11:375:302/16:375:504 Water and Wastewater Treatment

Note Set 7.1 Process Guidelines

Process Parameter guidelines are available in the Recommended Standards For Water Works, Great Lakes Upper Mississippi River Board of State Sanitary Engineers as outlined in Note Set 5. More information can be found at the GLUMRB website. GLUMRB Guidelines include the following:
: 1. Policy Statements - concerning water works design, practice, or resource protection. Some policy statements recommend an approach to the investigation of innovative treatment processes which have not been included as part of the standards because sufficient confirmation has not yet been documented to allow the establishment of specific limitations or design parameters. Other policy statements recommend approaches, alternatives or considerations in addressing a specific water supply issue and may not develop into standards. 2. Interim Standards - The interim standards give design criteria which are currently being used for new treatment processes, but the use of the criteria is limited and insufficient for recognition as a recommended standard. 3. Recommended Standards - The Standards, consisting of proven technology, are intended to serve as a guide in the design and preparation of plans and specifications for public water supply systems, to suggest limiting values for items upon which an evaluation of such plans and specifications may be made by the reviewing authority, and to establish, as far as practicable, uniformity of practice. Because statutory requirements and legal authority pertaining to public water supplies are not uniform among the states, and since conditions and administrative procedures and policies also differ, the use of these standards must be adjusted to these variations.
3/1/2010 Water and Wastewater Treatment 11:375:302/16:375:504 Water TreatmentSoftening 1

Definitions
Detention time or hydraulic retention time (t or HRT or ) Where Q = flow rate (e.g., m3/d) V = volume (e.g., m3)

V t = HRT = Q

Horizontal flow-through velocity, Units (e.g., m/d or ft/sec) Where Q = flow rate (e.g., Across-sec = area (e.g., m2) m3/d)

Q A cross-section

Direction of flow

Cross-sectional area Across-sec = b*h

Water and Wastewater Treatment 11:375:302/16:375:504 Water TreatmentSoftening 2

3/1/2010

Definitions
Weir Loading Units gpd/ft or m3/m-d

Weir loading =
Where Q = flow rate

Q weir length

Weir length is the perimeter of the circular tank

Weir length is the length along the effluent channel

Surface area is the area of the top of the tank

Surface area Asurface = a*b

Overflow Rate Units gpd/ft2 or m3/m2-d

Overflow rate = VO =

Q A surface

Where Q = flow rate Asurf = the surface area of the top of the tank (the water surface)
3/1/2010 Water and Wastewater Treatment 11:375:302/16:375:504 Water TreatmentSoftening 3

Intake Screens
Water Treatment Surface Waters Coarse Screens vertical bars, 1 to 3 in. openings Fine Screens wire mesh or slotted metal plates, 3/8 in. openings Larger screens can be cleared by mechanical rake Smaller screens may be traveling screens where the movement of the screen is controlled by the differential head (water pressure) on each side of the screen (entrance versus exit). As the screen position is moved, the top is cleaned by water sprays. Velocity of water through the screens 3 fps (feet/sec) This standard is recommended to avoid pulling in stringy material. Wastewater Treatment Bar Racks openings 2.5 in. Medium screens 5/8 to 1 in. openings Screens have a 22 to 45 angle with respect to the channel bringing in wastewater to facilitate cleaning Medium screens are mechanically cleaned Note that centrifugal pumps (>100 gpm) can pass objects up to 3 in. in diameter Screenings are usually landfilled Velocity of wastewater through the screens 2.5 fps
3/1/2010 Water and Wastewater Treatment 11:375:302/16:375:504 Water TreatmentSoftening 4

Pre-sedimentation Basins
Water Treatment Surface Waters (river water) Hydraulic retention time, t, HRT 3 hrs

Coagulation-Flocculation
Water Treatment Surface Waters
Rapid or flash mixing of chemicals HRT = 10 to 30 sec Flocculation HRT = 15 to 30 min Sedimentation/Clarification (following flocculation) HRT = 1 to >4 hrs 0.5 ft/sec or 2.5 mm/sec Weir loading 20,000 gpd/ft or 250 m3/m-d VO = 500 to 800 gpd/ft2 or 20 to 33 m3/m2-d Filtration (many designs) following coag-flocc-sed Filtration rate 5 gpm/ft2; range is 2 to 10 gpm/ft2
Flash mix Coagulants Source Water

Polymer
Chlorine (Cl 2) Contact Reservoir First Customer

Flocculation

Sedimentation

Filtration

Chemical destabilization

Particle agglomeration

Waste sludge

Particle removal

Backwash water

Solids volume recovered is 4 to 6 % of the influent flow

Water and Wastewater Treatment 11:375:302/16:375:504 Water TreatmentSoftening 5

3/1/2010

Flocculator-Clarifiers
Water Treatment Surface Waters (turbidity removal and/or softening) Groundwater (softening) Mixing-flocculation zone HRT = 30 min Total detention time HRT = 2 to 4 hrs (Surface water turbidity removal) HRT = 1 to 2 hrs (groundwater) Weir loadings 10 gpm/ft2 (Surface water turbidity removal) Weir loadings 20 gpm/ft2 (Softening) Upflow rates 1 gpm/ft2 (Surface water turbidity removal) Upflow rates 1.75 gpm/ft2 (Softening)

3/1/2010

Water and Wastewater Treatment 11:375:302/16:375:504 Water TreatmentSoftening