Belt friction

Objective To confirm the laws of belt friction and determine the co-efficient of friction of the given belt and the pulley Equipment Steel cylinder with groves rotatable by handle. Meter rule. Thread. Diagram

Spring balance peg steel cylinder with groove

belt weight

handle

Theory T1 = tension in the belt where the weight is hanged T2 = tension recorded by the spring balance on the other end = the angle of lab or contact

= co-efficient between the belt and the pulley

The ratio of the two tensions may be found by considering an elemental piece of the belt MN subtending an angle at the centre of the pulley B as shown below. Forces keeping MN in equilibrium include: Tension T in the belt at M acting tangentially, Tension T + in the belt at N acting tangentially, Normal reaction R acting outward at P (p is at the middle of MN) Friction force (F) = R acting at right angle to R and in the opposite direction of the motion of the pulley.

Diagram of belt for flat

From the diagram above and by Pythagoras theorem, Taking, ,

Since the angle is too small, ( ) ( ( Since is negligible, it implies that )( ) )

Resolving vertical forces from diagram, Also, since is very small, It implies that,

thus, reduces to unity.

But Implying that,

Equating (1) and (2),

Therefore, Integrating the above between limits T1 and T2, Implies that

Therefore,

For a flat belt,

Diagram of the V-belt in the v groove

Let RN = Normal reaction between belt 2 = angle of groove

= co-efficient of friction between belt and pulley

R = total reaction in the plane of groove Resolving vertical forces on diagram,

 But friction

From the above comparing with flat belt,

Therefore, Procedure With the rotating cylinder apparatus, the angle of groove which the spring balance is connected. is selected by moving the peg to

The angular distance is measured with a thread and its linear measurement is taken by stretching the thread on a calibrated straight edge. A known weight is hanged on the other end of the belt and its weight registered on the spring balance is noted as T1.the direction of rotation is selected and with the help of the handle the steel groove is rotated slowly and steadily and the new weight registered on the spring balance is noted as T2. The experiment is repeated for a range of values of the lap that it rests on the flat surface. Calculations and Results FOR PEG ONE Groove one FOR PEG TWO Groove one FOR PEG THREE Groove one and T1 by setting the belt so

Groove two

Groove two

Groove two

Grove three

Grove three

Grove three

Groove four

Groove four

Groove four

PEG ONE Groove1 Load(kg) Log T1 2.0 0.5051 4.0 0.7324 6.0 0.9444 8.0 0.9637 10.0 1.0863 Groove2 Log T1 0.5441 0.6990 0.9138 1.0294 1.0792 Groove3 Log T1 0.5441 0.7782 0.8573 1.0212 1.0969 Groove4 Log T1 0.5441 0.7782 0.8921 0.9542 1.0531

Log T2 0.7782 0.9542 1.0792 1.1761 1.2553

Log T2 1.0000 1.0212 1.1303 1.2175 1.2900 PEG TWO

Log T2 0.8751 1.0212 1.1461 1.2041 1.2788

Log T2 0.7782 0.9294 1.0792 1.1523 1.2304

Load(kg) 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0

Groove1 Log T1 0.6021 0.7243 0.8751 1.0000 1.0969

Log T2 0.9031 1.0414 1.1303 1.2430 1.3118

Groove2 Log T1 0.6232 0.6990 0.9294 1.0212 1.1139

Log T2 0.9294 1.0792 1.2095 1.2900 1.3522 PEG THREE

Groove3 Log T1 0.6021 0.7782 0.9294 1.0000 1.0864

Log T2 0.9294 1.0792 1.2041 1.2788 1.3424

Groove4 Log T1 0.5798 0.7404 0.8751 0.9395 1.0682

Log T2 0.8129 1.0000 1.1614 1.2175 1.2900

Load(kg) 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0

Groove1 Log T1 0.4914 0.7782 0.9294 0.9542 1.1139

Log T2 1.0000 1.1461 1.2553 1.3010 1.3522

Groove2 Log T1 0.6021 0.7782 0.9031 1.0000 1.0414

Log T2 1.0000 1.1461 1.2553 1.3324 1.3617

Groove3 Log T1 0.6021 0.6990 0.9294 0.9777 1.0792

Log T2 1.0000 1.1761 1.2672 1.3424 1.3617

Groove4 Log T1 0.5441 0.7404 0.9031 1.0212 1.0414

Log T2 0.9542 1.1139 1.2041 1.2788 1.3324

Groove 1 2 3 4

Linear circumferential distances(cm) 29.00 31.00 34.00 36.00

Groove 1 2 3 4 Groove 1

Peg1 111.27 091.53 084.00 076.72

Peg2 112.58 109.83 108.00 109.77 PEG ONE

Peg3 136.15 113.49 116.40 115.67

A graph of Log T1 against Log T2

1.2 1 0.8 Log T1 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 0.5 Log T2 1 1.5 Series1 Linear (Series1) y = 1.2318x - 0.5272

Groove 2 A graph of Log T1 against Log T2

1.2 1 0.8 Log T1 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 0.5 Log T2 1 1.5 Series1 Linear (Series1) y = 1.7515x - 1.1293

Groove 3 A graph of Log T1 against Log T2

1.4 1.2 1 Log T1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 0.5 Log T2 1 1.5 Series1 Linear (Series1) y = 0.7239x + 0.4829

Groove 4 A graph of Log T1 against Log T2

1.2 1 0.8 Log T1 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 0.5 Log T2 1 1.5 Series1 Linear (Series1) y = 1.0679x - 0.2597

PEG TWO Groove 1 A graph of Log T1 against Log T2

1.2 1 Log T1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 0.5 Log T2 1 1.5 Series1 Linear (Series1) y = 1.2318x - 0.5272

Groove 2

A graph of Log T1 against Log T2

1.2 1 Log T1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 0.5 log T2 1 1.5 Series1 Linear (Series1) y = 1.2125x - 0.5437

Groove 3 A graph of Log T1 against Log T2

1.2 1 Log T1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 0.5 Log T2 1 1.5 Series1 Linear (Series1) y = 1.1619x - 0.4765

Groove 4 A graph of Log T1 against Log T2

1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 y = 0.9715x - 0.2245

Log T1

Series1 Linear (Series1) 0.5 Log T2 1 1.5

PEG THREE Groove 1

A graph of Log T1 against Log T2

1.2 1 Log T1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 0.5 Log T2 1 1.5 Series1 Linear (Series1) y = 1.6573x - 1.1534

Groove 2 A graph of Log T1 against Log T2

1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 y = 0.8299x + 0.5013

Log T1

Series1 Linear (Series1)

0.5 Log T2

1.5

Groove 3 A graph of Log T1 against Log T2

1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 y = 0.7081x + 0.6223

Log T1

Series1 Linear (Series1)

0.5 Log T2

1.5

Groove 4 A graph of Log T1 against Log T2

1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 y = 0.7094x + 0.5737

Log T1

Series1 Linear (Series1) 0.5 Log T2 1 1.5

From the equation, taking log of both sides we have

By comparison of this equation to the standard equation of a straight line , the graph gives a straight line with its gradient being 1(one) and an intercept
c= so the co-efficient of friction can be determined from the graph each co-efficient of friction can

be calculated as Therefore, For V-belt

Groove 1 1=0.5272111.27=4.73810-3 =0.5272112.27=4.69610-3 =1.1534112.27=10.27310-3 Groove 3 10 8 9 11

4

Groove 2 1.1293

5 6

Groove 4

Angle of lap/rads

Groove 1
log

Groove 2
log

Groove 3
log

Groove 4
log

T T

1 2

T T

1 2

T T

1 2

T T

1 2

1.46607 1.597499 1.942

-0.4624 -0.3912 -0.4087

-0.4437 -0.3553 -0.3232

-0.426 -0.3485 -0.3011

-0.426 -0.3485 -0.3011

A graph of log(T1/T2) against groove1

0.1 0 -0.5 -0.1 -0.2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

log(T1/T2)

-0.3 -0.4 -0.5 -0.6 y = -0.2474x

in rad

A graph of log(T1/T2) against for groove2

0.1 0 -0.5 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4 -0.5 y = -0.2178x y = -0.2178x 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

A graph of log(T1/T2) against for groove3

0.1 0 -0.5 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4 -0.5 y = -0.2084x 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

Groove 1 2 3 Flat

Slope () -0.247 -0.208 -0.217 -0.187

Conclusion The limitations were mainly due to the fact that the rate of the rotation of the cylinder whether fast or slow could change the spring balance reading. Much more accurate results can be obtained if motor is used to rotate or turn the cylinder to maintain constant speed and make reading of the values easier. In cases where the belt is not slipping will provide the belt with maximum torque. This is because the force generated from the wheel on which the belt rotates will not be used in directing the belt to a particular position. If such an experiment is performed the expected outcome must be close to about 90% of the theoretical calculations. This could be tested by the use of a belt drive. This can be used to drive a pulley of the same diameter (diameter of driven pulley and driver pulley). The ratio of torque in the driven pulley to the power of the driver pulley gives . This is due to the fact that belt drives use the friction between the pulley and the belt around the arc of the contact to transmit torque. The belt is initially stretched with an initial tension between the two pulleys. Comparing obtained data from experiment with printed data differ slightly.

Printed Data Flat belt: 10x2.2mm, leather/polyamide V-belt: 5x3mm, rubber/fabric References Mechanics of Machines by James N. Asante Design of Machinery by Robert L. Norton College Physics by Buffa and Wilson