I.

Identify the following. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. the two gases that make up 99% of dry air

the gas used by plants in photosynthesis a gas that absorbs ultraviolet rays from the sun these affect the weather by providing a surface fro water vapor to condense on so that it can become precipitation 6. the layer of the atmosphere in which nearly all life on Earth exists 7. the layer of the atmosphere in which ozone is present 8. the upper layer of the atmosphere where temperatures are extremely high 9. the layer of the atmosphere where air is thin and most meteors burn up 10. a large body of air that has the same characteristics throughout II. Modified True or False. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. The air is thinnest at the Earth's surface. Carbon dioxide makes up about 0.035 percent of dry air. A molecule of ozone is made up of two oxygen atoms. the greater the height above sea level, the thinner the air is. Atmosphere begins at the surface of the land or sea. The sun heats all of Earth's regions evenly. The Earth gets less energy from the sun at the equator. Air masses form in the stratosphere and help determine the weather.

III. Answer? Explain the following. 1. Where is about 90 percent of Earth's atmosphere found?

2.

Why are dust particles an important component of the atmosphere?

3.

Why is the temperature greater in the upper part of the stratosphere?

4.

Why don't meteors burn up when they first enter Earth's atmosphere?

5.

Explain why there is uneven heating by the sun on Earth's surface.

I.

Identify the following. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. the border between two air masses that collide the scientists who study the weather the four types of fronts

the boundary between the air masses when a warm air moves into an area of cooler air 8. one of the first signs that a warm front is coming 9. the resulting front when the leading edge of a cold air mass collides with a warm air mass 10. the boundary between two air masses that doesn't move 11. a front that happens when a cold front overtakes a warm front II. Write true if the statement is correct. If false, change the underlined word's) that will make the statement true. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Fronts cause entirely new kinds of weather. Stormy weather often comes with a warm front. Cold air masses usually move more slowly than warm ones. Cirrus clouds often bring heavy precipitation. Stationary fronts can bring many days of rainy weather to an area.

III. Answer/Explain the following. 1. Why can a cold front bring strong storms?

2.

What happens to the warmer air mass at an occluded front?

3.

What does a passing front usually bring?

4.

What happens when a warm front moves into an area that has been occupied by a cold front?

5.

What happens when a cold front collides with a warm air mass?

I.

Identify the following. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. a very strong storm with a lot of rain, thunder and lightning a downward movement of air large spiraling storm systems that can be as much as 600 km across. a low-pressure area over an ocean the stage of hurricane development when the winds of a tropical depression reach a constant speed of 63 km/hr the center of a hurricane the area around the center of a hurricane that is the most intense part of the storm. an intense wind storm that often forms within a severe thunderstorm

II. 1.

Answer/Explain. Why do most thunderstorms stop?

2.

What causes the wind to rush toward hurricane areas?

3.

What kinds of storms can cause tornadoes?

4.

Does thunder cause lightning, or does lightning cause thunder? Explain.

5.

Why do hurricanes form over oceans?

6.

Why do most thunderstorms form in the afternoon?

7.

Describe the three stages of a thunderstorm.

I.

Identify the following. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. the three main layers of Earth the thinnest of Earth's layers it is a zone of weak, easily deformed rock in the upper mantle it is the cool rigid portion of Earth the property which allows huge, stiff plates to float in the asthenosphere the theory scientists use to explain plate movements these make up the outer core the layers of Earth where lithosphere is found the layer of Earth where asthenosphere is found the largest plate covering about one-fifth of Earth's surface the layer directly above the outer core

II. Modified True or False. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. The innermost layer of Earth is the core. The crust on continents or lands are made of granite. The crust on continents or lands are made of granite. A partially melted rock layer of Earth that carries the crust is the lithosphere. The lithosphere is divided into seven major plates. The asthenosphere includes the crust and part of the upper mantle. The word tectonics comes from the Greek word meaning movement. The boundaries where plates meet are usually the sites of earthquakes and volcanoes.

III. Answer/Explain the following. 1. Why do plates of the lithosphere move?

2.

How is lithosphere different from asthenosphere?

3.

Where are Earth's land and oceans found?

4.

Why do huge, stiff plates float on the asthenosphere?

5.

Why can't we feel the movement of plates?

6.

What changes occur on Earth caused by the movement of plates?

7.

What are the other causes that change Earth's surface?

I.

Identify the following. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. a boundary where plates move away from each other a boundary where plates collide with each other a boundary where plates grind past each other chain of mountains through the ocean a deep ocean valley formed where two plates move apart a process in which magma is slowly pushed up through cracks in a rift and then cools to form new sea floor great cracks in Earth's crust the sudden movement of rocks in Earth's crust the point in Earth's crust where the first major movement along the fault occurred the point on \earths' surface directly above the focus push-pull waves that cause back and forth vibrations in the same direction as the waves move a slower kind of wave that causes vibrations at right angles to the wave's direction of travel a wave that travels only at the surface and move less quickly but makes the ground roll and sway boundary where crust is destroyed boundary where crust is neither formed or destroyed New crust forms at a divergent boundary. The movement of Earth's crust with the release of energy is a P wave. an area where plates slide past each other is a rift. An earthquake wave with vibrations at right angles to the wave's direction of travel is a surface wave. Most earthquakes occur at fault lines. Two main kinds of waves travel inside the Earth. A P wave is the most damaging wave in an earthquake. The initial jolt of an earthquake is caused by the P wave. The focus is the point on Earth's surface directly over the earthquake.

II. Modified True or False

III. Answer/Explain the following. 1. How does the movement of plates affect Earth's surface?

2.

What caused divergent boundaries?

3.

What happens along a divergent boundary?

4.

What happens along a convergent boundary?

5.

What happens along transform fault boundary?

6.

How do Earth's plates affect the positions of the continents?

7.

Describe what happens in the three possible kinds of collision in convergent boundaries.

8.

How does the movement of plates cause earthquakes?

9.

How is the motion of a P wave different from the motion of an S wave?

10. Explain why the crust along a divergent boundary is some of the newest crust on Earth.

I.

Identify the following. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. an imaginary line through the planet's center, from the North Pole to the South Pole the turning of an object on # 1 the amount of time it takes for a planet to complete one rotation the path an object follows as it turns around another object. the movement of one object in a path around another object an oval path the closest planet to the sun the planet farthest from the sun the point in orbit where a planet is closest to the sun the point where the planet is farthest from the sun the force that keeps planets in their orbits it causes Earth's axis to point to different parts of the sky the property of matter that makes it move in a straight line at a constant speed

II. Modified True or False. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Planetary orbits are elliptical. Daylight and darkness are caused by a planet's precession. The point in its orbit where a planet is farthest from the sun is called its focus. Earth is closest to the sun when it is winter in the Northern Hemisphere. The longest of Earth's cycles is its revolution. A planet's year depends on its distance from the sun. Revolution occurs when Earth's axis wobbles.

III. Answer/Explain the following. 1. Where is the sun with respect to shape of the planets' orbits?

2.

How would Earth's year be different if Earth were farther from the sun? Explain.

3.

In which direction does Earth rotate - from west to east or from east to west? Explain.

4.

What would happen if Earth rotated more slowly?

5.

What is one important long-term effect of precession?

I.

Identify the following. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. the actual brightness of a star a process in which the nuclei of atoms are joined where the energy of stars come from the band on the Hertzsprung-Russel diagram where ninety percent of stars are found a huge, cool, dark cloud of gases and dust where stars are formed the dense centers formed when gases and dust from nebulas come together a star that briefly becomes thousands of times brighter than normal a supergiant star that explodes it is energy that travels through space in waves

II. Modified True or False. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Absolute magnitude indicates the amount of light a star actually gives off. In most stars, helium is the fuel for fusion. The coolest stars are yellow. A star's energy is produced by fusion. Stars give off electromagnetic radiation. The brightness of the star determines how it starts its life. Neutron stars can be detected with a reflecting telescope.

III. Answer/Explain the following. 1. What is the difference between a star's apparent magnitude and its absolute magnitude?

2.

What is the relationship between mass and the length of a star's life?

3.

What is visible light?

4.

How does distance affect the brightness of stars?

5.

How do main-sequence stars produce heat and light?

6.

Why won't the sun end its life cycle as a supernova?

7.

Why can a bright star appear dimmer than a dim star?

8.

What can happen after a medium-sized star becomes a white dwarf?

9.

What are the stages in the life cycle of a star? What stages do all of the stars have common?

10. What are the types of electromagnetic radiation that stars give off?

11. What are the two factors that affect a star's apparent magnitude? 12. How does a star begin?

13. When does fusion begin?

14. What causes a star to die?

I.

Identify the following. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. it is a large system of stars the astronomer who found evidence that other galaxies exist a grouping of galaxies the four types of galaxies it is everything that exists

II. Answer/Explain the following. 1. Why can't we see most of our galaxy's stars?

2.

How did Edwin Hubble find out that there are other galaxies?

3.

What are the four main shapes of galaxies? Describe each. a.

b.

c.

d.

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14-19

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I.

Write the letter of the correct answer. 1. A passing front usually brings __________. a. a change of weather c. warmer weather b. a hurricane or tornado d. cooler weather The most violent weather in a hurricane is in the _____________. a. eye b. eye wall c. downdraft d. spiral The lithosphere includes ____________ a. all of the crust b. the crust and part of the lower mantle c. the core and part of the upper mantle d. the crust and part of the upper mantle Which of the following is most likely to occur along a transform fault boundary? a. an earthquake b. a volcano c. a mountain range d. a mid-ocean ridge The plates of the lithosphere float on the _______ a. asthenosphere b. inner core c. crust d. oceans Earthquakes are associated with __________ a. transform fault b. divergent c. convergent d. sea-floor Rotation causes a planet to have a. years b. day and night c. phases d. winter and summer A planet completes one revolution in that planet's __________ a. year b. day c. week d. month The axial tilt of Earth causes its _________ a. revolution b. phases c. seasons d. rotation The two gases that make up most of Earth's atmosphere are ________. a. oxygen and ozone b. oxygen and carbon dioxide c. carbon dioxide and nitrogen d. nitrogen and oxygen Where is most of life on Earth found? a. thermosphere b. mesosphere c. troposphere d. stratosphere Why does the core remain solid even though the temperature inside it is very high? a. because of immense pressure b. because the core is made of metal c. because the core is made of rock d. because there is not enough heat The plates of the lithosphere float on the asthenosphere because________ a. water underneath the crust b. plates sliding past each other c. earthquakes d. the asthenosphere's plasticity The following are reasons why Earth's surface is always changing EXCEPT a. meteorites b. solar wind c. blowing wind d. moving water Precession causes Earth to wobble slowly on its _______ a. poles b. equator c. orbit d. axis In astronomy, magnitude means the a. measure of stars b. brightness of stars c. distance of stars

2. 3.

4.

5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

11. 12.

13.

14. 15. 16.

17. Different planets have different amount of daytime because each planet ____ a. revolves around the sun at a different distance from the sun b. has a different shape of orbit c. has a different period of rotation d. 18. Astronomers think that the areas around the black holes give off ______ a. visible light b. nebulas c. helium d. X rays 19. The Milky Way Galaxy is what type of galaxy? a. barred spiral b. elliptical c. spiral d. irregular 20. A black hole was once what sort of star? a. a hot, high-mass star b. a hot, medium-mass star c. a cool, low-medium star d. a cool, medium-mass star 21. A star's magnitude is its _______ a. distance from Earth b. age c. brightness d. size 22. The coolest stars are a. white b. blue c. red d. yellow 23. Collapsed stars form ______ a. planets b. black holes c. galaxies d. main-sequence stars 24. Because of lack of gas and dust, no new stars form in a. elliptical galaxies b. spiral galaxies c. irregular galaxies c. barred spiral galaxies 25. What unit is used to measure the distance from Earth to the stars? a. light-year b. kilometer c. astronomical unit d. mile

Answer/Explain 1. Why can a cold front bring strong storms?

2.

When air masses collide, how does the warmer air mass move?

3.