(Anatomy and physiology (1

:Prepered and colleted by

Mr. Fuad M. Luzon Master degree in rehabilitation science

October-2010

Anatomy:
The study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts & their relationships to one another o Gross anatomy the study of large, easily observable structures o Microscopic anatomy the study of very small structures, where a magnifying glass or microscope is needed.

Physiology:
The study of how the body and its parts work or function

Descriptive Terms Used in Superficial Anatomy :Anatomical Position

Standing Facing forward Palms forward

Anatomical position: Body is erect with the feet parallel and the arms hanging at the sides with the palms facing forward. (Its important to note throughout this course, most terminology refers to this position regardless of the position the body happens to be in at the time)

PLANES-DIRECTIONS-RELATIVE POSITIONS
:Directional terms

Superior (cranial or cephalad) toward the head end or upper part of a structure or body; above Inferior (caudal) away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or body; below Anterior (ventral) toward or at the front of the body; in front of Posterior (dorsal) toward or at the backside of the body; behind Medial toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of Lateral away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of Intermediate between a more medial or more lateral structure Proximal close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk Distal farther from the origin of a body or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk Superficial (external) toward or at the body surface Deep (internal) away from the body surface; more internal

Examples: The navel is inferior to the breastbone The heart is posterior to the breastbone The arms are lateral to the chest The elbow is proximal to the wrist The skin is superficial to the skeleton The forehead is superior to the nose The breastbone is anterior to the spine The heart is medial to the arm The armpit is intermediate between the breastbone and the shoulder The knee is distal to the thigh The lungs are deep to the rib cage

Body planes and sections a section is a cut made along a plane

Sagittal cut made along the lengthwise or longitudinal plane of the body dividing it into left and right parts Midsagittal (median) plane right and left parts are of equal size Frontal (coronal) plane cut made along a lengthwise plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts Transverse plane (cross section) cut made along a horizontal plane dividing the body or organ into superior and inferior parts

Anatomical Planes
Sagittal Plane divides body into right and left

Frontal plane divides body into anterior and posterior sections

 sections

Transverse plane divides into upper and lower

Surface Anatomy

Body cavities

Abdominopelvic Quadrants

Abdominopelvic Regions

INTEGUMENTARY

Is the organ system that protects the body from damage

ORGANS

Skin
FUNCTIONS cushions, protects deeper tissue urea; pain, pressure temp; synthesize vitamin D Waterproofs, Excretes salts & Regulates body

SKELETAL ORGANS ligaments, joints FUNCTIONS body organs muscles & movement Protects & supports Framework for Hematopoiesis; store minerals Bones, cartilages,

MUSCULAR ORGANS (attached to bone) FUNCTIONS mobility (locomotion) expression, posture body heat Contraction & Facial Produce Skeletal muscle

RVOUS ORGANS

NE

 receptors FUNCTIONS nerve impulses (electrical messages)

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, & sensory

Fast-acting central control system Responds to external/internal stimuli via

ENDOCRINE ORGANS Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, thymus, pancreas, pineal, ovaries, testes FUNCTIONS Slower-acting control system

Glands produce hormones that regulate growth, reproduction, metabolism, etc.

CIRCULATORY (CARDIOVASCULAR ORGANS) art, blood vessels, blood FUNCTIONS

He

Carries O2 nutrients, hormones, & other substances to and from tissue cells White blood cells protect against bacteria, toxins, tumors

LYMPHATIC ORGANS spleen, tonsils FUNCTIONS returning leaked fluid back to blood vessels immunity Complements circulatory system by Cleanses the blood; involved in Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes,

RESPIRATORY ORGANS pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, & lungs FUNCTIONS

Nasal cavity,

Keeps blood Carries out gas

supplied with O2 & removes CO2 exchanges through air sacs in lungs

IGESTIVE ORGANS Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus (liver & pancreas) FUNCTIONS

 Breaks food down into absorbable units that enter the blood; indigestible food eliminated as feces

(RINARY (EXCRETORY ORGANS dney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra FUNCTIONS minates nitrogenous waste from the body (urea & uric acid) gulates water, electrolytes, & acid-base balance of the blood

U Ki

Eli

Re

REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS

1. Male
Seminal vesicles, prostate, penis, vas deferens, testis, scrotum

2. Female
Ovaries, mammary glands, uterus, vagina, uterine tube FUNCTIONS mary function for both sexes is to produce offspring

Pri M

ale testes produce sperm & male sex hormones Fe male ovaries produce eggs & female sex hormones; mammary glands for nourishment

Anatomy of Skeletal System

Functions of Skeletal System
SUPPORT: Hard framework that supports and anchors the soft organs of the body. PROTECTION: Surrounds organs such as the brain and spinal cord. MOVEMENT: Allows for muscle attachment therefore the bones are used as levers. STORAGE: Minerals and lipids are stored within bone material. BLOOD CELL FORMATION: The bone marrow is responsible for blood cell production. ENERGY STORAGE (fat in yellow marrow)

Structure
There are a total of 206 bones in the human body. The skeletal system contains both bone and cartilage 2 types of connective tissue. The appearance and texture of bone varies, depending on its location.

Classification of Bones

 Axial skeleton bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage

Appendicular skeleton bones of the upper and lower limbs, shoulder, and hip

Classification of Bones by shape

1.

Lo

ng bones
Typically longer than wide

Have a shaft with heads at both ends Contain mostly compact bone Examples: Femur, humerus

2. Short bones
Generally cube-shape
Contain mostly spongy bone

Examples: Carpals, tarsals

3. Flat bones
Thin and flattened Usually curved
Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of

spongy bone Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum

4. Irregular bones
Irregular shape
Do not fit into other bone classification categories

Example: Vertebrae and hip

Classification of Bones by the Histologic Types

5. Compact bone
Outer layer of bone, very hard and dense.
Organized

in structural units called Haversian systems. carbonate and Ca phosphate)

Matrix is composed of Ca salts (Ca

Osteocytes living bone cells that live in

matrix.

6. Porous (Spongy) bone

Located in the ends of long bones.
Many spaces that are filled with red bone marrow which produces bone cells.

Trabeculae needle-like threads of spongy bone that surround the spaces. Add strength to this portion of the bone.

artilage Matrix is a firm gel with chondrocytes suspended in the matrix.

Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone

 Diaphysis
Shaft Composed of compact bone

Epiphysis
Ends of the bone Composed mostly of spongy bone

Medullary cavity
Cavity of the shaft Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults Contains red marrow (for blood cell formation) in infants

Structures of a Long Bone

Periosteum: Outside covering of the diaphysis

Fibrous connective tissue membrane

Endosteum delicate membrane covering internal

surfaces of bone
Sharpeys fibers: Secure periosteum to underlying bone Arteries: Supply bone cells with nutrients

Articular cartilage
Covers the external surface of the epiphyses Made of hyaline cartilage Decreases friction at joint surfaces

Types of Bone Cells

1. steoprogenitor cells:
Undifferentiated cells Can divide become osteoblasts Found in inner layer of periosteum and endosteum

2. steocytes
Mature bone cells

3. Osteoblasts
Bone-destroying cells Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium
Bone remodeling is a process by both osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Bone-forming cells

4. Osteoclasts

The Skull and Associated Bones

Sutures
tures Immovable joints that join skull bones together rm boundaries between skull bones Su Fo

Five sutures
1.

C S L S F

oronal between parietal and frontal

2.

agittal between parietal bones

3.

ambdoid between the parietal and occipital

4.

quamous between the parietal and temporal

5.

ontanels usually ossify by 2 years of age

Frontal bone
rms the forehead of of the orbit iculates with parietal, sphenoid, lacrimal, nasal, ethmoid, zygomatic and maxilla

Fo Ro art

su inf

perior and lateral to glabellar region frontal sinuses

erior portion supraorbital ridges with supraorbital notch (supraorbital nerve and artery)

The Vertebral Column

 26 vertebrae 24 individual vertebrae Sacrum Coccyx Seven cervical vertebrae Twelve thoracic vertebrae Five lumbar vertebrae Sacrum (5) and coccyx (4) are fused

Typical Vertebrae
Body weight bearing

 rtebral arch dicles minae rtebral foramen ven processes transverse spinous articular rtebral notches

Ve pe la Ve Se 2 1 4 Ve

Bony Thorax
Forms the framework of the chest Components of the bony thorax Thoracic vertebrae posteriorly Ribs laterally Sternum and costal cartilage anteriorly Protects thoracic organs

 pports shoulder girdle and upper limbs ovides attachment sites for muscles

Su Pr

Sternum
rmed from three sections anubrium superior section ticulates with medial end of clavicles dy bulk of sternum des are notched at articulations for costal cartilage of ribs 27 phoid process inferior end of sternum sifies around age 40 natomical landmarks gular notch ntral indentation at superior border of the manubrium ernal angle horizontal ridge where the manubrium joins the body Fo M Ar Bo Si Xi Os A Ju Ce St A

Ribs
l ribs attach to vertebral column posteriorly ue ribs - superior seven pairs of ribs tach to sternum by costal cartilage lse ribs inferior five pairs of ribs Al Tr At Fa Ri

bs 1112 are known as floating ribs

The Pectoral Girdle

Consists of: clavicles scapulae 2 2 Connects with the axial skeleton only at the manubrium

The Clavicles
Also called collarbones Long, S-shaped bones Originate at the manubrium (sternal end) Articulate with the scapulae (acromial end)

The Scapulae

Also Broad,

called shoulder blades flat triangles

Articulate with arms and collarbone 1

The Upper Limbs Arms, forearms, wrists, and hands

The Humerus:

Also called the arm upper armbone The long,

Articulates with the pectoral girdle

The Forearm

Also called the antebrachium

Consists of 2 long bones: ulna (medial) radius (lateral)

The Wrist 8carpal bones: 4 proximal carpal bones 4 distal carpal bones allow wrist to bend and twist

Metacarpal Bones

The 5 long bones of the hand Numbered IV from lateral (thumb) to medial Articulate with proximal phalanges

Phalanges of the Hands

Pollex (thumb): 2 phalanges (proximal, distal) Fingers: 3 phalanges (proximal, middle, distal)

The Pelvis Consists of 2 ossa coxae, the sacrum, and the coccyx Stabilized by ligaments of pelvic girdle, sacrum, and lumbar vertebrae

The Pelvic Girdle

The Pelvic Bone

hipbones Made up of 2

Strong to bear body weight, stress of movement fused bones: Made up of 3

ilium (articulates with sacrum)

ischium Pubis

The Acetabulum

Also called

the hip socket Is the meeting point of the ilium, ischium, and pubis Articulates with head of the femur (lunate surface)

Marks of the Pubis

Pubic symphysis: gap between pubic tubercles padded with fibrocartilage

Marks of the Ischium

Ischial tuberosity

Comparing the Male and Female Pelvis

The Lower Limbs

Functions: weight bearing motion

Note: leg = lower leg; thigh = upper leg Bones of the Lower Limbs
Femur (thigh) Patella (kneecap) Tibia and fibula (leg) Tarsals (ankle) Metatarsals (foot) Phalanges (toes)

(The Femur: (The longest, heaviest bone

The Patella

Also called the kneecap Formed within tendon of quadriceps femoris

The Tibia and Fibula

The Tibia

Also called the shinbone Supports body weight

Larger than fibula Medial to fibula

The Fibula
and toes Attaches muscles of feet Smaller than tibia Lateral to tibia

Bones of the Ankle

alus: alcaneus (heel bone): ransfers weight to ground ttaches Achilles tendon T C t a

The Ankle

A onsists of 7 tarsal bones Feet: Metatarsal Bones c

lso called the tarsus:

lateral

5 long bones of foot Numbered IV, medial to

Articulate with toes

Feet: Phalanges Phalanges: bones of the toes Hallux:

big toe, 2 phalanges (distal, proximal) medial, proximal) Feet: Arches

from 1 part of the foot to another Arches transfer weight

Other 4 toes: 3 phalanges (distal,

(Articulations (Joints Function:

Holds bones together Allows bones to move All bones articulate except the hyoid

Types:
Synarthroses Primarily axial skeleton Bones connected with fibrous tissue: ligament

Skull sutures and distal Tibia/Fibula

Amphiarthroses
Axial skeleton Connected by cartilage Intervertebral joints, pubic symphysis Slightly movable

Diarthroses freely movable so called synovial (fluid filled joint cavity) marily found in the limbs ane or movement depends on the joint Al Pri Pl

Diarthroses
1

 Non-axial: bone surface is flat Plane or gliding joint Should be able to move in all directions, but bound by ligaments Intercarpals, intertarsals Femoropatellar

Synovial Joints Structure:

Articular cartilage: hyaline 2. Joint Cavity: space filled with fluid 3. fibrous CT Fibrous Capsule:

External = fibrous CT Internal = synovial membrane 4. Reinforcing Ligament: can be inside or outside the joint capsule 5. Synovial Fluid: viscous and lubricating

Hyaluronic acid and interstitial fluid from blood fluid becomes less viscous with exercise does most of the cushioning

6. Bursae: fluid filled sacs not actually part of the joint 7. Tendons: dense regular CT 8. Menisci: cartilaginous discs

Synovial Joint
Joint Movements (from anatomical position unless otherwise stated) Movement Flexion Extension Hyperextension Abduction Adduction Rotation Lateral flexion Lateral extension Elevation Depression Protraction Retraction Horizontal Flexion (starts from abducted position) Definition Narrowing joint angle in saggital plane (bending elbow) Increasing joint angle in saggital plane (straightening elbows) Increasing angle more than in natural position, eg bending backwards Lifting a body part away from body midline (in frontal plane) Returning a body part to body midline (in frontal plane) Turning a body part on axis (horizontal plane) (not rotation all the way round - see circumduction). Bending body sideways (frontal plane) Returning body to anatomical position Lifting a body part (shoulder shrugs) Lowering a body part (dropping the jaw) Moving a body part outwards Bringing a body part back Moving arm forwards in horizontal plane

Horizontal Extension (starts from abducted Returning arm to the abducted position position) Dorsal Flexion Plantar Flexion Circumduction Bending ankle so that the toes are raised Hyperextending ankle joint so toes point downwards Range of movements that create a complete circle (as opposed to a rotation of less than 360 degrees.)

Notes:

Flexion - joint angle decreases in size Extension - joint angle increases in size Hyperextension - increasing angle beyond natural position

Muscular System
Muscles are responsible for all types of body movement Three basic muscle types are found in the body Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle

Skeletal Muscle Characteristics

Most are attached by tendons to bones Cells are multinucleate

Striated have visible banding Voluntary subject to conscious control Cells are surrounded and bundled by connective tissue

Functions of Skeletal Muscles Produce movement Maintain posture Stabilize joints Generate heat

Muscle Fibers blend into a connective tissue attachment Tendon cord-like structure Aponeuroses sheet-like structure

Sites of muscle attachment Bones Cartilages Connective tissue coverings

Naming Skeletal Muscle

 Direction of Muscle Fibers Relative to the Midline

RECTUS means parallel to midline

Rectus Abdominus
TRANSVERSE means perpendicular to midline

Transverse Abdominus
OBLIQUE means diagonal to midline

External Oblique

Location Structure near which a muscle is found

Muscle near frontal bone = Frontalis

Muscle near the Tibia = Tibialis anterior

 Relative Size of Muscle

Size

MAXIMUS means largest Gluteus Maximus

MINIMUS means smallest Gluteus Minimus LONGUS means longest Fibularis Longus

BREVIS means short Fibularis Brevis

TERTIUS means shortest Fibularis Tertius of Origins of tendons of origin

Number Number

BICEPS means two Brachii

Biceps

TRICEPS means three

Triceps Brachii QUADRICEPS means four Quadriceps Femoris 1

Shape
Relative Shape of the Muscle
DELTOID means having a triangular shape TRAPEZIUS means having a trapezoid shape SERRATUS means having a saw-toothed shape

(Serratus Ant.) RHOMBOIDEUS means having a diamond shape (Rhomboid Major

igin & Insertion

Or

STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID attaches to the Sternum, Clavicle, and Mastoid Process

ILIO COSTALIS attaches to the ilium & ribs

NAME FLEXOR EXTENSOR ABDUCTOR ADDUCTOR LEVATOR DEPRESSOR SUPINATOR PRONATOR

ACTION Decrease angle at a joint Increase angle at a joint Move bone away from midline Move bone toward midline Produces upward movement Produces downward movement Turn palm upward/anteriorly Turn palm downward/posteriorly

EXAMPLE Flexor Carpi Radialis Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Abductor Pollicis Longus Adductor Longus Levator Scapulae Depressor Labii Inferioris Supinator Pronator Teres

Flexion Movement that decreases angle between 2 bones

Ex tension movement that increases angle between 2 bones

 bduction movement away midline of the body

Adduction movement towards the midline of the body

tation movement around a longitudinal axis

Ro

Supination Hand with hand turned upward

Pronation occurs when palms rotate downward or posteriorly

Dorsiflexion elevation of the top of the foot

Plantar flexion bottom of foot is directed downward

6 Muscle Groups of the Head and Neck

M Ex ori co M M

uscles of facial expression: originate on skull trinsic eye muscles: ginate on surface of orbit ntrol position of eye

uscles of mastication: move the mandible

uscles of the tongue: names end in glossus 1

M A co

uscles of the pharynx: begin swallowing process nterior muscles of the neck: ntrol position of larynx depress the mandible support tongue and pharynx

Muscles of Facial Expression

Orbicularis oris: constricts the mouth opening Buccinator: moves food around the cheeks Muscles of the epicranium (scalp)

Muscles of the Epicranium (Scalp) covers anterior surface of neck Temporoparietalis Occipitofrontalis: frontal and occipital bellies separated by epicranial aponeurosis Platysma:

Muscles of the Vertebral Column

1

Spinal extensors or erector spinae muscles (superficial and deep)

Spinal flexors (transversospinalis)

Superficial Spinal Extensors Spinalis group Longissimus group Iliocostalis group

Deep Spinal Extensors Semispinalis group Multifidus muscle Interspinalis muscles Intertransversarii muscles Rotatores muscles

Oblique and Rectus Muscles

Oblique muscles: compress underlying structures rotate vertebral column

Rectus muscles: flex vertebral column oppose erector spinae

Cervical region:
scalene muscles flex the neck

Thoracic region:
intercostal

muscles (external and internal intercostals): respiratory movements of ribs thoracis: cross inner surface of ribs 6 Muscles that Position the Pectoral Girdle
Trapezius: superficial - covers back and neck to base of skull
inserts on clavicles and scapular spines Rhomboid and levator scapulae: deep to trapezius

transversus

attach to cervical and thoracic vertebrae insert on scapular border

6 Muscles that Position the Pectoral Girdle

Serratus anterior:on the chest - originates along ribs - inserts on

anterior scapular margin

Subclavius: originates on
ribs - inserts on clavicle

Pectoralis

minor: attaches to scapula

9 Muscles that Move the Arm

eltoid: the major abductor

1

S S In

upraspinatus: assists deltoid

ubscapularis and teres major: produce medial rotation at shoulder

fraspinatus and teres minor: produce lateral rotation at shoulder C oracobrachialis: attaches to scapula - produces flexion and adduction at shoulder

ectoralis major: tween anterior chest and greater tubercle of humerus oduces flexion at shoulder joint atissimus dorsi: tween thoracic vertebrae and humerus oduces extension at shoulder joint

P be pr L be pr

The Rotator Cuff : Muscles involved in shoulder rotation

s upraspinatus, subscapularis, infraspinatus, teres minor,and their tendons

Muscles that Move the Forearm and Hand

Originate on humerus and insert on forearm

Exceptions: the major flexor (biceps brachii)

And the major extensor (triceps brachii)

Extensors and Flexors:

Extensors: mainly on posterior and lateral surfaces of arm Flexors: mainly on anterior and medial surfaces

13 Muscles that Move the Forearm and

Biceps brachii:
xes elbow bilizes shoulder joint

Hand

fle sta

Triceps brachii:
tends elbow ginates on scapula erts on olecranon ex ori ins

Brachialis and brachioradialis:

x elbow ginates on scapula erts on radial tuberosity fle ori ins

Anconeus:
poses brachialis op

 Palmaris longus:
perficial xes wrist su fle

Flexor carpi ulnaris:

perficial xes wrist

su fle ad

ducts wrist

Flexor carpi radialis:

perficial xes wrist

su fle ab

ducts wrist

Extensor carpi radialis:

perficial tends wrist

su ex ab

ducts wrist

Extensor carpi ulnaris:

perficial tends wrist

su ex ad

ducts wrist

Pronator teres and supinator:

 ginate on humerus and ulna ate radius

ori rot

Pronator quadratus:
ginates on ulna sists pronator teres ori as

Muscles that Move the Hand and Fingers:

Also called extrinsic muscles of the hand

Lie entirely within forearm Only tendons cross wrist (in synovial tendon sheaths)

Tendon Sheaths:
Extensor retinaculum:
de band of connective tissue wi

 sterior surface of wrist bilizes tendons of extensor muscles

po sta

Flexor retinaculum:
terior surface of wrist bilizes tendons of flexor muscles an sta

Muscles that Move the Thigh

Gluteal muscles Lateral rotators Adductors Iliopsoas

Gluteal Muscles
Cover lateral surfaces of ilia Gluteus maximus: 1

 gest, most posterior gluteal muscle oduces extension and lateral rotation at hip

lar pr

Tensor fasciae latae:

orks with gluteus maximus bilizes iliotibial tract Gluteus medius and gluteus minimus: ginate anterior to gluteus maximus insert on trochanter ori w sta

Lateral Rotators
Group of 6 muscles, including: riformis pi obturator:

Adductors
Adductor magnus:
oduces adduction, extension, and flexion pr

Adductor brevis:
p flexion and adduction hi

Adductor longus:
p flexion and adduction hi

Pectineus:
p flexion and adduction hi

 Gracilis:
p flexion and adduction hi

Muscles that Move the Leg

Flexors of the knee:

pelvic girdle originate on the

knee:

Extensors of the
originate on the femoral surface insert on the patella

Flexors of the Knee

Biceps femoris-

Hamstrings

Semimembranosus-

SemitendinosusSartorius:

originates superior to the acetabulum

Popliteus:
rotates the tibia to unlock the knee

Extensors of the Knee

4 muscles of the quadriceps femoris:

 rectus femoris muscle

3 vastus muscles

Muscles that Move the Foot and Toes

trinsic muscles that move the foot and toes include: uscles that produce extension at the ankle uscles that produce flexion at the ankle uscles that produce extension at the toes uscles that produce flexion at the toes Ex m m m m

4 Muscles that Produce Extension at the Ankle bialis anterior:

poses the gastrocnemius

Ti
op

Muscles that Produce Flexion at the Toes

exor digitorum longum exor hallucis longus: Fl Fl

 pose the extensors

op

Muscles that Produce Extension at the Toes

xtensor digitorum longum xtensor hallucis longus xtensor retinacula:
rous sheaths hold tendons of toes as they cross the ankle

E E E
fib

The Nervous System

Structural Classification of the Nervous System
ntral nervous system (CNS) ain inal cord ripheral nervous system (PNS) Ce Br Sp Pe

 rve outside the brain and spinal cord

Ne

Neuron Anatomy
Cell body Nucleus Large nucleolus

Regions of the Brain

Cerebral hemispheres Diencephalon Brain stem Cerebellum

Layers of the Cerebrum

1

Gray matter
Outer layer Composed mostly of neuron cell bodies

White matter
ber tracts inside the gray matter ample: corpus callosum connects hemispheres Fi Ex

Basal nuclei internal islands of gray matter

Classification of Nerves
Mixed nerves both sensory and motor fibers Afferent (sensory) nerves carry impulses toward the CNS Efferent (motor) nerves carry impulses away from the CNS

Cranial Nerves
12 pairs of nerves that mostly serve the head and neck Numbered in order, front to back Most are mixed nerves, but three are sensory only

1. I Olfactory nerve sensory for smell 2. II Optic nerve sensory for vision 3. III Oculomotor nerve motor fibers to eye muscles 4. IV Trochlear motor fiber to eye muscles 5. V Trigeminal nerve sensory for the face; motor fibers to chewing muscles 6. VI Abducens nerve motor fibers to eye muscles 7. VII Facial nerve sensory for taste; motor fibers to the face 8. VIII Vestibulocochlear nerve sensory for balance and hearing 9. IX Glossopharyngeal nerve sensory for taste; motor fibers to the pharynx 10. X Vagus nerves sensory and motor fibers for pharynx, larynx, and viscera 11. XI Accessory nerve motor fibers to neck and upper back 12. XII Hypoglossal nerve motor fibers to tongue

Spinal Nerves

Nervous System 1. The Central Nervous System (CNS)

A.

Br Ce Ce Br T

ain: consist of: rebrum rebellum

B.

ain stem: Mid brain- Pons - medulla he spinal cord: Located within the spinal cavity of the vertebral column Spinal nerves (31 pairs) exit from between inter vertebral spaces. 2. The Peripheral Nervous System: Nerve outside the brain and spinal cord Cr anial nerves Sp inal nerves A utonomic NS Autonomic NS divided to sympathetic system and parasympathetic, both systems are antagonist. Generally sympathetic nerves initiate or accelerate an autonomic function, the parasympathetic nerves decelerate or stop the activity for example; in fear sympathetic nerves produce vasoconstriction and raise heart rate while parasympathetic nerves produce vasodilatation and decrease heart rate when the danger is passed. Classification of Nerves xed nerves both sensory and motor fibers ferent (sensory) nerves carry impulses toward the CNS. (From both external and internal environments transported to CNS via Afferent) ferent (motor) nerves carry impulses away from the CNS. (Various stimuli of our environments transported via Efferent, motor and glands)

Mi Af Ef

Neuron has 3 parts: cell body axon dendrite T T

he function of the Brain: supervisor center of the nervous system Serves as site of emotion, memory, self-awareness and though. he spinal cord: part of the nervous system, Started from medulla and end at the lumbar one L1, Spinal cord 45 Cm. long Cerebellum: responsible for equilibrium (balance) Meninges: 3 layers ----- piamatter ------- arachnoids ------- Dura matter Cerebrospinal fluid functions: protection, nutrition, diagnosis and treatment. 1

Layers of the Cerebrum

1. ay matter: inner layer Composed mostly of neuron cell bodies 2. hite matter: Outer layer Nerve Fiber tracts inside the gray matter Gr W