTATION (1) Present Perfect Progressive Referring to Unfinished Actions

1. FORMATION The present perfect progressive is first present, and secondly, perfect and thirdly progressive. It combines features of two tenses that you have studied in this course, namely: (i) Present Perfect AND (ii) Present Progressive Auxiliary Verb -ing Auxiliary Verb -en is eating have eaten are painting has painted am The present perfect progressive is made up of the two auxiliaries in (i) and (ii), namely have + be plus the ing form of the verb: Auxiliary (1) Auxiliary (2) Verb + ing has been walking have swimming 9

2. USE The Present Perfect Progressive (PPP) combines the basic meanings of both the present perfect and the present progressive as follows: 1. Continuation of the activity up to the present moment as in the case of the present perfect, Duration; i.e. the action lasts for some time as in the case of the present NOTES: since and for BASIC MEANING .PPP refers to an unfinished past action that is still going on now 1.Use since with fixed / definite dates / points in time (e.g. since July, since 2001, since his father died, etc.). 2.Use for to indicate duration (for two months, for a whole year, for three hours, etc.)

ON TARGET 1 : UNIT 11
GRAMMAR PRESENTATION (1) used to + V The construction used to + V is used to refer to habitual actions (routines) in the past which are no more done. Read the presentation and the examples in your SB (p. 109) and then do Exercises 1-4 in SB and Practices 2-4 in WB. Before proceeding to do these exercises, remember that present actions and routines are as you know from previous units expressed by means of the simple present as in the following examples: I go to work at 7:30 every morning. We visit mother once a month. The following are some more examples of used to + V: I used to walk to school every day. We used to go to work by bus. GRAMMAR PRESENTATION (2) get/be used to + N The construction get used + N is used to refer to the process of adjusting to changes, whereas be + used + N refers to a present (or past) state which is the result of the process of adjusting to changes: e.g. (1) When I first went to study in England, it was rather difficult to get used to the English weather. Also it was not easy to get used to the English food. Now, I am used to both. (2) When I first moved to Kuwait I had to get used to the weather, particularly in summer.

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Notice that the construction get/be used to is often followed by a verbal noun (i.e. V + ing) as in: (3) I soon got used to living in a flat. (4) We are now used to getting up early

ON TARGET 1 : UNIT 12
GRAMMAR PRESENTATION (1) The First Conditional Read the presentation and the examples in your SB paying special attention to the structure and tense of the verb in the main clause and the if-clause. Notice that the verb in the main clause is in the simple present tense, whereas in the if-clause it consists of will+V: e.g. If-clause (CONDITION) (1) If he works hard (2) If it rains tonight Main clause (RESULT) , he will pass the exam. , I will stay home.

NOTES: 1. The main clause may come at the beginning of the sentence in which case it is not followed by a comma: e.g. (3) Ali will pass the exam if he works hard. 2. Sometimes the verb in the main clause is in the simple present. This is true if it refers to something fixed or determined by rules: e.g. (4) If the player answers right, he gets the prize. GRAMMAR PRESENTATION (2) Conditionals with unless Read the explanation and the examples in your SB (p. 120) and notice the following: 1. Unless means if not or except if: e.g. (1) a. If b. Unless Ali doesn't work works hard, he will not pass the exam.

The example in (b) means that the action in the main clause will not happen except if the condition in the unless- clause is met.

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