ADVANCED DIGITALCOMMUNICATION

TRAINER KIT

ABSTRACT

In today’s world, communication is one of the most basic

necessities needed. In order to have a good communication system;
information transmitted needs to be modulated before reaching the
receiver, with reference to this context; we can say that Digital
Modulation schemes are more advanced than Analog Modulation
schemes. It can track errors more accurately and retransmit them.
For easy and convenient study purposes; it is necessary to integrate
all these schemes into one so that we can get readymade modulated
outputs at low cost. The most important application of this lies in
lab purposes and for the R & D purposes where this aids in the
training of students in the field of communication.
 CONTENTS

o INTRODUTION
o BLOCK DIAGRAM
o CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
o WORKING
o CONCLUSION
o REFERANCES
o DATA SHEETS
 INTRODUCTION

This project aims to build an advanced communication trainer kit

which integrates all the basic digital modulation schemes. It also
includes a function generator which provides sine, square, and
triangular wave of desired frequency as well as a clock generator
circuit. The modulation process involves switching (keying) the
amplitude, frequency, or phase of a sinusoidal carrier in
accordance with the incoming data. Thus there are three basic
signaling schemes. They are known as amplitude-shift keying
(ask), frequency-shift keying(FSK), phase shift keying(PSK). They
may be viewed as a special case of amplitude modulation,
frequency modulation, phase modulation.
Digital modulation techniques may be classified into
coherent and non-coherent depending on whether the receiver is
occupied with a phase recovery circuit or not. The phase recovery
circuit ensures that the oscillator supplying the locally generated
carrier wave in the receiver is synchronized to the oscillator
supplying the carrier wave used to originally modulate the
incoming data stream in the transmitter. We focus on coherent
phase shift keying by considering BPSK and QPSK.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
MODULATION
 WORKING PRINCIPLE

GENERATION AND DETECTION OF BPSK:

To generate BPSK signal we have to represent the input

binary sequence in polar form with symbols 1 and 0 represented by
constant positive and negative amplitude levels. This signal
transmission encoding is performed by a polar non-return to zero
level encoder. The resulting binary wave and a sinusoidal carrier
are applied to a product modulator. The carrier and the timing
pulses used to generate the binary wave are usually extracted from
a common master clock. The desired PSK wave is obtained at the
modulator output.
To detect the original binary sequence of 1’s and 0’s, we apply
the noisy PSK signal to a correlator which is also supplied with a
locally generated coherent reference signal. The correlated output
is compared with a threshold of 0v. If it is greater than 0v, the
receiver decides in favor of symbol 1. On the other hand if it is less
than zero, the receiver decides in favor of symbol 0. If it is exactly
0, the receiver makes a random guess in favor of 0 or 1.
GENERATION AND DETECTION OF QPSK :

For efficient utilization of channel bandwidth, a scheme known

as coherent quadriphase-shift keying is used.
The incoming binary data sequence is first transformed into
polar form by non-return to zero encoder. This is divide into odd
and even sequences by means of a D flip-flop. The orthonormal
basis function is obtained by means of an RC circuit and two
binary PSK signals are produced. Finally the desired PSK signals
are added to produce a QPSK signal.
The QPSK receiver consists of a pair of correlators with a
common input and supplied with a locally generated pair of
coherent reference signals. The correlator outputs produced in
response to the received signal are compared with a threshold of
zero. The in-phase and quadrature channel outputs thus obtained
are combined to reproduce the original binary sequence.
WAVEFORM GENERATOR USING 8038A

The XR-8038A precision waveform generator produces highly

stable and sweep able square, triangular and sine waves across
eight frequency decades. The generator contains dual comparators,
a flip- flop driving a switch, current sources, buffers and a sine
wave converter. Distortion levels may be improved by including a
100KΩ potentiometer between the supplies, with the wiper
connected to pin 1.The small frequency deviation is accomplished
by applying voltages to pin 7 and 8; large frequency deviation is
accomplished by applying voltage to pin 8 only.
The square wave output is an open collector transistor output
amplitude swing closely approaches the supply voltage.Triangle
output amplitude is typically 1/3 of the supply, and sine wave
output reaches 0.22 of the supply voltage.
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PSK MODULATION

J11 J7 VC C _+15
CON 3 CON 2 VC C _+15 R 9 C 8
R 5
J8 R C
U8
1
2
3

1
2

R
C 5

8
V C C _ -5 U 6A 1

4
VC C _+5 3 C 7

+VC C
+ R7 W
R 15 V C C _ -1 5 R 6 1 C ON 1 C 4 1
2 XI VC C _+15

1
R -
VC C _+15 2
R C X2
VC C _+5 LM 324 2 R 10
D 1 3 4

11
R Y 1 Y 2
LED U 6D
6 R 11

4
Z

-V C C
V C C _ -1 5 12 J9
+
R1 14
R 1

3
R 12 13
-
R 4 VC C _+15 AD 633 C ON 1
R

5
LM 324
R
8
4

11
R
U 6B V C C _ -1 5 C 6
R

7 R 3 R 14
VC C

R 2 D IS 5 C V C C _ -1 5
+ R8 R
6 3 7
R TH R Q R
C2 6 VC C _+15
1
-
2 C 7
TR
GN D

LM 324 2 R 13
C
C V

11

C R
U9
U 2

8
1
5

N E555 V C C _ -1 5
7

+VC C
C 1 W
3

1
XI
2
C 3 X2
J5
C C ON 1 3 4
C Y 1 Y 2
6
Z

-V C C
1

VC C _+5 VC C _+5

AD 633_1

5
U 3 U 4B
16

14
10

J6
2

VC C _+5 12 9
D Q 1
C LK

PR
VC C

VC C

J3
11 J4 11
1 12 A 7 C LK C ON 1
2 B QH 1 U 4A
14

13 8
GN D
4

3 C Q
CL

14 9 C ON 1 2 5
4 3 D QH D Q 74LS74
PR
VC C

5 4 E 3
13

6 F C LK
7

5 1
7 G S H /L D
GN D

6 6
8 H Q
C L
C L K _ IN H

C ON 8 74LS74
GN D
SER

7
1

74LS165A
10
15
8

U 12A VC C _+5
7404
74H C 4017
16
1

14 U 11
C LK 8
VD D

13 VSS 15
EN A R ST
O
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
9
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
C
10

12
11
9
6
5
1
7
4
2
3
 PSK DEMODULATION

VC C _+15
R 9a C 8a

R C
U 8a
C 5a

8
R 21
V C C _+5 VC C _+5 C 7

+V C C
C 4a 1 W
V C C _ -5 XI R
VC C _+15
R 25 C 15 2
C X2
10
J8a C 13 R 10a

1
U 13
2 C 3 4
1 IN R Y 1 Y 2

VC C -
VC C +
7 3 1 U 6C
C VC O N
R 23 3 6 R 11a

4
IN Z

-V C C
C O N1 10 J9A
R R 22 5
+
8
V IN R 1

2
6 C 12 9
TRES

TC AP

R 4 REF AD 633 R 12a

-
C O N1
VO U T C

5
LM 324
LM 565

11
V C C _ -1 5 C 6a R
8
9

R 14a
C V C C _ -1 5
3

R 24 C 14 R
VC C _+15
2 C C 7a
R 13a
C R
U 9a
VC C _+5

8
1

R 20
7

+V C C
1 W
XI R
C 11
2
X2 C
3 4
Y 1 Y 2
6
Z

-V C C
AD 633_1

5
PRECISION WAVEFORM GENERATOR

VC C _+15
3

3
R 18 R 19

2 2
1

R 17
12
4

6
R
7 2 J10
U 14
R 16 3 1
C 9 8038 2
R 8 9 3

C C O N 3

C 10
10

11

13
14

V C C _ -1 5
ASK GENERATION FROM 8038

J1
BFW 10
D A T A I/P A S K O /P

R 2
R 3
F c 100 KH z
10K
10K

R 1
1M

FSK GENERATION FROM 8038

VC C _+15

R 18 R 19

R 16
R
12
4

VC C _+5 7 2
F S K O /P
U 14
R 20 3
1

8038
2 8 9

C 10
10

11

13
14
3

Q 3
V C C _ -1 5
D A T A I/P
BC 148
 DESIGN

INTEGRATOR AND DIFFERENTIATOR

Let fc = 100KHz
fc = 1/ 2ΠRC µF
Let C= .001 µF
R= 1/(2Π*.001µ*100K)
= 1.5KΩ

POLAR NRZ ENCODER CIRCUIT

Let V = 2.5v
V=15v * RB/(RA+ RB)
RB/(RA+ RB) =2.5v/15v
RA = 5 RB
Let RB = 100KΩ
Ie, RA = 500KΩ

ADDER CIRCUIT

For unity gain Rf = Ri =10 KΩ

ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

Let f =1 KHz
T = 0.69(RA+ RB) C
Let RA =10KΩ
Now, substituting,
1K = 0.69(10K+ RB RB) * 0.1µ
RB = 2.2KΩ
DEMODULATOR CIRCUIT

Baud rate/10 = 1/( R1+ R2 ) C

Let R1 = 3.6kΩ , C=0.047µF
1Khz/10 = 1/(3.6K+ R2 ) 0.047 µ
R2 =220K
f =1/2ΠRC
f= 100KHz ,C= .001µF
R =1.5KΩ

Waveform generator using 8038A

Let R = R = R = 10KΩ
A B L

F = 0.15/ RC
Let C =0.1µF, f= 100 KHz
R = 1.5 KΩ
 CONCLUSION

Hence we can conclude by saying that this digital communication

trainer kit is going to be hit the commercial market and will be a
huge success . till today many trainer kits with single modulation
and demodulation scheme is available extremely high rates. But
the emergence of this product all the digital modulation schemes
are going to be integrated into one kit and at reasonable rate. It will
also prone to be a big help to the R&D section of various
organization .learning will also be easier with the emergence of
this kit
 REFERENCE

• Principles of communication – Taub and Schilling

• Communication systems – Simond Haykins
• www.exar.com
• www.analogdevices.com