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Textbook: New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-level (Book1, 2 and 3)
Cycle Date Syllabus Explanatory Notes References in texts Remark
1. Atom, Molecules and
Stoichiometry
1.1 The atomic structure
Protons, neutrons and electrons as constituents of the atom. Chapter 1
The relative masses and charges of a proton, neutron and electron.
The atomic nucleus. Relative size of the atom and atomic nucleus.
1.2 Radioactivity
Nature of α,β particles, and ofγradiation.
Equations for nuclear reactions.
Uses of isotopes in leak detection, radiotherapy, nuclear power and as
tracers. (Underlying principles and instrumentation are not required.)
1.3 Relative isotopic, atomic and
molecular masses A brief account of the mass spectrometer in determining relative
isotopic, atomic and molecular masses (instrumental details and
mathematical treatment of the mass spectrometer, and the use of
fragmentation in structure determination are not required.)
1.4 The mole concept
The mole and the Avogadro constant. Chapter 2
Molar volume of gases at R.T.P. (room temperature and pressure) and
S.T.P. (standard temperature and pressure). Ideal gas equation, pV=nRT
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2.1 Atomic emission spectra and Characteristics of the emission spectrum of atomic hydrogen. Chapter 4
electronic structure of atoms Interpretation of the spectrum using the relationship, E=hυleading to the
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2.2 Electronic structure, ionization Plots of the following graphs to introduce shells and sub-shells: Chapter 5
enthalpies, electron shell i. successive ionization enthalpies for a particular element, and
ii. first ionization enthalpies against atomic numbers (up to Z=20).
(Experimental determination of ionization enthalpy is not required).
2.3 Atomic orbitals An awareness of the wave nature of electrons, and that electrons are not
localized in fixed orbits. An atomic orbital as a representation of a region
within which there is a high probability of finding an electron. The
designation of s, p and d orbitals. The number and relative energies of
the s, p and d orbitals for the principal quantum numbers 1,2 and 3, and
also of 4s and 4p orbitals. Shapes of s and p orbitals only.
(The uncertainty principle is not required.)
2.4 Electronic configurations of atoms Building up of electronic configurations based on three principles:
i. electrons enter the orbitals in order of ascending energy
(Aufbau principle),
ii. orbitals of the same energy must be occupied singly before
pairing occurs (Hund’s rule), and
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iii. electrons occupying the same orbital must have opposite spins
(Pauli’s exclusion principle).
2.5 The Periodic Table and the atomic The Periodic Table, showing the s-, p-, d- and f-blocks. Interpretation of
properties of the elements the trends of ionization enthalpies and atomic radii of the elements in the
Periodic Table.
3. Energetics
3.1 Energy changes in chemical reactions Conservation of energy. Endothermic and exothermic reactions and their Chapter 6
relationship to the breaking and forming of bonds.
3.2 Standard enthalpy changes Enthalpy change, ΔH, as heat change at constant pressure.
Standard enthalpy change of:
i. neutralization,
ii. solution,
iii. formation, and
iv. combustion
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3.3 Hess’s law Use of Hess’s law to determine enthalpy changes that are not easily
obtainable by experiment.
Enthalpy level diagrams.
Calculations involving enthalpy changes of reactions. Mid-term test
4. Bonding and Structure
4.1 The nature of forces holding atoms Electrostatic interactions between electrons and nuclei leading to Chapter 7
together different types of bonding.
4.2 Ionic bonding Formation of ions – the tendency for atoms of elements in Groups I, II,
VI and VII to attain electronic configurations of noble gases.
‘Dot and cross’ diagrams for simple ionic compounds.
Energetics of formation of ionic Born-Haber cycles for the formation of ionic compounds in terms of
compounds enthalpy changes of atomization and ionization, electronic affinities and
lattice enthalpies.
(Electronic affinity is the enthalpy change when one mole of electrons is
added to one mole of atoms or ions in the gaseous state,
e.g. O(g) + e- O-(g) ΔH = -141 kJ mol-1
O-(g) + e- O2-(g) ΔH= +791 kJ mol-1;
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Stoichiometry of ionic compounds Consideration in terms of electronic configurations and enthalpy changes
of formation.
4.3 Covalent bonding Formation of covalent bonding – sharing of electron pairs. Chapter 8
The simple idea of the overlapping of atomic orbitals.
‘Dot and cross’ diagrams for simple molecules, e.g. CH4, NH3, H2O, HF.
Octet rule and its limitation, e.g. PCl5 and BF3.
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Bond enthalpies, bond lengths and Estimation of bond enthalpies using data from energetics.
covalent radii Bond enthalpies as a comparison of the strength of covalent bonds.
Relationship between covalent bond enthalpies and bond lengths as
illustrated by hydrogen halides.
Addition of covalent radii to give approximate covalent bond lengths as
illustrated by simple molecules.
The shapes of covalent molecules The shapes of simple molecules and polyatomic ions explained in terms
and polymeric ion of the repulsion between electron pairs(as illustrated by BF3, CH4, H2O,
PCl5, SF6, NH4+ and NH2-). The directional nature of covalent bonds.
Bond angles.
Multiple bonds Comparison of bond lengths and bond enthalpies leading to the idea of
multiple bonds, illustrated by ethane and ethyne. Shapes of carbon
dioxide and sulphur dioxide molecules explained in terms of repulsion
between electron pairs.
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and covalent
Incomplete electron transfer in ionic Comparison of the experimental lattice enthalpies of e.g. silver halides
compounds and zinc sulphide, with the theoretical values calculated on a completely
ionic model leading to the idea of polarization of ions. (Calculation of
the theoretical value of lattice enthalpy is not required).
Polarity of covalent bond Displacement of an electron cloud leading to the formation of a polar
covalent bond. Dipole moment as evidence for bond polarization in
simple molecules. (Calculation of dipole moment is not required.)
Unequal sharing of bonded electron pair(s) explained in terms of the
electronegativity difference between bonded atoms.
Electronegativity (Pauling’s scale) introduced as an arbitrary measure of
an atom’s tendency in a molecule to attract electrons. (The formal
definition of electronegativity and its experimental determination are not
required.)
4.5 Metallic bonding Metallic bonding illustrated by a model of cationic lattice and mobile Chapter 10
valence electrons. Simple explanation of the metallic conduction of
electricity based on the model.
Strength of metallic bond in terms of metallic radii and the number of
valence electron(s) per atom.
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Metallic crystals Cross-packed and open structures: hexagonal and cubic close-packed,
and body-centred cubic structures. Unit cells and coordination numbers.
(Calculations related to atomic radii in a unit cell are not required.)
Hydrogen bonding A study of the boiling points and enthalpy changes of vaporization of the
hydrides of Groups IV, V, VI and VII and compounds like alcohols and
carboxylic acids leading to the idea of hydrogen bonding.
Nature of hydrogen bonding.
Relative strength of van der Waals’ forces and hydrogen bonding.
Hydrogen bonding in ice, proteins and DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
4.7 The relationship between structures Differences in physical properties (viz. melting and boiling points, Chapter 12
and properties of materials electrical conductivity, hardness and solubility) between ionic
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5.1 Rates of chemical reactions The meaning of the rate of a chemical reaction. Chapter 13
Following a reaction by chemical and physical methods, viz. following
the change in amount of reactant/product by titration, determining the
volume of gas formed, or colorimetric measurement of light intensity at
different times. (The theory of colorimetry is not required.)
5.2 Factors influencing reaction rate Effects of concentration, temperature, pressure, surface area, catalyst and Term examination
light on reaction rate.
5.3 Rate equations and order of reactions Simple rate equations determined from experimental results. Chapter 14
Zeroth, first and second order reactions. Rate constants. Half-life of a
first order reaction.
Radioactive decay as a typical example of a first order reaction.
Carbon-14 dating in the estimation of the age of an archaeological
specimen.
Cabon-14 dating in the estimation of the age of an archaeological
specimen.
Calculations involving rate equations. (Deriving of integral forms of rate
equations is not required.)
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5.4 The effect of temperature change on Explanation of the effect of temperature change on reaction rate in terms Chapter 15
reaction rate of activation energy.
Application of the Arrhenius equation
k = A exp(-Ea/RT)
to determine the activation energy of a reaction. (Derivation of the
Arrhenius equation is not required.)
5.5 The interpretation of rates of gaseous Distribution of molecular speeds in a gas. (Zartmann experiment and
reactions at molecular level calculations involving molecular speeds are not required.)
Graphical representation of the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution and its
variation with temperature. Simple collision theory. (Qualitative
treatment only.)
5.6 Energy profile Energy profile as a representation of the changes in potential energy
during a reaction. Simple stage and multi-stage reactions.
The rate determining step in a multi-stage reaction.
5.7 Catalysts and their effect on reaction Catalysts can change the rate of a reaction by providing an alternative
rates pathway for the reaction.
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Applications of catalysts The use of catalysts in Contact and Haber processes, and the
hydrogenation of unsaturated oils. Catalytic converters in car exhaust
systems. An awareness that enzymes are example of biological catalysts.
6. Chemical Equilibria
The equilibrium law Equilibrium constants expressed in terms of concentration (Kc) and
partial pressure (Kp). Simple calculations of Kc and Kp. (The quantitative
relationship between Kc and Kp is not required.)
The effect of changes in Le Chatelier’s principle. Changes in concentration and pressure result in
concentration, pressure and the adjustment of the system without changing the value of equilibrium
temperature on equilibria constant, K; a change in temperature results in the adjustment of the
system to a new equilibrium constant.
Reaction of temperature and the value of K for exothermic and
endothermic reactions illustrated by the equation,
ln K = constant – ΔH/RT
(Derivation of the equation is not required.)
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pH and its measurement The use of indicators and pH meters to measure pH. (The theory and
instrumentation of pH meters are not required.)
Strong and weak acids/bases Dissociation constants for weak acids (Ka) and weak bases (Kb). Use of
Ka and Kb (pKa and pKb) values to compare the strength of weak acids or
weak bases. Calculations involving pH, Ka and Kb.
(For dissociation involving more than one step, calculations are limited
to one of these steps only.)
Buffers Principle of buffer action. Calculations involving the composition and Chapter 18
pH of buffer solutions.
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Electrochemical cells E.m.f. measurement of electrochemical cells of metal-metal ion systems. Chapter 20
E.m.f. values to compare the relative tendencies of half cells to release or
gain electrons. Other systems involving non-metal ions.
(e.g. I2(aq) , 2I-(aq) | Pt), ions in different oxidation states(e.g. Fe3+(aq),
Fe2+(aq)|Pt) and metal-metal salt (e.g. PbSO(s), [Pb(s) + SO42-(aq)]|Pt).
Cell equations. IUPAC convention in writing cell diagrams.
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Secondary cell and fuel cell Lead-acid accumulator and the hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell: structure,
electrochemical processes and uses.
Corrosion of iron and its prevention The electrochemical process involved in rusting.
Prevention of corrosion by coating and cathodic protection.
Socioeconomic implication of corrosion and prevention.
7. Phase Equilibrium
7.1 One component systems The pressure – temperature diagrams of water and carbon dioxide. Chapter 21
(Phase rule is not required.)
7.2 Two component systems Studies limited to phase diagrams for mixtures of two miscible liquids: Chapter 22
i. Vapour pressure against mole fraction (with temperature
constant), and
ii. Boiling point against mole fraction (with pressure constant).
Ideal systems Rauolt’s law. The characteristic properties of an ideal system explained
in terms of molecular interactions.
Non-ideal systems Positive and negative deviations from Rauolt’s law explained in terms of
molecular interactions. Enthalpy changes on mixing as evidence for non-
ideal behaviour. Azeotropic mixtures.
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Fractional distillation Explanation of the principle of fraction distillation using the boiling
point – composition curve.
Application of fraction distillation in oil refining.
7.3 Partition of a solute between two Partition coefficient of a non-volatile solute distributed between two Chapter 23
phases immiscible liquids. (Calculations involving dissociation or association of
solute are not required.) Application to solvent extraction.
Paper chromatography as an application of partition. Rf value. Term test
12. Fundamentals of Organic
Chemistry
12.1 Natural sources of organic Alkanes, alkenes and aromatic hydrocarbons from crude oil and coal. Chapter 24
compounds Carbohydrates, proteins and fats in living organisms.
12.2 The unique nature of carbon Ability of carbon to catenate leading to the existence of a vast number of
carbon compounds.
12.3 Functional groups and homologous Studies limited to the following functional groups:
series C=C, C≡C, -X, -OH, -O-, -CHO, C=O, -COOH, -NH2, -NHR, -NR2,
-CN, -COOR, -COX, -CONH2 and (-CO)2O.
Effects of functional groups and the length of carbon chains on physical
properties of compounds in homologous series.
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Saturated hydrocarbons The tetrahedral arrangement of the bond electron pairs around a carbon
atom explained in terms of repulsion between electron pairs and in terms
of sp3 hybridized orbitals. (Conformation is not required.)
Unsaturated hydrocarbons Formation of the C=C and C≡C bonds explained in terms of sp2 and sp
hybridized orbitals respectively. σandπbonds. Shapes associated with sp2
and sp hybridized carbon atoms.
12.5 Systematic nomenclature Systematic nomenclature limited to compounds containing carbon chains Chapter 26
of not more than eight carbon atoms.
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Geometrical isomerism Rigidity of C=C bond leading to cis/trans isomers. Geometrical isomers
limited to acyclic compounds containing one C=C.
12.7 Structure determination of organic Calculation of empirical formula from analytical data (linked with Chapter 28
compounds section 1.6). Molecular formula. Structure deduced from reactions of
functional groups and physical properties.
An awareness that spectroscopic methods such as infrared spectroscopy
and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) can provide information about
the structure of a molecule.
Use of infra-red (IR) spectrum in the IR spectrum and its use in the identification of the following groups:
identification of functional groups C-H, O-H, N-H, C=C, C≡C, C=O and C≡N. (Instrumentation is not
required.)
13. Chemistry of Organic Compounds Mechanisms other than those mentioned specifically are not required.
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(linked with 7.2) and cracking process (Industrial detail are not
required.)
Combustion of alkanes. Chlorination of alkanes as light-initiated chain
reactions. Mechanism of the chlorination of methane.
13.2 Alkenes Chapter 31
Addition reactions Reactions of alkenes with bromine (aqueous and non-aqueous),
hydrogen bromide and sulphuric(VI) acid. Mechanism of the
electrophilic addition of hydrogen bromide to alkenes. Markownikoff’s
rule.
Catalytic hydrogenation and its application in the hardening of oils.
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Oxidation of alkylbenzene Primary, secondary and tertiary haloalkanes, halobenzene. Term examination
13.4 Halogeno-compounds Reactions with sodium hydroxide, potassium cyanide and ammonia. Chapter 33
(Experimentation involving potassium cyanide should not be attempted.)
Nucleophilic substitution reactions Comparison of rates of hydrolysis of haloalkanes and halobenzene.
Mechanism of SN1 and SN2 as exemplified by substitution with –OH
group. (Linked with 5.6)
13.5 Hydroxy compounds Primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols; phenol. Chapter 34
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Acidic properties of hydroxy Comparison of the acidic properties between alcohols and phenol.
compounds
Reactions of alcohols Reactions include halide formation, alkoxide formation, oxidation,
dehydration, esterification and triiodomethane formation.
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Nucleophilic addition reactions (Experimentation involving hydrogen cyanide should not be attempted.)
carbonyl compounds.
Reduction of aldehydes and ketones with sodium tetrahydridoborate (sodium Investigation of the reactions of aldehydes and
borohydride) and lithium tetrahydridoaluminate (lithium aluminium hydride). ketones.
Uses of carbonyl compounds Propanone as a solvent and a raw material in the manufacture of perspex.
13.7
Carboxylic acids and their derivatives Structures of carboxylic acids, acyl chlorides, anhydrides, amides and esters.
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The formation of carboxylic acid Hydrolysis of nitriles. Oxidation of alcohols, aldehydes and alkylbenzenes.
Reactions of carboxylic acids Formation of salts, acyl chlorides, anhydrides, amides and esters. Reduction with Investigation of the reactions of carboxylic
lithium tetrahydridoaluminate. acids.
Preparation of an ester.
Acidity of carboxylic acids Comparison of the acidity of carboxylic acids with alcohols.
acidity.
Reactions of acyl chlorides and Anhydrides Reactions with water, alcohols, ammonia and amines.
Reactions of amides Hydrolysis, dehydration, Hofmann degradation and reduction with lithium
tetrahydridoaluminate.
Reactions of esters Acid and base hydrolyses. Reduction with lithium tetrahydridoaluminate. Analysis of commercial aspirin tablets.
Uses of carboxylic acids and their derivatives Benzoic acid and benzoates as food preservatives. Polyamides and polyesters as
Nitrogen compounds Primary, secondary and tertiary aliphatic amines, phenylamine and amino acids.
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The formation of amines Primary amines from Primary, secondary and tertiary aliphatic amines, and quaternary ammonium
Base properties of amines Salt formation. Comparison of the basic strength of ammonia, primary aliphatic
Reaction of amines Reactions with ethanoyl chloride and benzoyl chloride. Reaction with nitric( III) Investigation of the reactions of amines.
. acid limited to primary amines only. Coupling reaction of benzenediazonium ion
Uses of amines and their derivatives Azo- compounds as dyes in dyeing industries. Amine derivatives as drugs.
Amino acids Amino acids (e. g. aminoethanoic acid and 2- amino- propanoic acid) as
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Some air pollutants Carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, ozone and
The effects of polluted air on the environment The harmful effects of pollutants depend on their concentrations and the duration
of exposure to the pollutants. Parts per million (ppm) as one way of indicating
The ozone layer and chlorofluoro- carbons Sources and properties of ozone. The desirability of ozone in the stratosphere. Project work on air pollution, e.g. acid rain,
Chlorofluorocarbons as aerosol propellants, solvents for the cleaning of smog or ozone depletion.
electronic components and metals, refrigerants, and blowing agents in foam
fluorocarbons leading to the depletion of the ozone layer. Control of the ozone
The causes of water pollution and its effects The adverse effects on water quality due to livestock waste, oil spillages,
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Water quality An awareness that oxygen dissolved in water is necessary for aquatic life. Determination of dissolved oxygen in water
Dissolved oxygen (DO) as an indicator of oxygen content in water, expressed as samples.
percentage saturation or mg dm –3 . Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) as an
(c) Solid waste Plastics, paper and metals. Disposal of solid waste by landfilling and ncineration.
problems.
(d) Pollution control in Hong Kong Measures to improve air quality: use of unleaded petrol and installation of Visit to
catalytic converters in car exhaust systems, limitation of sulphur content in fuels, a. the Environment Resource Centre,
desulphurization of flue gas, installation of electrostatic precipitators and b. the Chemical Waste Treatment Centre, or
installation of low nitrogen oxide burners in power plants. c. a sewage treatment plant.
industry and laboratories. (Technical details of the above treatment processes are
not required.)
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reuse/ recycling of paper, plastics and metals to minimize waste and save
resources.
(a) Principal components of food Proteins Proteins as macromolecules made up of amino acids via peptide linkages. Separation of amino acids by paper
Hydrolysis of proteins. Separation of amino acids by paper chromatography. chromatography.
(Linked with Sections 7.3 and 13.8)
Carbohydrates Classification into monosaccharide, disaccharide and polysaccharide. Open chain Investigation of the hydrolysis of sucrose and
and ring structures of glucose and fructose. Glycosidic linkage in carbohydrates. testing for reducing sugars.
Hydrolysis of sucrose and starch. Fehling's test to distinguish between reducing
Fats and oils Fats and oils as esters of propane- 1, 2,3- triol and fatty acids. Hydrolysis of fats
and oils (Link with Section 13.7). Use of iodine value tocomparethe degree of
The need to preserve food Prevention of food spoilage due to microbial activities and chemical changes.
Principles and techniques of food preservation Principles of food preservation: Investigation of the effects of air and
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killing of micro- organisms, inhibition of microbial growth, retardation of preservatives on apple browning.
chemical changes by removing moisture, altering temperature, changing pH, and
the use of osmotic process and chemical additives. Common techniques include
salting and chemical preservation such as meat- curing, pickling and the use
of food additives.
(c) Food additives Food additives to serve as preservatives (e. g. nitrates( III), nitrates( V), sulphur Library search on different functions of
dioxide, sulphates( IV), benzoic acid and benzoates) and antioxidants (e. g. common food additives.
BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole) and BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene)), to Analysis of sulphur dioxide content in wine.
enhance the flavour (e. g. MSG (monosodium glutamate), saccharin), texture
and fats.
The possible menace of The side effects of MSG, the toxicity of nitrates( III) and sulphur dioxide, and Debate on the use of food additives.
food additives the potent carcinogenic nature of nitrates( III) and saccharin.
and by legislation.
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8.1 Periodic variation in physical properties of Variations in first ionization enthalpies (linked with Section 2. 2), atomic radii,
the elements H to Ar electronegativities and melting points. Interpretation of these variations in terms
8.2 Periodic relationship among the oxides, Bonding and stoichiometric composition of the hydrides, oxides and chlorides of Investigation of the properties of the oxides and
chlorides and simple hydrides of the elements these elements, and their behaviour with water. (Hydrides of boron are not chlorides of the period 3 elements.
Li to Cl required.)
9.1 Characteristic properties of the s- block Metallic character and low electronegativity. Formation of basic oxides and Flame tests for Li+, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Sr2+ and Ba2+
elements hydroxides. Predominantly ionic bonding with fixed oxidation state in their ions.
compounds. Characteristic flame colours of salts. Weak tendency to form
complexes.
9.2 Variation in properties of the s- block Variations in atomic radii, ionization enthalpies, melting points and hydration Investigation of the effect of heat on carbonates
elements and their compounds enthalpies. Interpretation of these variations in terms of structure and bonding. of Group II elements.
Reactions of the elements with hydrogen, oxygen, chlorine and water. Investigation of the solubility of sulphates(VI)
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Reactions of the oxides, hydrides and chlorides with water, acids and alkalis. and hydroxides of Group II elements.
Relative thermal stability of the carbonates and hydroxides.
9.3 Uses of the compounds of the s- block Sodium carbonate in the manufacture of glass.
Characteristic properties of the halogens High electronegativity and electron affinity. Ionic and covalent bonding in
Variation in properties of the halogens and Variations in melting and boiling points, electronegativities and electron Investigation of the reactions of
their compounds affinities. Interpretation of these variations in terms of structure and bonding. a. halogens with alkalis,
Relative oxidizing power of halogens: comparative study of reactions (Cl 2 , b. halides ions in solution, and
Br 2 and I 2 ) with sodium, iron( II) ion and phosphorus. c. solid halides with sulphuric(VI) acids.
Disproportionation of the halogens in alkalis.
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Comparative study of the reactions of halide ions with halogens, sulphuric( VI)
acid, phosphoric( V) acid and silver ions. Acidic properties of hydrogen halides
Uses of halogens and halogen containing Fluoride in fluoridation of water. Chlorine in the manufacture of poly(
10.2 Nitrogen and its compounds leading to formation of nitrogen oxides. Manufacture of ammonia by Haber
Action of heat on nitrates( V). Brown ring test for nitrate( V) ions.
Test for sulphate( VI) ions. Uses of sulphuric( VI) acid in the manufacture of
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fertilizers, detergents, paints, pigments and dyestuffs. Investigation of the redox Test for sulphate(VI) ions using acidified
properties of sulphur dioxide. barium chloride solution.
11.1 General features of the d- block elements Comparison of ionization enthalpies, electronegativities, melting points,
from Sc to Zn hardness, densities and reactions with water between d- block and s- block
metals.
11.2 Characteristic properties of the d- block complex formation, coloured ions, and catalytic properties in terms of electronic
elements and their compounds: structures, successive ionization enthalpies, atomic and ionic radii.
Studies limited to common oxidation states of vanadium (+ 2, +3, +4, +5) and
(a) Variable oxidation states manganese (+ 2, +4, +7). Interconversions of oxidation states of each element. Investigation of the redox reactions of vanadium
or manganese compounds.
Studies limited to complexes of Fe( II), Fe( III), Co( II) and Cu( II) with the
(b) Complex formation following ligands: H 2 O, NH 3 ,Cl –and CN –. Investigation of the relative stability of some
Nomenclature of these complexes. Displacement of ligands and relative stability copper(II) complexes.
of complex ions. (Experimentation involving cyanide ions should not be
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is not required.)
Studies limited to the hydrated ions of Fe( II), Fe( III), Co( II) and Cu( II).
(d) Catalytic properties of transition metals between peroxodisulphate( VI) and iodide ions, and MnO 2 in the decomposition Investigation of the catalytic action of d-block
and their compounds of hydrogen peroxide (linked with Section5.7). ions on the reaction between
peroxodisulphate(VI) and iodide ions.
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