Classification.

Identify plants and animals based on characteristics Outline the binomial system of nomenclature List seven levels in the hierarchy of taxa kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species using an example from two different kingdom each. Distinguish between the following phyla of plants, using simple external recognition features : bryophyte, filicinophyta, coniferophyta, angiospermophyta Distinguish between the following phyla of animals, using simple external recogntition features : porifera, cnidarian, Platyhelminthes, annelida, Mollusca, arthropoda Apply and design a key for a group of up to eight organisms We need a common terminology thus. Classification is a useful system to retrieve information about relationships among organisms The classification in use today comes in a hierarchy of taxa (arranged into a group_ The system of identifying and naming organisms is called the binomial nomenclature. An international naming system in which a species is given two names. This system was introduced by Carl Linnaeus. Eg Escherichia coli Plantae : multicellular, eukaryotic Animalia: Multicellular, eukaryotic Fungi: Multicellular, eukaryotic Hierarchy of taxonomy A series of ever more inclusive taxa beginning with the species Taxonomists often disagree about how hierarchy should be organized Follows most closely the way in which species evolved ie members of a taxon have a common ancestor Based on visible characteristics and new molecular moethods Continously changing and debated. Homo Generic Name (noun) sapiens (underlined if written) specific name (adjective)

Rules of bionomial nomenclature

Dichotomos Key Legend. Hierarchy of taxa can be used to help identify an organism A division into two. Consists of numbered species Basically helps to identify things Classification in plants All plants are photosynthetic, multicellular, eukaryotic and can reproduce sexually. Another way ot classifying them: Look at their phylum. Bryophyta, Filicinophyta, coniferophyta and angiosperms. Portulaca oleracea (G) Phylum Bryophy -Non-vascular (no phloem or ta xylem), -No specialized water conducting tissues -Only way to move substances is via osmosis and diffusion of surface moisture -No roots but rhizoids thin-walled cells, forms filaments that extend into soil Reproduces by spores -Pinophyta Conifero - Gymnosperm naked seeds phyta -Vascular, (have xylem and phloem) woody plant grows into trees or shrubs -Reproduce by Bear cones -Survive in cold soil. Seed bearing plants Filicino phyta - Pteridsophyta - Ferns vascular plants External recognition features short, basically have a tiny stem, land plants, no water conducting cells, capsule containing spores burst and spores disperse by themselves -Main trunk grows straight and form side branches Example Basically mosses

-Christmas tree (Juniperus Chinensis) Commonly known as Chinese -Leaves waxy Juniper. and needle shaped -No flowers -Land plants -Tree ferns, climbing - Nephrolepis exaltata boston Fern.

- Ancient group of plants (primitive plants) - Fern produces spores inside sporangia -Epiphytes grows on another plants. Tree trunks.

ferns -Leaves elaborate structures that tightly coiled up. When they grow they uncoil. -Spores normally on the underside of the leaf -Flowering plants (most distinguishin g factor)

Angiosp erms (Angios permop hyta)

-Vascular plants -Most diverse group of land plants -Flowers develop with ovaries and anthers -Production of fruits and seeds (flowers eventually becomes fruits) -Various forms of dispersal. Explode or Eaten.

Wrightia Antidysenterica Commonly known as Snowflake.

Classification of animals -Oer 30 phyla in Animal Kingdom but we focus on 6, which are all invertebrates (no backbone) Classification based on number of layers on body plan, opening for mouth and anus, symmetry, support structures (skeleton), other external recognition features Phylogenetic studies relies on genetic studies to support modern classification. Kingdom: Largest and most inclusive grouping. Phylum Perifera No body layers, aggregate of different cells. Two layers (sponges) of cells. Some are radially symmetrical but majority are irregular and exhibit various growth patterns. Support from either silica or calcium based spicules which links together to provide support Body plan : built around water canals that circulate Example

water for ingestion by special cells No mouth/no anus Cnidaria -2 layers in the body plan. -Radial symmetry -Soft skeleton with corals secreting calcium carbonate -Mobile and sessile organisms. Polyps stage or medusa stage. - Tentacles arranged in rings around the mouth with stinging cells. -Mouth opens into a stomach called coelenterate Some kind of evolution of nervous system -Basic muscular, digestion and nervous system Platyhel minthes - 3 layer body plan - Eyespots (detect lights in certain parts of the body) - Mouth only: simple gut - Bilateral symmetry -Soft with no skeleton -Centralized nervous system brain and nerve cords Mollusca - 3 layer body plan -A fold in the body wall called the mantle secrets the shell. Create a cavity for gill. Moas thave shell made of calcium carbonate Bilateral symmetry Mouth and anus. A hard rasping radular (basic tongue) used for feeding Has a muscular foot (not literally foot) , used for locomotion. Aquatic. Bivalves gastropo ds, snails, squids Flatwor ms Flukes Jellyfishe s, corals, sea anemone s

Annelida

-3 layer body plan -Body divided into segments with some specialization in some segments. Body is divided into segments and each segment have one special function. Ie digestion, eating, excretion. Segments often with bristles. -Internal cavity with fluid under pressure. -Bilateral symmetry -Skin surface for gaseous exchange

Leeches, worms

Athropod a

- 3 layer body plan - External skeleton made of plates of chitin (soft) mouth and anus -bilateral symmetry -Mouth and anus -jointed body segments and jointed appendages Flying organisms (Insecta)

Insects, arachnid s, crustace ans