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LA SCARICA CORONA
PINHOLING
ENGLISH
trode, completing circuit and enough rate to prevent the where the spark connects, a Usually, films are subjected
sustaining the current flow. formation of atmospheric large amount of heat is to corona treatments to in -
Therefore, corona discharge plasma. At higher voltages generated by the impacting crease surface properties.
is basically a plasma in a or smaller gaps, the energy cations, damaging the elec- In fact, when corona dischar-
transient, formative phase. put into the molecules by trode surface. ge possesses a highly fila-
In a simple atmospheric electron collision ex ceeds Electrons impacting the ano - mentary profile, enhanced
pres sure gap between elec- the ability of the corona dis- de surface do not cause by dirty and defects on the
trodes, as the voltage bet- charge to dissipate the much damage, since they are ground roll, the resulting
ween electrodes is increased energy and plasma is for- lighter than cations. sparks can damage the sub-
and the breakdown field med. strates. The polymeric film
strength exceeded, a corona In corona devices, the flow PINHOLES co vering the ground roll, can
discharge is established. of cations and electrons become populated by mi -
Near electrodes, where the tends to be confined to fairly One particular surface pro- croscopic pinholes: we can
concentration of traveling narrow channels and the dis- perty, becoming increasingly easily see them when film is
electrons is highest, a faint charge has a filamentary important for food safety, is printed and observed by
glow light is visible, caused profile. Sparks can occur if to be a high barrier. microscope. In the low part
by the recombination of ions defects are present on the The film must impede the of Fig.2, pinholes ap pear as
and electrons. This glowing surface of the ground roll or passage of oxygen and moi- dark blue dots.
light removes energy from on its covering. sture from environment into In Fig. 3, we see the same
the ionized gas at a high At the point on cathode the package. region of a flexo-printed PET
film with higher magnifica- in a process known as opti- the high-resolution view (a), thin film and turns the substra-
tion. The ink texture on the cal sectioning. Images are it is clear a complex structu- te in a highly defective one.
film surface is different from acquired point-by-point and re with a central hole (3 mi -
the array of dots, typical of reconstructed with a compu- crons wide) and small sa - AVOIDING DEFECTS
rotogravure printing. The co - ter, allowing three-dimensio- tellites around it. WITH PLASMA
re of a blue dots has the size nal reconstructions of com- The two cross-sections (b)
of 10 microns. plex objects. and (c) exemplify the depth The atmospheric pressure
With these images obtained The confocal microscope of the structure. plasma is characterized by a
with microscopy, it is impos- takes an optical cross-sec- Images show the ink film on highly uniform and homoge-
sible to check the depth of tion in the bulk of the obser- PET substrate as a bright nous glow discharge with
damage produced by sparks. ved sample, but it does not band of approximately 1 almost no propensity for pin-
A different investigation can image objects that are above micron thick ness. holing surfaces.
be performed with a confocal or below the focal plane. For The homogeneous PET sub- An atmospheric plasma treat-
laser-scanning microscope this reason, confocal micro- strate (80 microns thick) has ment (APT) is able to raise
(CLSM), an optical device scope can offer not only a not details evidenced by micro- surface energy on a wide
able to give high-resolution high- resolution view of the scope, except near pinholes. variety of materials while lea-
images. The key feature of surface, but also cross sec- In (b), the damage is extended ving phy sical, me chanical
confocal microscopy is its tions of the film. at least for 6 microns in depth. and barrier surface proper-
ability to produce in-focus In the Fig.4 we can see the Clearly, a corona spark dis- ties intact.
images of thick specimens, region near a pinhole. From charge is able to perforate a The APT process works on
material surfaces in a way, cation of material surface. The long molecular compo- Plasma produces a microet-
which is similar to the va - The effect on a given mate- nents become shorter and ching of the surface with a
cuum plasma treatment pro- rial is determined by the as volatile oligomers or depth around 4-6 Å, that is,
cess. The excitation of gas chemistry of reactions bet- monomers are swept away it does not modify mechani-
molecules is accomplished ween the surface and reacti- with ex haust. Crosslinking cal properties of the film
by subjecting a gas at atmo- ve species living in plasma. is done with an inert pro- but strongly increases sur-
spheric pressure to an elec- At low energy treatments, cess gas (argon or helium). face ad hesion of inks and
tric field at high frequency. the plasma only changes The bond breaking occurs co a tings.
Free electrons gain energy the surface, effects being on the polymer surface: Therefore, plasma does not
from the imposed electric confined to a region only se - since there are no free-radi- burn pinholes in the film
field, colliding with neutral veral molecular layers deep. cal scavengers in plasma, structure as corona treaters
gas molecules and transfer- Three surface processes si - bonds can form between sometimes do if spots of
ring energy, dissociating the multaneously alter substra- nearby free radicals on dif- dirt or moisture or some
molecules to form nume- tes: ablation, crosslinking, ferent chains (crosslink). other con ductive material
rous reactive species. It is and functionalization. Functionalization is a pro- are present on the film.
the interaction of excited In ablation, the bombard- cess where surface polymer Since plasma is cleaning
species with solid surfaces ment of the polymer surface functional groups are repla- the surface, any further
placed in opposition to pla- by particles and radiation ced with different atoms or corona refreshment will not
sma that results in the che- breaks covalent bonds of chemical groups from the be affected by the presence
mical and physical modifi- the polymer backbone. plasma. of dirt.