Bachelor of Architectural Technology and Construction Management

DANISH ARCHITECTURE FROM MIDDLE AGES UNTIL TODAY

BY MONIKA BORISOVA

Consultant: O.S. Olesen VIA University college Horsens Campus Denmark November 2010

Danish Architecture from Middle Ages until today

Monika Borisova

Via University College, Horsens Campus, Denmark

Bachelor of Architectural Technology and Construction Management 7semester

Consultant O.S.Olesen

2 copies Front Arial 12 November 2010 33Pages A3 format approx 2400 characters/page All rights reserved-not part of this publication may be reproduced without the prior permission of the author NOTE: This dissertation was completed as a part of and architectural technology and construction management degree course no responsibility is taken for any advice, instruction or conclusion given within!

CONTENTS:
List of Illustrations: ........................................................................................................................................................ 2 1. ABSTRACT: ........................................................................................................................................................... 4 2. PROBLEM FORMOLATION: .............................................................................................................................. 4 2.1. Project Background: ..................................................................................................................................... 4 2.2. Problem statement: ...................................................................................................................................... 4 2.3. Research Questions: ................................................................................................................................... 4 2.4. Research Methods: ...................................................................................................................................... 4 3. INTRODUCTION:.................................................................................................................................................. 5 4. DANISH LANDSCAPE ......................................................................................................................................... 6 4.1. Viking strongholds: ....................................................................................................................................... 6 5. ARCHITECTURE STYLES AND PERIODS FROM THE PAST.................................................................... 7 5.1. Vikings time ................................................................................................................................................... 7
The period: .............................................................................................................................................................................. 7 Construction and materials: .................................................................................................................................................. 7 Vikings Homes: ....................................................................................................................................................................... 8 Conclusion about Vikings Period: ........................................................................................................................................ 8

6.

MODERN BREAKTHROUGH ........................................................................................................................... 15 6.1. Modern Period (Art Nouveau) ...................................................................................................................15

The period: ............................................................................................................................................................................. 15

6.2. 6.3.

Modern Breakthrough ................................................................................................................................16

th

Transformation of the single family house in the beginning of 19 century ................................................................. 16

Neoclassicism..............................................................................................................................................16

The period: ............................................................................................................................................................................. 16 Fborg Museum: ................................................................................................................................................................... 17 Police Headquarters in Copenhagen: ................................................................................................................................ 17 Residential buildings: ........................................................................................................................................................... 17 Conclusion about Neoclassicism Period: .......................................................................................................................... 17

7.

MODERNISM The New Modern Danish Architecture ................................................................................ 18 7.1. 7.2. 7.3. 7.4. 7.5.
The period: ............................................................................................................................................................................. 18 Materials:................................................................................................................................................................................ 18

International modernism: ...........................................................................................................................18

Kay Fisker: ............................................................................................................................................................................. 18 Copenhagens City Architects:............................................................................................................................................ 19

5.2.

Romanesque period:.................................................................................................................................... 9 8.

The period: .............................................................................................................................................................................. 9 Churches: ................................................................................................................................................................................ 9 Materials: ................................................................................................................................................................................. 9 Windows: ................................................................................................................................................................................. 9 Columns: ................................................................................................................................................................................. 10 Conclusion about Romanesque period : ........................................................................................................................... 10

Architecture during Second World War: ..................................................................................................19 Architecture after Second World War: ..........................................................................................................19 Architecture in 1960s: ................................................................................................................................20 The organic modernism: ............................................................................................................................20

Conclusion about Modern Period: ...................................................................................................................................... 21

THE ARCHITECTURE TODAY: ....................................................................................................................... 21 8.1. Postmodernism: ..........................................................................................................................................21 8.2. 8.3.

The period: ............................................................................................................................................................................. 21 Construction methods: ......................................................................................................................................................... 21

5.3.

Gothic period ............................................................................................................................................... 10

The period: ............................................................................................................................................................................ 10 Materials: ............................................................................................................................................................................... 10 Town halls: ............................................................................................................................................................................ 10 Churches: .............................................................................................................................................................................. 11 Arches: ................................................................................................................................................................................... 11 Conclusion about Gothic Period: ........................................................................................................................................ 11

Deconstruction: ...........................................................................................................................................22 New Modernism: .........................................................................................................................................22

9.

5.4.

RENAISSANCE: .......................................................................................................................................... 11

The period: ............................................................................................................................................................................ 11 Christian 4: ............................................................................................................................................................................ 12 Conclusion about Renaissance Period: ............................................................................................................................ 12

SINGLE FAMILY HOUSE: ................................................................................................................................. 23 9.1. Baroque: .......................................................................................................................................................23 9.2. Rococo: ........................................................................................................................................................23 9.3. Classicism: ...................................................................................................................................................23 9.4. Historism: .....................................................................................................................................................24
Patrician Villa: .......................................................................................................................................................................... 24 The National Romantic Villa: ................................................................................................................................................... 24

The period: ............................................................................................................................................................................. 22 Modern architecture conclusion: ........................................................................................................................................ 22

5.5.

Baroque period: .......................................................................................................................................... 12

9.5.

Modern Period: ............................................................................................................................................25

Better Building Practices: ................................................................................................................................... 25 Murermester villa: ................................................................................................................................................ 25 The functional single family house: .................................................................................................................. 25 Bungalow: ............................................................................................................................................................. 26 Government houses: .......................................................................................................................................... 26 Muremestervilla from 1950s: ............................................................................................................................. 26 Typehouse:........................................................................................................................................................... 27 Modernism single family house: ........................................................................................................................ 27

The period: ............................................................................................................................................................................ 12 Charlottenborg: ..................................................................................................................................................................... 12 Fire Houses: .......................................................................................................................................................................... 13 Conclusion about Baroque Period: .................................................................................................................................... 13

5.6. 5.7.

Rokoko: ........................................................................................................................................................ 13 Neoclassicism ............................................................................................................................................. 14

The period: ............................................................................................................................................................................ 13 Conclusion about Rococo Period: ...................................................................................................................................... 13 The period: ............................................................................................................................................................................ 14 CF Harsdorff: ......................................................................................................................................................................... 14 Houses: .................................................................................................................................................................................. 14 Conclusion about Neoclassicism Period: .......................................................................................................................... 14

5.8.

Historism ...................................................................................................................................................... 15

The period: ............................................................................................................................................................................ 15 Conclusion about Historism Period:................................................................................................................................... 15

9.6. The single family house today: .................................................................................................................27 9.7. Conclusion for Single Family House: .......................................................................................................28 10. MAIN CONCLUSION: ..................................................................................................................................... 28 11. PICTURE REFERENCES: ............................................................................................................................. 29 12. LITERATURE REFERENCES: ..................................................................................................................... 30 12.1. Books: ...........................................................................................................................................................30 12.2. Links:.............................................................................................................................................................30

9.5.1. 9.5.2. 9.5.3. 9.5.4. 9.5.5. 9.5.6. 9.5.7. 9.5.8.

List of Illustrations:
Fig.1 Borgens Trelleborg Fig.2 Aggersborg at the Limfjord Fig.3 Fyrkat by Hobro Fig.4 Vikings home plan Fig.5 Stone house from Vikings Period Fig.6 Reconstructed Viking house - Trelleborg Fig.7 Vikings house - Fyrkat Fig.8 Almuehus Fig.9 Hedeby House Fig.10 Pit house Fig.11 Longhouse from Vikings time Fig.12 Longhouse from Vikings time - inside Fig.13 Ribe cathedral Fig.14 Brshj church Fig.15 Church arch Fig.16 Arch window from Romanesque time Fig.17 Arch Window from late Fig.18 Columns which are characterized for Romanesque time Fig.19 rhus Cathedral Fig.20 Abbey church - Horsens Fig.21 Gothic arch pointed arch Fig.22 Romans arch round arch Fig.23 Rosenborg castle Fig.24 Hesselagergrd Fig.25 Frederiksborg Castle Fig.26 Licthenbergske Mansion Horsens Fig.27 Charlottenborg Fig.28 Fire houses Fig.29 Rokoko door Fig.30 Frederik VIIs Palace Fig.31 Copenhagens library-1861 Fig.32 Harsdorffs house Fig.33 Hardorffs house (corner) Fig.34 The Marble Church Fig.35 Palace Hotel Fig.36 Savoy Hotel Fig.37 Half-timber house 19s century Fig.38 Brick house with roof tiles Fig.39 Art Nouveau style Fig.40 rhus Station 1927 Fig,41 The Temple of Delians

Fig.42 Fborg Museum Fig.43 The police headquarter Copenhagen Fig.44 The police headquarter plan view Fig.45 Hornbkhus - Copenhagen Fig.46 rhus University (from top) Fig.47 rhus University Fig.48 Vestershus Copenhagen Fig.49 Vestershus Copenhagen apartment plan Fig.54 Museum Louisiana in Northern Zealand Fig.55 Jrn Utzon house in Hellebk 1952 Fig.56 Kingohouses 1956 Fig.57 Guggenheim museum by Frank Wright Fig.58 Sydney Opera House - 1973 Fig.59 Bagvrd Church in Copenhagen Fig.60 Bagvrd Church interior Fig.61 Palace Cinema in Copenhagen Fig.62 The Ark museum in Ishj Fig.63 Royal Library in Copenhagen Fig.64 Digegrevens House Fig.65 Baroque style components Fig.66 Rococo style components Fig.67 Half-timber house Fig.64 Digegrevens House Fig.65 Baroque style components Fig.66 Rococo style components Fig.67 Half-timber house Fig.68 Patrician Villas entrance Fig.69 Patrician Villa from 1860s Fig.70 the National Romantic Villa Fig.71 The National Romantic Villa Gable image Fig.72 Single family house from 1916 Fig.73 Murermester villa 1922 Brabrand Fig.74 The Functional single family house Fig.75 Bungalow 1935 Gren Fig.76 Typical government house Fig.77 Floor plan of a government house Fig.78 Murremestervilla-1950 rhus Fig.79 Brick Arch door frame Fig.80 Typehouse from 1960s Fig.81 Arne Jacobsen Single family house-1929 1931 Fig.82 Open interior in the single family house today Fig.83 Modern Single family House view 1 Fig.84 Modern Single family house - view 2 Fig.85 Tulip

1. ABSTRACT:

2.2. Problem statement:

What are the different periods and styles in the Danish Architecture and how does the single family house develop throughout the periods?

The report analyses the different periods and styles in the Danish Architecture from the Middle Ages till today. I analyze the typical characteristics of the period and gain an understanding of what is each period unique for and what is the difference from period to period. After I analyze and go through all the periods I focus on the single family house and analyze the different houses from different period with a connection with the Danish architectural history.

2.3. Research Questions:

How do the different styles develop through the periods? Which of the periodical styles made the biggest impact on the Danish Architecture? What were the transformations from style to style? How did the Modern Breakthrough happen? What was the architectural style around 1900? What changes did the Modern period make in the Danish architecture? Which direction in the Modern period influenced the Danish housing? When did the big industrialization happen and why? Which Danish architects had the biggest influence on the Danish Architecture? How did the Danish single family house transformed from the past till today? In which period were the first single family houses built? What did it change in the single family house from 1850 till today? What is the new Danish single family house characterised with?

Key Words:
Danish Architecture, single-family house

2. PROBLEM FORMOLATION: 2.1. Project Background:

I came from Bulgaria to take my education as a Constructing Architect at VIA University College, be course, I always have been interested in studying Architecture, around me and getting to know different architecture styles and cultures from different country. I am an often traveler and I have being visiting many exciting countries with great architecture history. I have decided to stay in Denmark after my education and I am learning the Danish language, at evening school in Horsens, and I have a big fascination for the Danish Architectural buildings. I am specifically interested in the styles of Danish architecture and to learn about the Danish history and the influence from the architecture. I think that the knowledge about the Danish Architecture can enrich me cultural and is going to be beneficial for my private and working career future in Denmark.

2.4. Research Methods:

This report is written as part of the final semester of my education as Bachelor of Architectural Technologies and Construction Management. The research is analytical, which means that I am using the analyze as a method to make the research about the Danish Architecture. The research is based on information from books, internet websites which references can be find on p.31

3. INTRODUCTION:
The architect Louis Kahn quotes Architecture is what nature cannot make. The architecture designs our lives through the spaces that we live in. I believe that the public is involved in the architecture. Every different style in the architecture changes and improves the human life. Architecture is the greatest form of art that put its influence on us every day and make us create spaces where we can experience a new world within the confines of a structure. Thats why it is so important for us and thats why it is so interesting topic also for me. Architecture is in the same time, both science and the art of the building. To understand the art of architecture it is best, to gain first an understanding for the science of architectural construction through different styles and periods. The report will start with analyzing the major periods in the Danish architecture. The report describes each period shortly, involving information about both constructions and materials. Each period is unique and I am trying to describe what is new in each style and what makes it different from all the others. I have always been fascinated by architectures different styles and periods, without the knowledge to support me, when I am looking at different buildings, in different areas throughout the world. I have felt that I have been without the right knowledge when discussing topics concerning architecture, in school, at practical placement, with family extra, this report have made me stronger, and it will help me and hopefully others to understand and know the different styles in Denmark, which I have learned have it all.

4. DANISH LANDSCAPE
The Danish architecture can be described simply as an agricultural landscape which is mild and dotted with small forests, lakes and watercourses. Some of the oldest landscape architecture are *entormbments as dolmens and passage graves from c. 2000 B.C and the distractive domed barrows of the Bronze age, from 1500 to 500 B.C. The Viking fortifications from c.1000 are unique. They were served as training camps and these earth formations later had a big significant influence on several grounds.

Fig.2 Aggersborg at the Limfjord

Aggersborg at the Limfjord was the

largest of the four Viking castles. It could accommodate all the others put together and led to the theory that it was enchilada for Sven Forkbeard's troops before they ravaged England.

4.1. Viking strongholds:

During the Viking era all Viking towns located near the ocean. Often towns were located just up from a river's mouth. The purpose of that was to protect the city against attack from the water. Besides these country towns lived some of the Vikings in actual fortifications, known as Viking castles. Denmark has found four Viking castles. Trelleborg near Slagelse, Aggersborg by the Limfjord Fyrkat by Hobro and castle on nuns in Odense. The man who stood behind the castles that were built around the year 980-981 was Denmark's former king, Harald Bltand. It appears that he built them as defense against an enemy southward.

Fig.3 Fyrkat by Hobro The picture shows Fyrkat by Hobro. The Viking fortress is associated with nuns in Odense to the smallest of the four castles have been found. It contained "only" 16 houses, while Aggersborg were three times bigger.

We do know a little about the Old Danish Architecture landscape and my knowledge is based on descriptions, maps and prospects. Fig.1 Borgens Trelleborg

Borgen Trelleborg covers a total area of 6 hectares, equivalent

to 12 football pitches. The system consists of an inner castle and a forecastle. The castle is located on a promontory between two rivers, Cry Creek and Vrby , which have provided natural protection in three directions. Forecastle identified by an earthwork that stretches between the two streams and thus demarcating the entire headland. It is estimated that the construction of Trelleborg has logged nearly half of all former oak forest on Zealand. The inner castle consists of a perfectly circular earthwork, ca. 180 meters in diameter. Four ports provide access to the inner castle, and the gates are linked by two wooded streets that cross in the middle, and by a narrow, wooded path along the violence inside. The inner rampart is about. 17 meters wide and 5 feet tall and holds approx. 25,000 m3 of earth, stone and timber. The egebekldte circle of violence was initially almost vertical on the outside. Both the inner and outer violence has been fitted with an outer moat. The inner circle is about 17 feet wide and 4 meters deep.

Fig.4 Vikings home plan

Fig.5 Stone house from Vikings Period

5. ARCHITECTURE STYLES AND PERIODS FROM THE PAST 5.1. Vikings time
The period:
The Vikings time is ranging from the year 700 to 1000. There is not much left from the construction period. Due to archeological finds we know about the large castles, churches and dwellings built in the Vikings time. The period can be determined as evolutional in building design. Viking houses were built of wood, clay, stone, sod, etc. The stone houses are known since 1000 year. The earliest houses had some wooden posts on the outside that are supporting the house and the roof, while newer houses had not those carrying posts in the construction. The houses were built in different sizes, but a normal house is measured approximately 5 x 12 meters. The roof was covered with straw or straw. These are 2 styles houses that the Vikings built. The one was found by Trelleborg and the second is found by Fyrkat and Aggersborg the Limfjord. The two styles are similar but there are differences in some of the construction principles. For example, the houses built by Fyrkat were performed with double stud walls in contrast to Trelleborg houses where they were built by one layer. Both styles are represented in different parts of the country. Therefore, it is probably more a reflection of different periods in the Viking Age than the local construction principles.

Construction and materials:

Viking houses were in the family context, a large oblong house, also longhouse. They were built of the materials as closely as possible to their habitat. Some used to make the posts with a lot of clay and branches in between. In places where there was much forest, it was natural to build houses of timber, while on the rocky islands used stone and turf. Another way of building was of clay and dung which were a cheap and effective way to build a simple house. In Africa are still using this method which idea they got from the Vikings. In Although the fire could give most of the light that one should use, the Vikings also used lamps. They were placed in a crack in a table. In the wooden houses there were no windows, so the only light in addition to the oil lamps was the hole in the roof which functions as a chimney. The floor was made of tamped clay or soil and it was only swept once in a while. A house is usually used for 30 years. When it began to rot, it is turned down and rebuilt. Viking houses were typically quite small so there was not much room for furniture. They were usually sitting on benches, sleeping on the ground or on a fur rug. Only the very classy and rich people had money enough to buy a bed.

Fig.6 Reconstructed Viking house - Trelleborg

Fig.7 Vikings house - Fyrkat

Vikings Homes:
Fig.11 Longhouse from Vikings time Fig.8 Almuehus Almuehuset - These buildings were used by the population for housing, agriculture, crafts, shops and more. There are not so much left from them and I couldnt find specific information because not so much from the wooden structures, braids and thatched roof constructions are preserved for posterity. Usually the archaeological evidences are often about conserved parts from churches, longhouses and large peasant buildings. Fig.9 Hedeby House Hedeby House - The building is at ground level approx. 5 x 12 meters and is divided into 3 rooms with relations in the central axis. The 3 rooms are from west to east as: Longhouse The longhouses were usually located in country. They were approx. 30 meters and usually were constructed of one big room. The walls were built from wood and the roof construction was covered with turf. The houses were furnished with benches for sitting and sleeping, placed on the inside of the walls. There was a central fireplace which was the main source of light and heat.

Fig.12 Longhouse from Vikings time - inside The wooden benches next to the wall were the only furniture the Vikings were using for sitting and also for sleeping. There was very common to have a chimney in the middle on the house which they were using for cooking, heat and light.

the western room is furnished with an oven and has 2 access door the central space has an open fireplace on the floor, constructed of stone that is where the family spend the indoor life The eastern room is smaller than the other two and has no interior used for animals Pit House it is smaller than Hedeby house and different disposition. The house is called a pit house because it is partially buried in the terrain level, equating to a pit. There is a pit house in rhus which is remaining from the Vikings time. The Pit houses are one of the smallest houses, which are known from the Vikings Age. They give the impression of a construction where the materials and the construction methods, evaluated. For example, by digging the house in the ground the Vikings were taking the advantage of its insulation properties and also from the heating which is coming from the ground.

Conclusion about Vikings Period:

The construction techniques that the Vikings were using were very special for that time. They used strictly geometrical rules, where the symmetry and the axes were very important. The Vikings period is very important and it marks the beginning of the Danish history of architecture.

Fig.10 Pit house

Fig.15 Church arch

5.2. Romanesque period:

The period:
The Romanesque period takes place in the years 1100-1200. It began to develop in the middle of 1000-year when the people started using stone as a building material. The Romanesque style can be summarized by the church buildings. The inspiration for the Romanesque style came from England around the year 1100th.The first stone church is built in Denmark in 1040 in Roskilde.

Characteristic trait of Romanesque period are the arches. Arches in Romanesque architecture are semicircular (fig.15) They were also very common used in the chuches construction. They can be notice in the construction of the entrance door and the windows.

Churches:
Fig.13 Ribe cathedral

Materials: Big churches from Romanesque time: The southwest Jutland cathedral - Ribe Cathedral it is a lateRomanesque church with his oldest parts since 1150. The church is build of the volcanic tufa stone from Germany. In the Romanesque period natural stone were still used as a building material. Granite was the primary building material in the period 1050-1150. On the country side many people were using the granite as a building material. At that time the brick came to be very popular. It was easy to shape and the burned stones were of suitable hardness and durability. The Medieval brick (stone monk) measures 25-30 x 11-15 x 70-10 cm. From about 1600 smaller bricks were used. The thinnest version is 1700 and 1800s Flensburg stone which were 3cm thick and yellow. Today normal brick measurements are: 23 x 11 x 5.5 cm. Windows: The windows in the Romanesque period were small, sometimes even only on the
south side. The window is double flattery, covered with a round arch and is usually fixed in a stone. At the end of the period the windows are transformed in tall and slim. They often gather in groups tree, sometimes two together. Fig.16 Arch window from Romanesque time Fig.17 Arch Window from late

Fig.14 Brshj church

The Brshj church is the oldest one in Copenhagen. It was built by Bishop Absolon in 1180s. Later, Around 1450 was added the Gothic tower of red brick.

Columns: The Romanesque columns are smooth and round with the same width from the bottom
to the top.

5.3. Gothic period

Fig.19 rhus Cathedral

The period:
Fig.18 Columns which are characterized for Romanesque time The Gothic period takes place in the years 1250-1550. The church forms the style of that period. They were richly decorated with murals and woodcarvings. The Gothic style is characterized by the construction of towers, the steep roof, the pointed arch and arch windows openings. For the construction of the pointed arch is used mainly brick and there was often used colored glass in the windows.

Conclusion about Romanesque period :

The Romanesque style is characterized by the round arches, both used to keep the structure and also served as decoration. Apart from that, the thick stone walls and the small windows also characterize the Romanesque architecture style. The churches buildings which were built in the Romanesque period put Denmark as a part of the International Architecture. The earliest wooden churches were replaced by stone churches in 1100 to 1250. During that time 2000 churches were build and nowadays over 1500 of these churches remain.

Materials:
In the Gothic period the brick was the main building material. Because of the lack of stone material, the brick were used not only for churches but also for building castles.

Town halls:
General houses and homes have been modest. Their shape was dictated by function, materials and design based on craft traditions that are transferred from generation to generation. They have been different in appearance from country to country and from region to region, but the design principles have remained the same.

Fig.20 Abbey church - Horsens Abbey church is build around 1260. It was rebuilt several times. Today the church represents Gothic style with its rich decorations.

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Churches:
The churches which were started to be built in the Romanesque style were completed in Gothic style. The reason was that it was easier to build larger structures with pointed arch that round arch. Pointed arch can withstand more weight because of the way it is constructed. During the 13th century it became more popular to build in the Gothic style. The churches became larger because it was better to take advantage of the new design possibilities. As an example for that were the Cathedrals in Ribe, Roskilde, Haderslev and Aarhus that began to be built as Romanesque, but finished with more or less Gothic features.

5.4.

RENAISSANCE:

The period:
The Renaissance period is characterized in Denmark in the years 1536 1660. Year 1536 marks the Reformation, which means that the church`s power was broken. At that time the aristocracy took the power and changed the architecture look. The Danish Renaissance style took inspiration from Holland and it was very different from the Italian Renaissance. The Italian architecture is characterized by very simple floor plans, flat surfaces, and straight lines, use of columns, symmetry and harmony. In Denmark, the architecture from the Renaissance period is characterized by special curved end walls which resembled medieval architecture and was in a direct conflict with the Italian principles of good architecture. The changes in Denmark during the Renaissance were not as revolutionary as abroad and usually were most decorations on the buildings that changed compare to medieval architecture.

Arches:
Fig.21 Gothic arch pointed arch Fig.22 Romans arch round arch

The Gothic arc is a sharp-pointed arch, formed of two parts of a circle. The Gothic arch evolved from the roundtopped Roman arch. The Pointed arch is the strongest arch. It has more vertical and less lateral thrust than a semicircle arch.

Rosenborg Slot Fig.23 Rosenborg castle 1606-1634

Conclusion about Gothic Period:

Nowadays the influence of the Gothic architecture can be seen in castles, houses, palaces, churches and town halls. The architectural style from the Gothic time is very distractive, detailed and mysterious at the same time. The greater difference from the Romanesque style can be seen in the construction principles. The different arches represent the different styles. The very thick walls in the Romanesque style, which are supporting the arch and distributing the load are very thick. Strong walls also mean fewer windows, so the inside of Romanesques churches often looks dim and feels cold. The Gothic style brings the opportunity of building higher using thinner walls, a lot of stained-glass windows which gives the churches the intention to look like heaven. Fig.24 Hesselagergrd Hesselagergrd 1538 Hesselagergrd is one of the first buildings which characterize the Danish Renaissance. It was built in 1538 and brings the typical gables and windows for that time.

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5.5. Baroque period:

Christian 4:
He is known today as the largest Danish construction king because he built many great buildings. Christian 4s favorite architectural style was Dutch Renaissance style. The king built many famous buildings such as Frederiksborg Castle, the Stock Exchange, the Round Tower and Rosenborg Castle in Copenhagen. Fig.25 Frederiksborg Castle

The period:
The Baroque period is from 1650-1750.The style emerged in Italy and it developed later in different countries in Europe. The Baroque style was very different from the other periods. The individualism was playing a important role when the architects began to highlight different part of the architecture such as windows, cornices or part of walls. That was made with the purpose to create a movement in the building. According to this, the contrast between different forms and between light and shadows played a big role when the building was constructed.

Fig.26 Licthenbergske Mansion Horsens Built in 1744

Conclusion about Renaissance Period:

The word Renaissance means rebirth and the period marks the transition between Medieval and Early Modern Architecture. It is highlighted by new learning, developing infrastructure and more attention to the arts. The era is best known because of the the special dcor and element structures which are more severe than the styles in the past, and the attention to detail in the ornamentation which is very precise.

Charlottenborg:
Fig.27 Charlottenborg Fig.26 Charlottenborg This was one of the first Baroque buildings that were built in Denmark. It was built between 17721683. The building was built in a way that each room had a function, status and thus of meaning. Charlottenborg came to play a major role in the construction of a number of large mansions and manor houses throughout Denmark.

Characteristic of the buildings from the Baroque period include strictly symmetrical facades and the lower roof pitch.

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5.6. Rokoko:
Fire Houses: The period:
Fig.28 Fire houses The Baroque style put its mark not only on the monumental building but even on the ordinary houses. The fire house is a kind of house that was built after the fire in Copenhagen in 1728. The fire house is characterized by the gable dormers. The overland architect JC Krieger gave a set of requirements for how the house would appear. For example, the street faade should be made of brick while the back faade could be made of timber. The Rococo takes time in the period 1725-1800. It is the leading artistic movement in the period between Renaissance and Impressionism. The Danish rococo occurs primarily in Copenhagen. The period was short. It began in the early 1740 and disappeared in the 1770s. The Rococo style is primary expressed in the decoration and handicrafts. The ornamentation is characterized by shells and small flowers. Into the towns the Rococo style put his mark in the decorative details in the exterior such as doors and portals and interior details. It was the architect Niels Eigtved who introduces the Rococo in Denmark. Fig.29 Rokoko door

Conclusion about Baroque Period:

The general characteristics of baroque architecture are the sense of movement and energy. The style shows out with unique concepts and gives freedom to individualism. The Baroque Architecture forms its style as a new and individual art while the Renaissance architecture in influence by the antiquity. Important for an architect from Renaissance was to create peace and clarity in a building while an architect goal from the Baroque period was to create an architecture that was choppy and seemed like moving. Fig.30 Frederik VIIs Palace Frederik VIII`s Palace 1750-60 It was built in 1750-60 for Baron Joachim Brockdorff under the supervision of the royal builder Niels Eigtved.

Conclusion about Rococo Period:

There are not that much difference between Baroque and Rococo buildings when you look at the way they were built, their purpose and the time they were built in. However there was one crucial difference: In the Baroque decorations and ornaments were almost put on the building. The Rococo decorations are cut from the building. The Rococo architecture appears not so massive, but lighter and more refined than the Baroque architecture.

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5.7. Neoclassicism
Fig.31 Copenhagens library-1861

Because of the bad economical situation at that time, the houses from this period is represented with simple faade and few embellishments.

The period:
Classicism is an artistic style period in Denmark in the years 17541856. The classicism style brings the Greece and Roman style to be modern again. The contrast with classicism is the romance style. The style in the classicism has a formal and well-fixed framework compare to the romance style which cultivates the mystery. Classicism is relevant to the ancient ideas of architecture. It is characterized by the columns, arches, simplicity, clean lines, symmetrical and harmonious construction. Geometrical shapes as squares, triangles and circles were the most used items. After 1840 many of the old timber houses were rebuilt. The transition from timber to brick houses happened in the country over a two-hundred year period beginning in mid -1600s. The brick house build with a thatched roof for many years was later replaced by red hand-molded roof tiles.

Conclusion about Neoclassicism Period:

Baroque Architecture is presented bombastic and is judged by its style, meanwhile Neoclassical style inevitably evolve and became more flexible. There was also a greater focus on the interior. Neoclassical period is a return to a distant world where everything while simple, was effective and imposing.

CF Harsdorff:
One of the architects who really influenced the development of the Danish architecture at that time was CF Harsdorff. He rebuilt Frederiksberg Palace, but he is today best known for his very special house Harsdorff House in Copenhagen. CF Hardorff was very inspired by French classicism in the beginning, but later he got more and more knowledge of the Greek ancient architecture and changed his style. His inspiration from Greece can be clearly seen in the building from fig.30 Fig.32 Harsdorffs house

Houses:
The broken corners of the houses were one of the many rules that were set for the houses in that period. The goal was to enhance fire safety. In the early beginning of 19th sentury were built many new multi-storey domestic building in Copenhagen. By removing the corners it was easier and quicker for the fire department to get around. The broken corners also gave to the building a unique architectural character.

Fig.33 Hardorffs house (corner)

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6. MODERN BREAKTHROUGH 5.8. Historism

The period:
In the middle of 19 century the industrialization began to put his mark on the Danish society. In the same time with the industrialization the architects started searching for a new and contemporary design language, based on the historical styles, and combined with new materials like cast iron, cement and stucco. There came up rapidly with two different architectural directions. One was the national focus on a high standard of craftsmanship, good quality in the choice of material and a texture that was especially fostered in brick and wood. Johan Daniel Herholdt University from 1861 was the main building, where bricks, glazed bricks and wood reigned together with the new era material, cast-iron pillars in the library hall. This direction turned to the real national romantic architecture, which culminated with Martin Nyrop City Hall from 1905.

6.1. Modern Period (Art Nouveau)

The period:
It is also known as Modern style and it is taking part in Denmark the period 1900-1915. This is a style in which curved shapes are involved and inspired by natural forms. It was against historicism and its imitation. It unites both architecture and art. The Art Nouveau time places emphasis on a good performance, shapes, real material effects and decoration based on decorative line patterns inspired by natural forms such as tulips and lilies. In Denmark this Art Nouveau period was never really recognized as an architecture period but as Art period which made a certain mark on the art industry.

Fig.34 The Marble Church The second line of historicism was internationally oriented, and drew mainly on Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque. The preferred materials were plastered walls in combination with, for example stucco and painted zinc. Flow front figure was Ferdinand Meldahl. It was Meldahl, who finally succeeded in completing Frederic Church in 1894(Fig.33). As it had in more than one hundred years has been a ruin. Also just burned down Frederiksborg Castle was rebuilt by him in 1875.

However the architect Anton Rosen designed a series of Art Nouveau style buildings in Copenhagen, including the Savoy hotel (Lvenborg) on Vesterbrogade (Fig.36) and also the Palace Hotel with a location Town Hall Square in Copenhagen (Fig.35). In addition, the Elephant House is one of the rear examples of Art Nouveau architecture (Fig.34).

Fig.35 Palace Hotel

Fig.36 Savoy Hotel

Fig.85 Tulip

Conclusion about Historism Period:

In the first time in the history the building were classified according to their different style and the architecture started to be analyzed. The style of the period is inspired be the earlier periods and their styles. The result was buildings with many different styles and motives mixed together. The period came with major changes for the Danish architecture. It was designed in a new way and new materials were used. In period were build a lot of new housing, schools, hospitals, warehouses and factories. The new construction also meant a change into the architectural style.

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6.2. Modern Breakthrough

The new modern breakthrough had a big impact on the Danish architecture. In the earlier style periods that houses were heavy and massive. Art Nouveau style represents light, more vibrant and asymmetrical architecture. These light lines were often highlighted by iron, which were a visible part of the structure.

6.3. Neoclassicism
The period:
The Neoclassicism takes place in the years between 1915 -1935 but it was first around 1930 when the modernism really broke through in the Danish architecture. The architects from that period were interested in building plans and were creating cheap but beautiful solutions for apartment blocks, single houses, public and monumental buildings. Neoclassicism architecture is very good represented in rhus.

Up to the 19th century timber used to be the main building material and half-timbering used to be the dominating construction method both in the country and in the town. In the end of 18th century half-timbering came to be gradually superseded by brick buildings whilst and at the same time the thatched roofs in the towns were replaced by tiled roofs. The bay partition from half-timbering was continuing in the brick house through the regular rhythm of piers and windows. The oil-painted brick houses in the town and the beautiful half timber farm houses on the country side were the result of the building activities which continued through the most of the 19th century. Later on some Danish architects found inspiration from the simple brick houses and tried to improve its qualities: the prismatic shapes, the simple well-solved details and the quality in the traditional materials. Just after 1900 the architecture the only original movement was Art Nouveau which in Denmark was accepted more as art that architecture. In the beginning of the 19th century the personal expression was the goal of the client as well as the architect. It was a period of individualism, artistic and political changes.

Fig.40 rhus Station 1927

Fig,41 The Temple of Delians

The main train station in rhus is built in 1927and is one of neoclassicism main monuments. The building is inspired by one of the greatest ancient Greek

Transformation of the single family house in the beginning of 19th century

Fig.37 Half-timber house 19s century Fig.38 Brick house with roof tiles Fig.39 Art Nouveau style

The characteristic features of the architecture of this period are very similar to these from the classical period with the symmetrical and harmonious construction. Different from the historicism building that had very mixed expressions in the Neoclassicism period it was created a great and pure architecture. The main architectural idea of that time was that each building should be built around one idea and one form. The geometry was like in the inspiration periods of antiquity and classicism. In contrast with the classicism of 19th century neoclassicism style was more concentrate on the materials and now to apply them in the building industry. It can be seen in both Fborg Museum and The Police Headquarters in Copenhagen.

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Fborg Museum:
Fig.42 Fborg Museum Fborg Museum was designed by Carl Peterson. He was a great admirer of CF Hansen, who was the most famous Danish architect during the classicism. The Museum was built in the years 1912-1915. It is built on a small street which was the biggest challenge when they built it. The building is built of contrasts the faade is gray while all of the halls inside the museum are painted I different colors. After a bright room, comes a dark room, which was one of the characteristics of the neoclassicism. The way Carl Petersen uses the contrast in his architecture can also be seen in the police headquarters in Copenhagen

Residential buildings:
Fig.45 Hornbkhus - Copenhagen Not only monumental buildings were built in the neoclassical style, but even the residential buildings were expired by the simple and clean shapes. For the first time at that time was introduced a new form of housing the row house. Common to the new homes was that they consisted of rather large block buildings that were built around a large farm (grdanlg), so that the families in the apartments had an easy access to green spaces.

Police Headquarters in Copenhagen:

Neoclassicism architecture requites for simplicity and consistent rhythm on the faade and was based upon economical requirements for the construction. A good example of resident building in neoclassic style is Hornbkhus(1923) in Copenhagen (Fig.42). The building shows the characteristic treats from the period. All dormers, balconies and bay windows are missing from the faade in the way of simplicity. Today these long faade building seem to be a bit boring but in the time they were built were a major advance in the housing construction for the ordinary people.

Fig.43 The police headquarter Copenhagen

The Police station in Copenhagen was built in the years 1918-1924 and there were several architects involved in the construction. Hack Kampmann was the chief architect. His sons and his good friend Aage Rafn helped with the project. The building looks monotonous from outside and it is hard to ind out how it really looks from the inside. The building is characterized by neoclassicism: the simple geometrical shapes, clean lines and harmony.

Conclusion about Neoclassicism Period:

One again Neoclassical style put his mark on the architecture, but in the Modern times. The period is presenting the original idea of the style looking into the past to find inspiration. Neoclassicism became the dominant style in Denmark for domestic building in the years 19151935.

Fig.44 The police headquarter plan view The main idea of the building is the large circular courtyard and the smaller square yard. The round shape can recall a panopticon. A panopticon is a type of prison buildings, which were designed by Jeremy Bentham in the late 1700s. The design enables the supervision person to observe all prisoners without they are able to see if they are watcher or not. This idea reflects on the main architectural idea. People behave differently when they think that they are watched.

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7. MODERNISM The New Modern Danish Architecture

The period:
The period known in the architectural history as modernism began in the early 20th century, particularly I Germany and France. In Denmark the Modernism is known also as functionalism. The name itself gives enough information about what the modern Danish architects wanted. This is especially new, young architects, with their functionalist views that deliver the expression on the new flow. The clearest functional expressions are found in the architecture and furniture design. The characteristic futures of the time are pure forms, straight lines and functionality. This period is completely different from the previous periods in the Danish architecture. Everything should be as simple as possible and the architecture should reflect on the modern society and the industrial age.

Fig.46 rhus University (from top)

Fig.47 rhus University

Materials:
New construction and materials such as glass, reinforced concrete and steel, which emerged I the 1800s, became engaged in the architecture from the Modern period. New building types were built, such as airports and sports facilities.

Fig.48 Vestershus Copenhagen

7.1. International modernism:

International modernism, called also functionalism in the Nordic countries, made a considerable impact in Denmark. The transition from neoclassicism to functionalism happened in the years around 1930. The Exhibition in Stockholm in 1930 is considered to be the event which proved Denmark with a break from Neoclassicism and gave functionalism ground in Denmark. The Danish architects representing the new movement were few. Among them were Kay Fisker, Poul Stegmann and C.F. Mller

Fig.49 Vestershus Copenhagen apartment plan

Vestershus in Copenhagen is built by Kay Fisker in collaboration with CF Moller. The residential building presents very good Functionalism in Denmark with its long 7storey faade located on St. Georges Lake consists of bay windows and recessed balconies.

Kay Fisker: He was one of the first proponents of functionalism in Denmark. Kay Fisker
developed a type of a functional building design in Denmark which was corresponding to the Danish language of materials. He is well-known for bringing functionalist principles to new forms of housing. Fisker described his its architecture as a functional tradition. Kay Fisker created also the idea of window-bay houses where the dwellings were briefed by the sunlight, the floor plans were unconventional and the rooms were located where it was most appropriate. Fisker helped to draw more of the 20 centurys most distinctive building I Denmark, for example rhus University and Shus in Copenhagen. In both buildings dominates the shape, the materials and the location.

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Copenhagens City Architects:

It was a collectively organized drawing office under the direction of Copenhagens City Architect Poul Holse which carried out the first major functionalistic building schemes. Among the first internationally inspired works of the City Architect was the Brnshj water Tower built in reinforced concrete (1930). In 1930 a Danish architect - Mogens Lassen introduced reinforced concrete houses of LE Corbusier*** and in 1937 he build the first block of flats in Denmark with a reinforced concrete framework and bearing crosswalls.

Fig.51 Bellahj blocks in Copenhagen

Housing Units (Family Homes) After the Second World War there was a great need of housing and that could only be complied by building fast and high. One of the first industrialized housing in Denmark was Bellahj blocks in Copenhagen (see fig.46(Each building consists of dual towers connected by glass-clad elevators and stairs. There are 1300 dwellings in the entire project)).

7.2. Architecture during Second World War:

In 1940 the architecture was influenced by the difficult environment which Second World War brought with it. The lack of imported building materials revived older building traditions. Future features were the small construction projects such as Viggo Mller-Jensens Studio Houses in Utterslev (1943) and Sondergrd Park in Bagsvrd (1950) by Poul Ernst Hoff and Bennet Windinge. The compex consists of a town unit with a large common park, shopping center and institution for children. Fig.52 Munkegrd School in Gentofte 1948-1957 Educational Buildings - In that period after the Second World War, many schools were built and one of the most famous is Munkegrd School in Gentofte by Arne Jacobsen (see fig.47 (one of the bst examples of school construction in the 1950s)). The architectural competitions have had a special impact on the school design and were engaged with finding the best condition for teaching in the schools.

Fig.50 Viggo Mller-Jensen Studio Houses Utterslev 1943

The Studio Houses were built as apartments in 1943 for painters and sculptors. The eccentrically angled roofs and the functional placement of windows, doors and skylights give the homes a unique character. Fig.53 University of South Denmark 1964

7.3.

Architecture after Second World War:

Universities - There were two Universities before The Second World War one in Copenhagen and one in rhus. After The Second World War universities were founded in Odense, lborg and Roskilde.

Just after the war it was The United States of America who provided the great source of inspiration. The standard of modern Danish architecture has been greatly influenced by competitions. They were held in order to obtain new solutions design, new types of dwellings and institution.

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Fig.54 Museum Louisiana in Northern Zealand Museums The best know museum from that time is Louisiana in Nothern Zealand, designed by the architects Jrgen Bo and Vilhelm Wohlert (see fig.49) The buildings were retrached from the large open space in the park and take in all the beauty of the park by large windows.

7.4. Architecture in 1960s:

Before the development of family homes came industrialization and standardization to play a significant role, which really broke through in the 1960s and especially 1970s. Initially, it was mainly small details like. windows, doors, brackets and facadebekldninger that were standardized. But pretty soon began to produce load-bearing wall elements that could be assembled on site.

Fig.57 Guggenheim museum by Frank Wright It was not only industrialization that came to influence the development of single family houses. Many of the Danish architects were inspired by Japanese and American residential architecture and renowned architects as Frank Lloyd Wright and Mies van der Rohe.

Fig.55 Jrn Utzon house in Hellebk 1952

Singe family houses - The building industry, after the war, was not only focused on building large public buildings but also in the developing of family houses. There was a big influence on single family housing buildings which were constructed with open floor plans, flat roof, large glass facades which repealed the buildings traditional boundaries and created intimate connection between indoor and outdoor (see fig.50).

Jrn Utozon House in Hellebk consists of a single large room, divided by light, partly movable partitions into different sections assigned to different functions whilst large windows on the south side provide contact with garden and terrace. On the north side, the house is enclosed by a tight wall of yellow brick Tobias Faber, New Danish Architecture. Fig.56 Kingohouses 1956

7.5. The organic modernism:

In 1956, Jrn Utzon won the competition to build Fig.58 Sydney Opera House - 1973 an opera house in Sydney. In the opera house can be noticed more organic version of the otherwise very hard edged modernism. The architecture is still simple and functional, but the forms are softer and more round. In this direction within modernism, it is important that the building fit into to the landscape. The building is designed for a specific place and did not consist of massproduced modules that can be used for a variety of buildings. The architecture relates to its surroundings and would not have looked the same if it were placed, for example in Denmark.

The single storey court-houses They provide a good standard for a family life combined with a high degree of privacy and close relations between the rooms of the house and common open spaces (see fig.51) Kingohusene designed by Jrn Utzon near Elsinore 1956 became first major housing estate consisting of court-houses.

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In the late 1960s and early 1970s, studio Friis & Moltke was responsible for the design of several buildings, where the concrete raw surface was exposed. The buildings, such Scanticon in Aarhus (1969), which has since become known as the "casemates architecture" is extent related to the foreign Brutalism, which never really took roots in Denmark. In 1973-76 Jrn Utzon built Bagsvaerd Church in Copenhagen with a modest and rational exterior and a very special interior with great combination of soft, rounded shapes and sharp edges.

8. THE ARCHITECTURE TODAY: 8.1. Postmodernism:

The period:
Postmodernism was popular around 1975-1995, but never got popular I Denmark

Fig.60 Bagvrd Church interior

Fig.59 Bagvrd Church in Copenhagen

Postmodernism has its origins in America. The concept is not unique, but all directions relate to modernism, either as a continuation of it or a confrontation with it. The style was popular around 1975-1995, but never got popular I Denmark. Postmodernism refers to what comes after modernism. The style represents the break with modernist architecture and urban planning. It was a reaction from architects, designers and craft people against the mass-producing building method with straight lines. Right angles and simple shapes that was predominant in the modernist period. The style was a kind of experiment by mixing ancient architecture with new steel structures in various forms. The style uses unusual combination of materials with colors.

Construction methods:
The buildings from Modernism look like a distinctly shaped box without any embellishment while. The post-modern buildings were built with odd angles, with broken imaginative forms in diagonal patterns. The basic forms that were used in the buildings were a mix of geometrical shapes. New materials, shapes and colors were used, mixed with elements form the past styles. Especially, arches, domes and pillars from the ancient architecture were popular to reuse as a decorative touch. This new way of mixing things together can remind Historism.

Conclusion about Modern Period:

A big change came in the Danish architecture when the modern period developed. There were found new building solutions and created new structures which were the development of the previous architectural periods. Fig.61 Palace Cinema in Copenhagen Architecture can be considered as a post modern, which from the 1070s describes reactions to modernism. Postmodernism was never particularly widespread in Denmark but there are few examples such as Palace Cinema in Copenhagen (fig.)

In the compare with the previous periods the architecture from the Modernism shows very few embellishments and decorations. The few decorations may be a part of the building itself and not something that has just been put on the facade. Functionalism ideals were to construct modern architecture based on concepts such as objectivity, light and aid. There was an expressed desire for consistency between form, function and technique which can be seen first in 20th century.

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8.2. Deconstruction:
In 1980s came a new direction in the architecture, called deconstruction. The architecture has always been concerned to bring harmony, unity and stability. The deconstructive architecture attempts to disrupt the daily observation of the architecture. In the architecture, the shape has always been subject to the requirement for function but the deconstructive architecture seeks to incorporate style elements that lie outside the functional considerations and is driven by external purposes. Randomness and creativity are the key words in this new architecture where the traditional concept of space is challenged and where materials are put together in unexpected ways.

8.3. New Modernism:

The period:
As the name says, New Modernism is the resumption of the trends of Modernism. It develops itself of modernist idioms. The simple forms of Modernism still exist, but often Fig.63 Royal Library in Copenhagen become even more simplified. The primary building materials exchange the concrete with glass and steel. Buildings that are complied under the concept new modernism may appear very different from each other. The period takes place from the late 1980s till today. The characteristics of the period are highly simplified shapes and glass as the most used material. A good example of it is the Royal Library also known as the Black Diamond. The building consists of a simple black cube, made of granite and glass. There are no decorations on the building beyond water reflection in the faade.

Fig.62 The Ark museum in Ishj A Danish example of deconstruction architecture is Sren Robert Lunds museum building The Ark in Ishj, located outside Copenhagen. The building consists of several axes to collide and almost dissolves the buildings shape. A deconstructive building has no meaning. In this way, the building is completely open to the viewer and can provide the content that he or she wants. Therefore, the buildings are experimented with shapes and space. The purpose of the deconstructive building is to provide space for the viewer to formulate his own interpretations based on shape, material and space.

Modern architecture conclusion:

The Old Danish Architecture presents different design and construction styles which were developing with the years and play a major role in the Danish history nowadays. With the turn of 20th century new generation architecture came out with its own unique style which was different from the one from the past. The Modern Danish Architecture developed from the 20th century and it is still developing till now. The period is very strong and gives the architects the opportunity to work in a manner where function, construction and design are treated as equivalent component and where they are able to rely on high-quality workmanship with orthodox construction and materials. The Old Danish Architecture was concentrated on construction churches, cathedrals and public building. Meanwhile the modern architectural styles from 20th century as functionalism had a social engagement which paid particular attention for creating good housing for the general population. Functionalism was the period when housing units developed and the modern architecture expose its boundaries. I found out that the architectural problems of modern times, had in many respects, greater affinity with simple, anonymous houses than with more complicated type of buildings.

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9. SINGLE FAMILY HOUSE: 9.2. Rococo:

During the period between the Middle Ages and up until the middle in 1800s are single family houses in Denmark almost exclusively as a major architect-designed mansions and country houses, farmhouses on the countryside or very small detached country houses for the poor population. Around 1900 to have a single family house has become a common need. Rococo style came from France and is characterized as light, elegant, graceful and refined. Rococo style continued with Baroque ideas of building with columns and decorations on the facades, but in the same time the new interpretation of Rococo was to build something with lightness and elegance. Rococo is best known for furniture, but it also put his mark on many ordinary townhouses, especially on doors, windows and stairs. In Rococo style the single family house was still not mentioned.

Fig.66 Rococo style components

9.1. Baroque:
There are very few ordinary houses left from the Baroque in Denmark and it is especially townhouses in Copenhagen and the older cities. The style came from Italy and it was characterized as dark and overloaded, but also strictly symmetrical.

Digegrevens House (fig.), built by Jacob Aahauge is one of Denmarks finest examples of lateBaroque provincial building with stylistic features of Rococo style.

9.3. Classicism:
In the last half of 18th century architecture changed rapidly. Classicism was inspired by the ancient ideals of ancient Greece and Roman Empire. The neo-classical houses were clean and simple forms, straight lines and symmetrical and harmonious construction. The decorative elements were used as columns, arches and geometrical shapes as square. (Villa Sparrow in Virum) Fig.67 Half-timber house In the period 1800-1850 was very successful for the timbered houses in the country where the new building techniques were used. The old low ceiling roof was replaced by highceiling roof with rafters. The greater opportunity of the new roof allows larger windows in the faade, and the houses change rapidly their look. In the province, more houses came to be built with brick.

Fig.64 Digegrevens House

Fig.65 Baroque style components

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9.4. Historism:
Historism takes place in the period 1850-1915. The period was mixed different styles from the past, so one house could have elements of several different styles. The period was marked by industrialization, which meant new materials in construction, for example tiles, bricks and roof tiles in new forms, the Portland cement, cast iron and terracotta. But also new types of paint, new window glass and new roofing material such as natural slate were used for the first time in the building industry. It is also during Historism that the first real houses were built for the more affluent people in the cities. Most of these houses were villas built in National Romantic style.

The National Romantic Villa:

In the National Romantic Villa people would like to show the good craftsmanship, the elegant design and the use of native materials as red brick, whitewashed walls and woodwork especially in the roof construction. The architecture of these villas is lively and colorful. The villa expresses the owners personality through the choice of architectural motifs. The granite walls with red brick, whitewashed brick or masonry timber were considered as national and natural. The pitched roof was covered with tiles or roof slate, in rare cases, shingle or thatching with straw. The roof had visible rafters, which were decorated and carved. The gable was the favorite object for coloring and ornamentation. The national romantic villa has a powerful expression; there is a plays in contrasts between materials and color combinations, and in contrasts with building forms. The materials and structures are generally of good quality and suitable for appropriate renovations.

Patrician Villa:
Patrician single family house is an example of the kind of housing from 1860. Houses from this period are usually in the citys most attractive neighborhoods near downtown. Typical features are multiple building parts large houses with spacious kitchen and living room. The house is characterized by a steep pitched roof, very big entrance or hallway, plastered walls and whitepainted windows. The style is neo-classicism which means strict classical forms inspired by Greek classical architecture. Fig.68 Patrician Villas entrance Fig.69 Patrician Villa from 1860s

Fig.70 The National Romantic Villa

Fig.71 The National Romantic Villa Gable image

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9.5.2. Murermester villa:

9.5. Modern Period:

Fig.73 Murermester villa 1922 Brabrand This style takes place in the period 1915-1930. The architectural period is very similar to the moves from the classical period in the years 1770-1950. Neoclassicism simplicity, clear lines and straight lines was a reaction to historicism mixed styles. The architects wanted to build a building from an idea and a form that every detail had to subject itself. Since in 1850 the villa was common form of housing for more affluent citizens, in Neoclassicism also people from the middle class could afford to move into own house. That was a completely new task for the architects to build houses for the ordinary people.

This is the best known single family house from the period. These houses were built from 1913 to the mid1930. Murermester villa was typically simple, nearly squared house, built of red bricks with red tile roof. The ground floor was usually divided into four nearly equal sized rooms situated around a central chimney.

9.5.1. Better Building Practices:

In 1915 was created the Architects Association in reaction to historicism incoherent architectural style. The association was called Better Building Practices. They were focused on the low houses and intention to promote a more aesthetic and functional building. They were concentrated in the classic proportions, accurate detail and the choice of building materials. The proportions concerned in particular the relations between the faade and roof, the window size in relation to the faade and not least their location in the faade. The movement designed correct construction details such as chimneys, roof dormers and eaves. The brick architecture was the answer to the desired simplicity. The bricks are combined with natural roofing used roofing materials. Roof covering was either natural slate or brick.

9.5.3. The functional single family house:

Fig.74 The Functional house-1930 Silkeborg

Fig.72 Single family house from 1916

From the international functionalism came the idea that a modern house was designed for a simple and natural framework for a daily life. New ideas were developed around the traditional, brick single-family house with tiled roof. Building envelope was simplified and refined so that it appeared with an almost cubist clarity. The historicism details and requirements for symmetry in the faade were gone. The functional became the most important. For example, windows and balconies could be placed according to the sun and views, the chimney should be placed in foster faade when it is appropriate. The house could consist of several precise building parts of various sizes. The functional single family house is characterized by simplicity of construction details and a refined texture. The windows could be with wooden or iron frames and usually divided by vertical mullions, and the colors were coordinated with the masonry or white. Some single family houses had windows with shutters and normally the entrance door was painted.

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Fig.77 Floor plan of a government house The single family government house was built with new materials and methods. The outer walls were mostly of brick. New building techniques were walls of aerated concrete or lightweight concrete blocks, which were plastered and painted. The roofing materials at the low pitched roof were Eternit slate or corrugated sheets (blgeplader). There were large windows and the entrance door were facing the garden, while the high level windows were placed against the road. The color idea was to create a contrast between different elements, masonry, windows and woodwork. It expressed the houses structural and textural clarity that will disappear if all the building surfaces are painted the same color.

9.5.4. Bungalow:
The word bungalow is Indian-English and refers to those houses with large roof overhangs. The Danish form of bungalow stems from the 1930s functionalism. The typical bungalow consists of a house in a single plan with high basement and windows in the corners. Two-storey bungalows are also not uncommon. The bungalow is said to be the modern version of the murermestervilla. The bungalow has two distinctive architectural elements the basic floor plan and pyramidal roof. The layout can be a regular square, which gives the building character volume of a cube. The bungalow is built of brick that can be sanded and painted. Fig.75 Bungalow 1935 Gren

9.5.6. Muremestervilla from 1950s:

Fig.78 Murremestervilla-1950 rhus 1935 gren The facades have several motives: in the gables the windows and doors could be placed in a regular symmetrical order, while the long faade was composed more freely. The faade could consists of various elements and forms, such as a large flower window, which was pulled out from the faade or an entrance door, which had an end top with half round brick arch.

9.5.5. Government houses:

Fig.76 Typical government house The system of government single family houses functioned in the period 1938-1958. There was a great focus on developing of new ideas. A modest faade height and a roof with low pitch was a popular way to reduce material consummation. In the interior, the kitchen and the dining room were separated. There was a bigger living room with a direct access to the bedrooms.

Fig.79 Brick Arch door frame

The house style is subdued and generally designed in bright red brick with a pitched roof with a steep slope in the red brick and white painted woodwork. Many houses also have whitewashed walls, mostly for show.

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9.5.7. Typehouse:
In 1960s the single family houses increased to record highs. There were built around 450 000 single family houses. A standard house from 1960s and 1970s is one-storey house. The house was built usually with pitched roof and trusses, which spanned from faade to faade and parquet flooring. Houses plan were committed around the so-called gun time where the kitchen was located between the entrance and the utility room. The house was usually built of industrially produced building elements of lightweight concrete, covered by yellow, red or white brick In 1970s developed another unique feature: the house was in fact divided into childrens and adult section. Another characteristic was that the plan with open kitchen, dining area and living room.

The idea of modern expression was to show in the building clear, simplified and modern design. Among the new constructions were the exterior walls of glass (curtain wall) and slender steel columns. The single family house could fit with an open plan, where rooms in a smooth flow succeeded one another, and the large glass faade aside the distinction between indoors and outdoors. The faade components played between straight lines and surfaces, between heaviness and lightness, between dynamic and quiet. The houses were constructed with a flat roof with large overhangs. The houses supporting structure is constructed as a harmonious composition of vertical columns and horizontal beams of wood. There is placed a great emphasis on the housing design and the construction to be visible and easily readable. All the bearing, vertical constructions in the house could be made of concrete, while the columns and horizontal structures were made of wood.

Fig.80 Typehouse from 1960s

The house was much faster and cheaper to build that the past single family houses. The appearance also got a completely different look. The factory-made materials such as bricks and tiles had much smoother and uniform surface than the brick in the past. There was also a production of bricks in different colors, for example, yellow and white, which had not been possible before.

9.6. The single family house today:

Fig.82 Open interior in the single family house today Today the focus on the single family house is on individuality and flexibility. There are used new materials which were not previously used. For example, every 5th single family house was build of wood in the early years in the beginning of 21th century. The dcor of the houses have also become more unconventional. The room does not necessarily have four walls, but it is opened for a more open layout.

9.5.8. Modernism single family house:

Fig.81 Arne Jacobsen Single family house-1929 1931 Modernist houses were primarily built in the 1950s and 1960s, and were inspired by mainly U.S and Japan architecture. The modernism single family houses arose in 1920s but became more popular first after The Second World War.

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Fig.83 Modern Single family House view 1

Fig.84 Modern Single family house - view 2

10.

MAIN CONCLUSION:

In this report I have researched the different periods and styles in the Danish Architecture and I developed my knowledge about the Danish Architectural History. I found out that each period is either unique or is a development and a mixture of previous periods. Each Architectural style talks about the period. The old castles with fascinating structures and extraordinary architecture were built in the medieval period to serve a military purpose typical for the middle Ages. In my point of view, the period which had the biggest impact on the Danish Architecture was the period after 1900. After 1900 the Architecture is developing as an art which is engaged not only with the necessity to the government, but also with the necessity to the social sociality. That was the time when the first Single Family House was built. Now I can see the importance of it. The single family house we know today gives us an own property with a character which we can develop as we want. That has a major engagement for our social and personal development in the sociality which gives us a better comfort of living.

The architecture is also thinking green. New ecological materials are used and sustainable solutions are taking an important place into the single family house design.

9.7. Conclusion for Single Family House:

The history of single family houses tells us a story of growing prosperity and settlement of class society. Society today is characterized by individualism; therefore the architecture is fully involved in the process. The large and beautiful buildings are usually written about in the past. The single family house didnt exist before in the architect eyes. It is barely 120 years old. In the early 1900s grew the architects social engagement and they began to concern itself with the little Danish house. I found out that the traditional Danish architectural techniques in the single family house are saved till today. The red brick and the red clay tiles existed from the past periods, and have been developed today with new construction techniques. The single family house writes a history which shows the development during the different periods. In the beginning of 20 century, only very rich people could afford to have their own house. Around 1960-1970s a lot of cheap single family houses were built but all of them were in the same style. Today, everyone has a choice. People can choice their own design and the materials they want to use for their house. The single family house is projected as an individual building, showing the character of its owner and still saving the traditional Danish architectural techniques.

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PICTURE REFERENCES:

Fig 1 http://netspirit.dk/new/?page=1027 Fig. 2http://mgeisler.net/images/kongemagt/vikingeborgene_aggersborg_large.jpg aggersborg Fig. 3http://mgeisler.net/images/kongemagt/vikingeborgene_fyrkat_luftfoto_large.jpg fyrha t Fig.5 http://picasaweb.google.com/lh/photo/5585i2ccv6ppKphX2hxbGA Fig.6 http://www.biopix.dk/Photo.asp?Language=de&PhotoId=53058&Photo=Trelleborg-Wikingerburg Trelleborg hus Fig.7 http://mit-danmark.blogspot.com/2008/11/fra-vikingeborgen-fyrkat-ved-hobro.html Fig.9 http://www.flickr.com/photos/14026364@N04/3570456163/ Fig.10 http://www.vikingemuseet.dk/pics/boliger/grubehus_stor.jpg Fig.11 http://www.viking.no/images/hus.gif Fig.12 http://www.vikingdenmark.com/viking-houses-architecture-inside-layout.html Fig.13 http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=470899 Fig.14 http://www.vufintern.dk/614ffb/stilarter.htm#MIDDELALDER_ Fig.15 http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/zalam/Architectural%20Elements/Parts%20of%20an%20Arch.jpg Fig.16http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_zyXCEqd110U/Sw6byYfbRyI/AAAAAAAAQmA/J7D1qT9RXto/s1600/DSC _5063+romansk+vindue+Lerbjerg.jpg Fig.17 http://www.tibirkekirke.dk/hist3.html Fig.19 http://www.trekearth.com/gallery/Europe/Denmark/West/Aarhus/Aarhus/photo114496.htm Fig.20 http://www.cofman.com/danmark/attraktioner/kirker-og-klostre/midtostjylland/horsensklosterkirke.html Fig.21http://www.sandia.gov/tp/SAFE_RAM/ARCH.HTM Fig.22 http://www.sirgeorgetrevelyan.org.uk/books/images/bk-arch-fig06c.gif Fig.23 http://www.vufintern.dk/614ffb/stilarter.htm#RENSSANCE Fig.24 http://www.kaih.dk/fotos/hesselagergaard3.jpg Fig.25 http://picsdigger.com/image/903c55dd/ Fig. 27http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fil:Charlottenborg_K%C3%B8benhavn.jpg Fig.30http://www.visitcopenhagen.com/content/tourist/what_to_see_and_do/events/event_calendar/venue _info?VenueID=300&EventName=Frederik%20VIII%C2%B4s%20Palace Fig.32 http://www.guldalder.dk/show.asp?id=316 Fig.31 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen_University_Library Fig.32 http://www.dac.dk/visKanonVaerk.asp?artikelID=2532 Fig.33 http://www.guldalder.dk/show.asp?id=316 Fig.34 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marble_Church_front.jpg Fig.35 http://www.hotel-denmark.demon.co.uk/palaout.jpg Fig. 36 http://www.kulturarv.dk/1001fortaellinger/da_DK/savoy-hotel Fig.37 http://www.egetrae.dk/dk/galleri.php Fig.38 http://www.toppenafdanmark.dk/danmark/da-dk/menu/turist/oplevelser/begivenheder/lokalbegivenhed/produktside/gdk034734/loekken-miniby---aabent-hus.htm?CallerUrl=1 Fig.39 http://www.byfo.dk/visArtikel.asp?artikelID=2016 Fig.40 http://www.8200.dk/Aarhus/index.htm Fig.41 http://www.travel-to-mykonos.com/page.php?page_id=27 Fig.42http://www.kulturarv.dk/1001fortaellinger/da_DK/faaborg-museum/images/newest/1/faaborg-jun-09251

Fig.43http://obamapacman.com/2009/10/danish-police-high-tech-control-center-runs-on-apple-computers/ Fig.44http://www.greatbuildings.com/cgi-bin/gbcdrawing.cgi/Police_Headquarters.html/Police_HQ_Plan.jpg Fig.45 http://www.dac.dk/visKanonVaerk.asp?artikelID=2554 Fig.46 http://www.kristeligt-dagblad.dk/artikel/345899:Anmeldelse--Et-meget-smukt-land Fig.47 http://www.studentum.dk/Didaktik_Kandidat_56037.htm Fig.48http://www.ambottawa.um.dk/Publikationer/UM/English/FactsheetDenmark/Architecture/html/chapter 01.htm Fig.49http://www.jarden.dk/lejlighed/ Fig.50 http://www.archi-tours.dk/referencer-eng.htm Fig.51 http://www.sab-bolig.dk/Default.aspx?ID=472&Printerfriendly=2 Fig.52 http://www.flickr.com/photos/seier/4486317204/ Fig.53 http://asonam2010.hau.gr/Venue.aspx Fig.54http://www.denmark.net/denmark-guide/attractions-denmark/louisiana-museum.html Fig.55 http://www.flickr.com/photos/seier/2472346988/ Fig.56 http://www.dac.dk/visKanonVaerk.asp?artikelID=2556 Fig.57 http://www.ecopolis.org/wp-content/uploads/2007/10/guggenheim03.jpg Fig.58http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_FceXbVBDbu8/TJmBMOqz3FI/AAAAAAAAB60/d7fcQz4637k/s1600/Sydn ey_Opera_House_4.jpg Fig.59 http://www.flickr.com/photos/james_woodward/3069160970/ Fig.60 http://members.virtualtourist.com/m/p/m/2af139/ Fig.61http://www.flickr.com/photos/simondownham/4213715414/ Fig.62 http://www.nordicartbooks.com/images/books/4230.gif Fig.63 http://community.webshots.com/photo/fullsize/2197928890083693009GPHeZO Fig.64 http://www.boghallen.dk/Kultur/Arkitektur_og_design/Digegrevens_hus(9788792230065).aspx Fig.65 http://www.boghallen.dk/Kultur/Arkitektur_og_design/Digegrevens_hus(9788792230065).aspx Fig.76 http://www.estatemaeglerne.dk/maegler/ShowDocServletBG.servlet?contentId=Artikler/Husdoktor/Images/statslaanshuset_f acade_stor.jpg Fig.77 http://www.estatemaeglerne.dk/maegler/ShowDocServletBG.servlet?contentId=Artikler/Husdoktor/Images/statslaanshuset_ plan_stor.jpg Fig.81http://www.realea.dk/upload/gotfredstor.jpg

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LITERATURE REFERENCES:

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01688a.htm http://www.ehow.com/how_2044725_recognize-renaissance-architecture.html

12.1. Books:
Danmarks Arkitektur Enafamiliehus Lisbeth Balslev Jrgensen Dansk Arkitektur Tobias Faber Understanding of Architecture Leland Roth Digegrevens Hus Realea A/S 2007 Arkitekturteorier siden 1945 Nils-Ole Lund Guide to Danish Landscape Architecture Annemarie Lund 1997 Arkitektur uden grnser Steen Petersen 2007 99 huse i Horsens en arkitekturguide Horsens Kommune 1995

http://www.ehow.com/how_2088770_recognize-baroque-architecture.html http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/arts/architec/TheAgeofRevivals/Neoclassicalarchitecture/Neoclassical architecture.htm http://www.neoclassic.com/the-times-that-are-changing.html http://www.dac.dk/visKanonVaerk.asp?artikelID=2554

http://www.ambottawa.um.dk/Publikationer/UM/English/FactsheetDenmark/Architecture/html/chapter01.htm

http://www.samenhuizen.be/cohousingdk/deel2/II1.htm http://www.answers.com/topic/arne-jacobsen http://www.flickr.com/photos/seier/4486317204/in/set-72157600269237235/ http://www.dac.dk/visKanonVaerk.asp?artikelID=2556 http://antikmuseet.au.dk/udstillinger/antikkeniaarhus/

12.2. Links:
http://www.kulturarv.dk/1001fortaellinger/da_DK/theme/arkitektur-klassicisme-historicisme-ogmodernisme/article http://www.danskarkitektur.dk/kulturperioder/dansk%20historicisme.htm http://multimediakontoret.dk/programmer/arkitektur/ http://www.arkitekt-raadgivning.dk/ http://www.visitdenmark.com/uk/en-gb/menu/turist/inspiration/detkulturelledanmark/arkitektur/danisharchitecture-an-overview.htm http://www.astoft.co.uk/denmark/index.htm http://www.dac.dk/visKanonSide.asp?artikelID=2753 http://gis.aarhus.dk/kommuneatlas/arkitektur_byggeskik_byen/Arkitektur_byggeskik_byen_start.htm http://architectural-world.blogspot.com/2008/05/kay-fisker.html http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Kunst_og_kultur/Arkitektur/Danmark/Danmark_(Arkitektur) http://www.codesmiths.com/shed/workshop/techniques/arches.htm http://www.mentalfloss.com/difference/romanesque-vs-gothic-architecture/

http://www.bolius.dk/alt-om/hustyper-og-arkitektur/artikel/typehuset-fra-1960-til-1980/ http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Kunst_og_kultur/Arkitektur/Europa/Stilretninger_og_perioder_i_kunsten/m odernisme_(Arkitektur) http://www.mffu.dk/files/pdf/Tema-Postmodernisme-2009.pdf http://www.leksikon.org/art.php?n=5089 http://www.bygningskultur.dk/Menu/Mit+historiske+hus/Stilguide/Modernisme http://www.arksiteplus.dk/wm142308 http://www.arksite.dk/wm140509 http://www.bolius.dk/alt-om/hustyper-og-arkitektur/artikel/kend-dit-hus-fra-foer-1930-1/ http://www.chataboutarchitecture.com/history-architectural-styles.html http://www.boghallen.dk/Kultur/Arkitektur_og_design/Digegrevens_hus(9788792230065).aspx http://www.multiform.dk/1960--83.aspx http://old.bygningskultur.dk/

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