Exosome composition Exosome composition varies depending on the cell type of origin.

Nevertheless, exo- somes contain a number of common protein components (Thery et al., 2001). Several adhesion molecules such as intercellular adhesion molecule-1, CD146, CD9, milk-fat-globule EGF-factor VIII (MFG-E8), CD18, CD11a, CD11b, CD11c, CD166 and LFA- 3/CD58 have also been identified in exosomal preparations ( Thery et al., 2001; Mears et al., 2004 ). In addition, several proteins involved in apoptosis are present on exosomes including thioredoxin peroxidase II, Alix, 14-3-3 and galectin 3. Exosomes also contain heat- shock proteins Hsp70 and Hsp90, which can facilitate peptide loading onto major histocompatibility complex (MHC)I and MHCII (Gastpar et al., 2005). One of the characteristic features of exosomes is the tetraspanins, which include CD9, CD63, CD81 and CD82. Exosomes also carry some cell-specific proteins like MHCII and CD86 present only on exosomes isolated from antigen-presenting cells (APCs) (Segura et al., 2005) and MFG-E8/lactadherin present on exosomes from immature DCs (Veron et al., 2005). Exosomes are also enriched in proteins that participate in vesicle formation and trafficking like the lyso- bisphosphatidic acid (LBPA)-binding protein Alix (Futter et al., 2007). Other proteins detected on exosomes are the metabolic enzymes such as peroxidases, pyruvate and lipid kinases and eno- lase-1 (Hegmans et al., 2004). Consistent with their endosomal origin, exo- somes typically do not contain endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria or nuclear proteins. Similar to proteins, lipids present on exosomes are char- acteristic of the cell origin, with most of the lipid analytical work being performed on exosomes derived from reti- culocytes (Vidal et al., 1989), mast cells (Laulagnier et al., 2004), B lymphocyte cell lines (Wubbolts et al., 2003) and human DCs (Laulagnier et al., 2004). The typical lipid composition of mast cell-derived exosomes includes lysophosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylethanolamine, cholesterol and diglyceride (Laulagnier et al., 2004).
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