Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Bantayan at
Protektahan!
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SITUATION
ANALYSIS
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CHILD LABOR
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CHILD WORK VERSUS CHILD LABOR
CHILD
CHILD WORK
CHILD LABOR
BONDED LABOR
This refers to the permission of some parents to have their
children into the toiling grounds to pay their debts with their
employers. -- (Ate Kat, LPI)
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INTERNATIONAL STATE OF CHILD LABOR
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agree that a six year old is too young to work, but whether the same
can be said about a twelve year old is debatable.
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Of the 4 million, 2.4 million are engaged in hazardous work,
which means that they are exposed to chemical, physical and
biological hazards. These are the children involved in the worst forms
of child labor such as prostitution, domestic work, mining and
quarrying, commercial agriculture, deep – sea fishing and pyrotechnics
production.
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workers in the farm are made to sleep inside pigpen or poultry house
together with the animals.
-- (LPI Newsletter)
Child Trafficking
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the natural target areas for the dishonorable recruitment agencies
Samar-Leyte, Negros, Bicol, Cebu Province, & Mindanao are the most
particular places where these agencies operate. To win the hearts of
the parents and the child, they use combination of deception, false
promises and cash incentives, for then Manila and other major cities
are symbols of success and opportunity. But as for the children, they
end up as factory workers, domestic servants, and victims of
prostitution on the streets.
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trafficking in the guise of employment, trafficking to sexual
exploitations and others.
While the victim is the one often seen in trafficking, there are
several actors, who exploit that have to be named – recruiter, pimp,
conniving airport officials, immigration officials, establishment owner in
destination areas, buyers, governments that consider overseas
migration as primary employment strategy, and governments that earn
from this industry.
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They know that if they can only continue their aborted
education, they would have a fair chance of improving their lot. And
some of them are eager to pursue their formal studies, but there are
real barriers to this goal.
For one, they can hardly find the time, energy and money to
realize this ambition. Odds are definitely stacked up against the DCLs.
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“Domestic or household service” shall mean service in the employer’s
home which is usually necessary or desirable for the maintenance and
enjoyment thereof and includes ministering to the personal comfort
and convenience of the members of the employer’s household, includ-
ing services of family drivers. – labor code of the Philippines book III
title III chapter III article 141
(Labor Code of the Philippines)
The following are the prominent figures that appeared from a study
conducted in Cubao, Quezon City:
• Mostly are boys, average age is 12-15 years old
• More than half of them are enrolled in public elementary school
• Almost all are living with their families, either on the streets
(street families) or in a rented room in one of the marginalized areas
within Cubao such as Escopa 3 and 4, 138 and 139 Ermin Garcia, 116
New York, Arayat, Harvard, along EDSA- Kamias and others.
• Average numbers of siblings are 4.
• Average years of staying in the street are 4-6 years, for 7-12
hours everyday.
• Primary reasons for staying in the streets: to work as barker,
vendor (sampaguita, yellow corn, roasted peanuts, etc.), baggage boy
at NEPA Q-Mart, errand boy of sidewalk vendors and neighbors; to
play and to hang-out with friends.
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Priority Issues, Needs and Concerns…
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FACTORS CAUSING THE PROBLEM OF CHILD LABOR
Family structure
If one of the child’s parents were already deceased and they are
having financial problems or if they were separated and the child
doesn’t receive any money, the tendency for that child is to find a way
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to earn additional income for them to survive and also this is a way for
him/her to continue studying.
If the parents were both deceased, the child would end up with his/her
relatives and could lead to child domestic labor. He would be
vulnerable to abuse because he lacks protection from his parents.
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Traditional factors are also important. The established female
role in certain cultures dictates that women will not fit into traditional
roles if they become educated. Such cultural practices restrict the
education of females and promote child employment. The acceptance
of social class participation perpetuates child labor as well.
Parents often assign different roles into their children. This has
been called child specialization, and may increase the number of
working children. This phenomenon involves certain siblings going to
school while the others work.
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Hazards to Health
Poor nutrition
Death
This is the worst thing that may happen to a child laborer. An ex-
ample of a dangerous job for a child to work for is a pyrotechnic fact-
ory. And one of the reasons that might cause death to the child is the
explosion of the factory that he works for.
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Physical Health Hazards
Since child laborers work without proper work attire, the children
has high-risk of having wounds, bruises and cuts.
Having an idea that child laborers work for someone makes them
feel ashamed. That’s why they are uncomfortable and intimidated to
people who surrounds them for they think that they might get discrim-
inated.
-- (Handling Worst Forms of Child Labor, The SBM Approach)
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It means governments agree to protect children from
discrimination, sexual and commercial exploitation and violence, and
to take particular care of orphans and young refugees.
Enlisted below are the following articles with relevance to the issue on
labor, trafficking, and education for children:
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UN-CRC Art.28 Children have the right to education
UN-CRC Art.32 Children have the right to protection from work that
is bad for your health or education.
UN-CRC Art.34 Children have the right to be protected from sexual
abuse.
UN-CRC Art.35 No one is allowed to kidnap or sell children.
UN-CRC Art.36 Children have the right to protection from any other
kind of exploitation.
UN-CRC Art.41 Children have the right to any rights in laws in your
country or internationally that give you better rights
than these.
UN-CRC Art.42 All adults and children should know about this
convention. You have a right to learn about your
rights and adults should learn about them too.
-- (The Media and Children’s Rights)
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and treatment, and other standards regulating conditions across the
entire spectrum of work related issues. It provides technical assistance
primarily in the fields of:
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minimum age for employment in industry at 15 years but allows
children under 15 to be employed in under takings where only family
members are employed, but only if such work is free from risk to the
life, health, or morals of children (Art.2).
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Asian side of the March was launched in the Philippines, and marchers
would meet those from other parts of the world in Geneva in June
1998. Throughout 1997, several conventions and conferences around
the world discussed the interests and states of child laborers, and
prepared for the final meeting of representatives from various
countries in June 1998 to agree on the eradication of child labor.
Ratified in October 1997, the Convention focuses on setting a standard
minimum age for all circumstances, having in view the terms of
previous conventions covering minimum age in specific industries or
sectors. These are the Conventions on the Minimum Age for industry
(approved by ILO in 1919); sea (1920 and revised in 1936);
agriculture (1921); trimmers and stokers (1932); nonindustrial
employment (revised in 1937); fishermen (1959); and underground
work (1965).
-- (For Children Who Toil)
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basis for the fuller enforcement of the long-standing Philippine
jurisprudence on child labor. The ratification process itself was a
demonstration of the newly found strength of the multi-sectoral
alliances campaigning against child labor in the country.
From its very inception, the IPEC programme has kept its focus
on priority groups of children identified in the Philippine-ILO Indicative
Framework for Action. The priority target groups of children are the
child victims of trafficking, children in mining and quarrying, children in
home-based enterprises, especially under sub-contracting
arrangements, children trapped in prostitution, children in domestic
service, children in deep sea diving and fishing, and children in
commercial plantation agriculture, including sugar and vegetable
production.
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3. Formulation of a legislative agenda, including the ratification of
relevant ILO child labour conventions;
4. Expansion of direct programme services: removal and
elimination of child labour in hazardous and exploitative work
and the immediate protection of working children. The areas of
action are in prevention, removal, rehabilitation and recovey
services, as well as the delivery of protective education and
health services;
5. Broadening of the social alliances;
6. Professional and technical capability building;
7. Strengthened management and coordination of child labour
programmes.
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The molding of the character of the child starts at the home.
Consequently, every member of the family should strive to make the
home a wholesome and harmonious place as its atmosphere and
conditions will greatly influence the child's development.
The natural right and duty of parents in the rearing of the child
for civic efficiency should receive the aid and support of the
government.
Other institutions, like the school, the church, the guild and the
community in general, should assist the home and the State in the
endeavor to prepare the child for the responsibilities of adulthood.
-- (Phil. Nat’l. Strategic Framework for Plan Dev’t. for Children, 2000-
2025, Child 21 )
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Declared to provide special protection on children from all forms
of abuse, neglect, cruelty, exploitation and discrimination and other
prejudicial to their environment including child labor and its worst
forms; provide sanctions for their commission and carry out a program
for prevention and deterrence of and crisis intervention in situation of
child abuse, exploitation and discrimination.
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REPUBLIC ACT 9208
"ANTI-TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS ACT OF 2003,"
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(e) To maintain or hire a person to engage in prostitution or
pornography;
REPUBLIC ACT.8371
THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLES RIGHTS ACT OF 1997
Senator Jinggoy Estrada proposed the Senate Bill 1771 that gives
protection to Child Domestic Laborers against any kind of abuse; it is
supported by the International Labor Organization (ILO), Visayan
Forum (VF) and many other Non Government Organizations (NGO’s)
by founding an association to train Domestic Laborers in doing house
chores and conducting seminars that could help in the improvement
and development of their personality.
-- (LPI)
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On Street Child Labor
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- Organizing of children’s advocacy group
• Master listing of all street children & other children at risk includ-
ing their families
• Resource mapping
• Regular inter-agency meeting, consultation, dialogues & com-
munity assemblies
• Setting up a joint management team
• Conducting local networks projects/activities, advocacy, socio-
cultural development
• Coming up with a referral system & agreements to ensure that
the children & their families receive the needed action and ser-
vices
• Organization of CCPI clusters at the barangay level to be eventu-
ally recognized as the original BCPC at the barangay level and be
an active member of it. -- (LPI)
On Education
R.A. 7323
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EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 275
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National Program Against Child Labor (NPACL)
Despite of their efforts, the NPACL and other initiatives still have gaps
to fill. They still need to identify and articulate the problems
encountered in the implementation of their various interventions and
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to discuss unresolved issues and dilemmas. Among these that require
further efforts are:
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BASELINE
SURVEY
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Baseline
The group conducted a baseline study aiming to generate basic
information and knowledge of Brgy. E. Rodriguez residents on CDL, CL
and CT.
Table 2. Who or what is your source about the issue of child labor?
Category F %
Parents 17 17%
Friends/ peers 14 14%
Neighbors 20 20%
Newspapers 32 32%
Internet 4 4%
Seminars 5 5%
Television/radio 63 63%
Others 22 22%
No answers 11 11%
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Out of 100 respondents from Barangay E. Rodriguez, 63% said that
their source is the television /radio, 32% said that it came from
newspapers, 22% had answered others (e.g. observations), 20% said
that it’s from their neighbors, 17% said that it’s from their parents,
14% said its from their friends/ peers, 5% said it’s from seminars that
they had attended, 4% said that it’s from the internet and 11% had no
answers.
Based from this baseline, the respondents mostly got their information
and knowledge about CL, CDL, and CT through television and radio.
Out of 100 respondents, 56% said that there are no rules, projects
and programs implemented in their community for minors. 43% said
that there are, and 1% doesn’t know about it.
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Out of 100 respondents 62% of them said that they don’t know any
institutions, agencies or NGOs that’s implementing projects for child
labor and 38% said that they have (e.g. LPI).
Table 5. How will you cooperate in our campaign for the issue of child
labor?
Category F %
Financial assistance 10 10%
Food assistance 18 18%
Help to fix the venue 35 35%
Join the activities 40 40%
Volunteer 57 57%
No answers 5 5%
One year ago Lingap Pangkabataan Inc. started its CDL Program.
There are now 101 Child Domestic Laborers being served and catered
by this program. The CDL program is assisted by US Department of
Labor through the Winrock International’s Community-Based
Innovations to Reduce Child Labor through Education (CIRCLE)
initiative.
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Socio-Demographic Profile
SEX
Almost three-fourths of the Child domestic Laborers involved in
the program are females (75) while the rest (26) are males (see Table
1).
Table 1. Sex
Category f %
Male 26 25.7
Female 75 74.3
TOTAL 101 100.0
This could be due to the nature of the work that these children
provide for their employees, which are mostly household chores. Being
a domestic worker, they do all household chores, including cooking and
washing clothes for males. A male child recounted,
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nagbabantay po ako ng... ano po dun pa sa may coco
lumber
shop pa yung mga buko-buko. Tapos taga-tulak po para
mahiwa. Yun, yun pa po yung ginagawa ko. Naglalaba po
ako ng damit ng mga kapatid ko kasi maliliit pa po mga
kapatid
ko eh.” --- Zenki, 17
AGE
As of May 2006, the ages of the child domestic laborers in the
program range from 13 to 17 years old. There were 69 respondents
who are fifteen years old and above – seventeen years old (26
respondents), sixteen years old (22 respondents) and fifteen years old
(21 respondents). On the other hand, there were 32 respondents who
are thirteen and fourteen years old – 18 and 14 respondents –
respectively (see Table 2).
Table 2. Age
Category f %
Thirteen 18 17.8
Fourteen 14 13.9
Fifteen 21 20.8
Sixteen 22 21.8
Seventeen 26 25.7
TOTAL 101 100.0
PLACE of ORIGIN
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Most of the respondents are originally from Luzon (64%),
namely Ilocos Region (4%), Southern Tagalog (20%), Central Luzon
(10%) and Bicol Region (11%). At the same time, only a small
percentage come from the Visayas (13%), namely Region 6 (5%),
Region 7 (2%) and Region 8 (5%). Only a handful of respondents are
from Mindanao (see Table 3).
Family Background
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STATUS of PARENTS’ MARRIAGE
Although majority of the children involved in the program (55%)
have intact parents, there are also 16% of them whose parents were
already separated. It can be seen that a fourth of the children have
either deceased parents – father (12%), mother (2%) – or both (6%).
Other cases include being abandoned by parents or not knowing
his/her parents at all (see Table 4).
On the other hand, one of the strong reasons why CDLs accept
domestic jobs is because one of their parents died. This implied that
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some of the cases of CDLs handled by Lingap were only due to the fact
that even at an early age, a child had to fill up some of the working
obligations of the deceased parent to his/her family. A female child
when asked how long had she been helping her mother in her laundry
work said,
“Am, simula po nung namatay ang tatay ko… …Nung
August 2005 po.” --- chuchay, 13
Again, another reason was when parents separate. This was
what happened to one of the children under the program which she
had to work separately, since her mother remarried and already had
another family, after being separated with his father.
NUMBER of SIBLINGS
Table 5. Number of
Siblings
f %
None 6 5.9
One 5 5.0
Two 17 16.8
Three 15 14.9
Four 15 14.9
Five 16 15.8
Six 14 13.9
Seven 7 6.9
Eight 5 5.0
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Nine 1 1.0
TOTAL 101
It is true that children who had many siblings go to this job more
often than not since, aside from their parents, they also had to help in
the family’s finances. A discussant said,
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--Zathurna
Domestic Labor
RELATIONSHIP to EMPLOYER
Of the 101 total respondents, almost half of them stated that
their employers were not closely related to them, while 39 said that
they are working and living with their relatives (see Table 6)
Table 6. Children’s
Relationship to
Employer
Relationship
f %
to Employer
Related 39 38.6
Non-related 50 49.5
Not Stated 12 11.9
Total 101 100.0
Some of the participants who are living with their relatives said
they are sent to Manila by their own parents and left them to close
friends/relatives like tito, tita or lola.
Others who worked for people they are not related with said they
were also sent to work for them, since these people would help them
get through their studies. A child also said,
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daw po ako sa Maynila. Tapos po pumunta po kami
ng...Basta
po nag-iikot-ikot muna kami dito, nagpunta ng Blumentritt
para
magtinda lang po kami ng orchids, pagdating po dun sa
Cavite,
sa Bacoor po...Pinag-alaga niya po ako ng anak niya,
yung
disable. Ako po nag-alaga nun. Bago po ako dinala ni Ate
Marlyn
dun sa Tita ko.”
--- Zenki, 17
WORK HAZARDS
Deprivation of sleep was the most common hazard that the child
domestic laborers reported. Almost one out of four of the children in
the program experience excessive hours of work (24%). The children
have to wake up early to start their chores. A total of eight
respondents reported that they are prohibited to attend school by their
employer. Less than 1/3 of the children have reported “no” work
hazards (see Table 7).
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Hazardous jobs 2 1.6
Others 8 6.4
None 38 30.4
Not Stated 5 4.0
*n=125
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Most of the time though, even at weekends, some of the CDLs
still had to work instead of rest. One FGD participant said,
Such schedule made them literally busy and deprived of rest and
sleep. Some of them had to wake up early everyday and go to bed late
at night only after they’ve finished their household duties. Only this
time can they finally rest and do their assignments in school.
FREE TIME
The Child Domestic Laborers usually had their rest and recre-
ation after having finished all their tasks for the day. However, some of
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them only have their day-offs from work once or twice in one month.
Some of the participants in the FGD said that,
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SALARY in a MONTH
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Table 9. Salary Month by Relationship to
Employer
Relationship to
Employer
Salary in Pesos Non- Not
Related
related Stated
f % f % F %
500 and Below 8 7.9 9 8.9 1 1.0
501 – 1000 1 1
16 13 3 3.0
5.8 2.8
1001 – 1500 3 3.0 9 8.9 2 2.0
1501 – 2000 - - 5 5.0 1 1.0
2001 – 2005 1 1.0 3 3.0 1 1.0
2501 – 3000 - - 1 1.0 - -
Not Stated 1
11 10 9.9 4 4.0
0.9
3 4
TOTAL 39 50 12 12
8.6 9.5
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sila po yung bahala.”
--- chupeta, 14
Educational Background
SCHOOL
All the children involved in the program attend schools which are
located within Quezon City. Among the children, one out of four is
enrolled in Krus na Ligas High School. Other children attend school at
Camp Gerneral Emilio Aguinald High School (19), Flora Ylagan High
School (20), and Carlos P. Garcia High School (13). A small number of
children go to school at Juan Sumulong High School (2) and Ramon
Magsaysay High School (3) (see Table 10.)
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No answer 2 2.0
TOTAL 101 100.0
YEAR LEVEL
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important since it is one of the ways they can help their own families
get up from poverty. One determined student said,
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Under the same program, children themselves encourage each
other to participate in different activities to be able to do other things
aside from their household work.
Children under the program also get to learn lessons about God
which made them enjoy and thankful about Lingap.
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All these endeavors and activities helped the CDLs to be able to
socialize with other people, meet some friends and learn other things
outside their boxes. The organization, together with the Child Domestic
Laborers hope that such efforts to improve their lives would continue
for them to get out of domestic job and achieve their future dreams
and ambitions.
COMMUNICATION
PROBLEMS
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COMMUNICATION PROBLEMS
Lack of Awareness
Lack of participation
Lack of determination
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They accept the fact that it is not right for their children to work
but they have no choice but to let their children work for a living.
The children were afraid that if they will stop from working their
parents would be mad at them.
COMMUNICATION
OBJECTIVES
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Objective:
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FOCUSED
AUDIENCES
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Target Audiences
PRIMARY AUDIENCE
Parents: they should be the ones who are with the children most of
the times. They should be the first ones to stop their children to work
but they seem to have become dependent to their child hoping that
they will alleviate them from poverty. They aren’t aware of the projects
made by the local government unit. They do not even know anything
about the Non-Government Organization in their area committed in
providing services for the children. They need thorough mobilization
indeed.
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SECONDARY AUDIENCE
Child laborers: Children lack the knowledge on their own rights. They
are not aware that they should not be working on their young age.
Even if they do, they couldn’t do anything to have themselves
alleviated from their aggravations.
INFLUENTIALS
Schools
Churches
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COMMUNICATION
STRATEGY
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COMMUNICATION STRATEGY
Message Strategy:
“MANGGAGAWANG KABATAAN, BANTAYAN AT PROTEKTAHAN”
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Its language is acceptable and inoffensive.
Channel Strategy
1. Family day
2. Seminar
3. Film/Documentary Showing
4. Counseling
5. Pamphlets
6. Tarpaulin
7. Play
8. Music Video/Jingle
9. Streamers
These channels are from the results of our baseline survey that was
held last November 22 and 29, 2006 at Barangay E. Rodriguez
specifically at 139Compound, Stanford Street, New York St., and Yale
Street. We also based these channels on criteria such as Reach,
Frequency, Impact, access, Cultural Fit and Budget.
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