non head type meter

Linear meters A large number of non-head type meters are used in oil and gas industry 1-non-intrusive meter a) Coriolis meter b) Magnetic meter c) Ultrasonic meter 2- Intrusive meter a) b) c) d) Multiphase meter Positive displacement meter Vortex shedding Turbine gas and liquid

The equation for non-head type volume meters are simpler ,since they basically reduce the volume measured at flowing condition to base condition ,if the meter measure mass theres no need to reduction to base condition

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non head type meter

Coriolis meter These meter used for liquid and most gases, they directly measure mass if the desired measured is volume some correction to density at fluid base condition must be made. Meter operation depend on coriolis effect produced by earth rotation (this effect can be demonstrated by drooping an object from height rather than landing directly below ,its landing point will be slightly displaced). As fluid pass through tube forced into vibration electromechanically, acoriolis effect generated and alter the tubes vibration mode, the magnitude of time difference between no flow and flowing condition for the tube relates directly to mass of flowing fluid. Advantage of coriolis meters 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Can be used on liquid, gas, two phase, and slurries. Can handle difficult fluid(high varying density or phase mixture) Units measure mass directly Provide high accuracy and repeatability High turndown ratio (up to 100 to 1) Independent of swirl and flow profile, no flow condition required Pressure rating, low- flow limit, noice immunity improved in recent years.

Disadvantage of coriolis meter 1. Available only in 1/16 to 6 inch sizes 2. If the volume measurement is desired ,conversion via analysis or denisty measurement at base condition required 3. Special installation requirement to isolate some meters from mechanical vibration.

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non head type meter 3

Magnetic meters This meter are useful to measure conductive liquids or slurries, because material conductivity they require for operation, they are not used in the petroleum industry. Density or viscosity dont directly affect meter operation, the meter can be used bidirectional provided upstream length are used on both sides The meter fairly expensive, and high operating cost because of high power requirement, in larger sizes, they quit heavy and require special consideration for installation and operation Advantage of magnetic meter 1. 2. 3. 4. Performance not affected by change in viscosities and densities Full bore opening means no-head loss Meter will operate bidirectional by providing upstream length on both sides Available with insert liners that used in corrosive and erosive fluids

Disadvantage of magnetic meters 1. Installation ,operating cost, relatively high because of size ,weight ,electrical power cost 2. Fluid must have minimum conductivity specified by manufacture 3. Used for liquids ,slurries ,not gases

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non head type meter 4

Ultrasonic meters They are all based on an ultrasonic signal being changed or reflected from the flowing stream velocity, Meter accuracy relates to the ability of the system to represent the average velocity over the whole stream passing through the meter hydraulic area There are two types of ultrasonic meter: a. Doppler frequency shift Doppler frequency shift Used for liquid ,gas with some entrained particles that are travelling at the same speed the ultrasonic signal is reflected form these particles, and the shift frequency is related to the average velocity of these particles over the time Types of Doppler a. Installation of transducer into the flowing stream b. Strap on models can be installed without shutting down the flow stream Transit time Installed directly to the flowing stream, and can be single or multiple transducers for establishing average velocity, more complex electronics used to compute average velocity and flow Performance Its performance depend on the ability to find average velocity, the condition of the meter is open area (no-change with rate) Advantage of ultra-sonic meters 1. No-added pressure drop 2. If high frequency pulse rate output is used, it can minimize error from effect of pulsation and fluctuating flow 3. Installation can be simple ,and relatively inexpensive 4. High rangeability 5. No moving part 6. Simple mechanical calibration, easily checked Disadvantage of ultra-sonic meter 1. Power required for operation 2. For single path or reflection unit ,flow profile must be fully developed for an average velocity to be determined b. Transit time change

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non head type meter

3. High initial cost Intrusive meters Multiphase meter Single meter to measure three phase flow oil, gas, and water, the meter eliminate the cost of platforms with space and weight of conventional systems with test separator, associated piping, and individual meters for each phase. Multiphase metering is not simple task , mother nature mixes and separates oil ,gas ,and water in multitude of variation depending on preesure,temperature,velocity ,density ,composition, thermal characteristics, water salinities, volumetric fraction,downhole chemical injection affect the flow regime and how fluids measured There are two accuracy levels associated with multiphase meter a. Good enough for reservoir management b. Accurate as conventional system or better for custody transfer measurement Many technologies tested as multiphase flow measurement system a. b. c. d. Volume meter Density meter Homogenizer P[partial separation

Multiphase meter for field operation like baying pair of shoes, no one particular piece of equipment will fit all installation or operation criteria, you must know and verify the equipment operational characteristics to be able to fit it into a particular field installation

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non head type meter 6

Positive displacement meter These meter used for measuring liquid and gas ,the basic design of these meters is a bucket alternately filled and emptied, to keep operation from strictly batch operation ,most meters have multiple bucket that are geared and valved together so that while some bucket are filled other are emptied . Rangeability One characteristics of PD meters to make them attractive is rangeability, they are able to measure very small flow rate with relatively good accuracy Performance PD meters perform well for long time provided fluid are clean, non-corrosive, non-errrosive, nondepositing, and proper maintenance is routinely performed Advantage of PD meters 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Insensitive to upstream, downstream piping effect so that no or minimum length are required Operating principle ,easy to understand Range ability available without loss of accuracy Rugged ,reliable service on clean fluid Simple to complex read out system.

Disadvantage of PD meters 1. Because of clearance pressure ,temperature, viscosity ranges are limited ,and special care may be required 2. For large sizes 10 inch over (meters are large, heavy, relatively expensive). 3. Maintenance cost are high on some larger meters 4. Head loss can be high 5. Filtration or strainer may be required for fluid containing foreign particles.

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non head type meter 7

Vortex shedding meters These meters used for liquid, and gas measurement, have wide acceptance in industrial flow measurementarea, and limited degree to custody transfer measurement. Operation The meter operate on von Karman effect of flow across a bluff body, the frequency of shedding is proportional to velocity across the body, action is similar to the movement of the flag downstream flag pole. Maintenance Corrosion ,erosion ,deposition can change the shape of bluff body will cause a change in hydrolic area and will shift calibration, so periodic inspection recommended to ensure that initial conditions are being maintained in primary element Advantage of vortex shedding meters 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Relatively wide rangeabilty with linear output. Frequency can be read simply to electronic read-out system. When higher Reynolds number pertain effect of viscosity, pressure, temperature are minimal. On clean fluid, the meters have long term stable proof. Installation simple, moderate cost. No moving part in contact with the flowing stream

Disadvantage of vortex shedding 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Flow must be swirl free ,this require straightening van or long straight piping Output may have jitter Not available in sizes above 8 inch Pulse train is irregular Pulse resolution the same for all meters

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