Theoretical Framework

Social Learning Theory This is the theory of Bandura and Wallace. This is learning from observation and imitation. According to Bandura, there are four sub processes involved namely: 1. Attention. The behavior or value desired has attention and interest of the learner. 2. Retention. The learner retains the behavior or value to be learned. 3. Motoric Reproduction. The learner now imitates or emulates his model. 4. Reinforcement. imitated. Learners learn heavily from observation and imitation. They imitate models like parents, teachers and older siblings. A child learns the language used at home, the dispositions, The learner now practices what he has caught the

speaking habits, the religiosity, values and health habits of his role models.

Bruners Theory of Learning Bruners namely: 1. Acquisition The process of obtaining and assimilating with theory of learning involves three processes,

understanding new information better than a previously learned one; 2. Transformation The process of manipulating or utilizing the

information gained to remove a difficulty or to solve a problem to which it is suited is an application of learning; 3. Evaluation The process of finding out whether the information

acquired is appropriately utilized. Example: A student learns that distance equals rate of speed times time. This is acquisition. A problem

arises: How far will a car go in three hours if it travels distance eighty to be kilometers 240 per hour? by He finds the 20

kilometers

multiplying

kilometers by 3. This is manipulation. Then he checks

his answer by adding three 80s the sum of which is 240. This is evaluation. Motivation Learning is more effective if the learner is properly motivated. Bruner believes that intrinsic motivation is more

desirable than extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation comes from within the individual learner. He may have a desire to learn because of its worth. Extrinsic motivation comes from

outside the individual in the forms of rewards and punishments

Affective Arousal Theory This theory is an application of the law of effect of Thorndike. Pleasant experiences tend to be repeated and

unpleasant experiences tend to be avoided. Since feelings and emotions are very strong determinants of behavior, the teacher should try his best to make the classroom activities as pleasant as possible to maintain a high level of motivation among

students.

Psychoanalytic Theory Sigmund Freud, the proponent of this theory, claims that the libido or psychic energy is sexual in origin and is the primary driving force of behavior. A person chooses an activity that best expresses his psychic energy. An intelligent person chooses a vocation that heavily involves mental activity whereas an athletic person chooses a vocation that needs extensive

physical energy. Included are leisure time activities such as reading, watching tv, swimming, basketball, etc.