Chapter 2: Elastic Constitutive Equations of a Laminate

2.0 Introduction
• Equations of Motion
• Symmetric of Stresses
• Tensorial and Engineering Strains
• Symmetry of Constitutive Equations
2.1 Three-Dimensional Constitutive Equations
• General Anisotropic Materials
• Orthotropic Materials
• Transversely Isotropic Materials
• Isotropic Materials
2.2 Relation Between Mathematical & Engineering Constants
• Isotropic Materials
• Orthotropic Materials
2.3 Constitutive Equations for an Orthotropic Lamina
• Plane Strain Condition
• Plane Stress Condition
2.4 Constitutive Equations for an Arbitrarily Oriented Lamina
• Coordinate Transformation
• Stress Transformation
• Strain Transformation
• Stiffness and Compliance Matrix Transformation
2.5 Engineering Constants of a Laminate
• Lamina
• Laminate
2.6 Hygrothermal Coefficients of a Lamina

2.7 Summary
 2.0 INTRODUCTION
x2 u2
2.0.1 Equations of Motion of Elastic Solids

x P( x1, x2 , x3 )
• Equations of Equilibrium (Kinetics)
x1 u1 ∂ 2 ui
σ ij , j + fi = ρ 2 i, j = 1, 2, 3
∂t
x3 u3 σ 22
x2 u2 σ 12
σ 23
σ 32 σ 12 • Equations of Kinematics
σ 11
σ 31 (strain-displacement)

σ 33 x1 u1 (
ε ij = 1 2 ui, j + u j ,i )
x3 u3
ε22
x2 u2 ε21 • Constitutive Equations (stress-strain)
ε23
ε12 σ ij = Cijkl ε kl i, j, k , l = 1, 2, 3
ε31 ε11
ε13
ε
x1 u1
ε33 32

x3 u3
 2.0.2 Symmetry of Stresses
Consider a plane 1-2.
σ22 Equilibrium
x2
σ21 in x1 σ 11 ∗ 1 ∗ t − σ 11 ∗ 1 ∗ t + σ 21 ∗ 1 ∗ t − σ 21 ∗ 1 ∗ t = 0
σ12 in x2 (σ 22 − σ 22 ) ∗ 1 ∗ t − (σ 12 − σ 12 ) ∗ 1 ∗ t = 0
1
σ11 σ11 Moment about A: σ 12 ∗ 1 ∗ t − σ 21 ∗ 1 ∗ t = 0

σ12
. A
σ21
1 ∴ σ 12 = σ 21
Similarly we can show, from 2-3 plane σ 23 = σ 32
1-3 plane σ 13 = σ 31
σ22
Therefore, σ ij = σ ji i, j = 1, 2, 3
x1
Stress tensor is Symmetric.
Tensorial and Contracted Notation
Tensorial Contracted
σ11 σ1
σ22 σ2
σ33 σ3
σ 23 = τ 23 = σ 4 or τ 4
σ 31 = τ 31 = σ 5 or τ 5
σ 12 = τ 12 = σ 6 or τ 6
2.0.3 Tensorial and Engineering Strains
x2
Tensorial Strains:
ε21
(
ε ij = 1 2 ui, j + u j ,i ) ε12
ε ii = ui,i i = j normal strains. 1
(
ε ij = 1 2 ui, j + u j ,i ) i ≠ j tensorial shear strain.
Engineering shear strain
ε12
. A
1

( )
γ ij = ε ij + ε ji = ui, j + u j ,i = Total shear strain
ε21
x1

Engineering Strains ε22

∂u ∂u
∂u1 ε4 = γ 4 = 2 + 3
ε1 = ε11 = ∂x3 ∂x2 x2 u2 ε21
∂x1 ε23
∂u ∂u ∂u ε12
ε 2 = ε 22 = 2 ε5 = γ 5 = 3 + 1 ε11
∂x2 ∂x1 ∂x3 ε31
ε13
∂u ∂u ∂u ε32
ε 3 = ε 33 = 3 ε6 = γ 6 = 1 + 2
∂x3 ∂x2 ∂x1 ε33
x1 u1

x3 u3
 Generalized Hooke’s Law (3-D Constitutive Equation)
Stress-Strain Equation σ i = Cij ε j i, j = 1, 2,3, 4, 5, 6

σ1 C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16 ε1

σ2 C21 C22 C23 C24 C25 C26 ε2
σ3 C31 C32 C33 C34 C35 C36 ε3
=
τ4 C41 C42 C43 C44 C45 C46 γ4
τ5 C51 C52 C53 C54 C55 C56 γ5
τ6 C61 C62 C63 C64 C65 C66 γ6
C is called the stiffness matrix.
Strain-Stress Equation ε i = Sijσ j i, j = 1, 2,3, 4, 5, 6
ε1 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 S16 σ1
ε2 S21 S22 S23 S24 S25 S26 σ2
ε3 S31 S32 S33 S34 S35 S36 σ3
=
γ4 S41 S42 S43 S44 S45 S46 τ4
γ5 S51 S52 S53 S54 S55 S56 τ5
γ6 S61 S62 S63 S64 S65 S66 τ6

S is called the compliance matrix.

2.0.4 Symmetry of Constitutive Matrix
1
Strain energy density, U0 = σ i ε i - - - -(1)
2
1
U0 = Cij ε j ε i
2
∂U
σ i = 0 = Cij ε j
∂ε i
∂ 2U 0
= Cij
∂ε j ∂ε i
1
Eqn.(1) can be written as U0 = σ j ε j
2
1
U0 = C ji ε i ε j
2
∂U
σ j = 0 = C ji ε i
∂ε j
∂ 2U 0
= C ji
∂ε i∂ε j
Since the order of differentiating a scalar quantity U0 shouldnot
change the result. Therefore, Cij = Cji .Stiffness matrix is symmetric.
Similarly, Sij = Sji
2.1 3-D CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS
(a) General Anisotropic Material (no plane of material symmetry).
σ1 C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16 ε1
σ2 C21 C22 C23 C24 C25 C26 ε2
σ3 C31 C32 C33 C34 C35 C36 ε3
=
τ4 C41 C42 C43 C44 C45 C46 γ4
τ5 C51 C52 C53 C54 C55 C56 γ5
τ6 C C C C C C γ6
61 62 63 64 65 66

• Number of unknowns = 6x 6 = 36
• Because symmetry of Cij, number of unknowns = 6x 7/ 2 = 21
(b) Specially Orthotropic Materials (3 mutually perpendicular planes of
material symmetry). Reference coordinate system is parallel to the material
coordinate system.
σ1 C11 ε1
σ2 C21 C22 Sym ε2
σ3 C31 C32 C33 ε3
=
τ4 0 0 0 C44 γ4
τ5 0 0 0 0 C55 γ5
τ6 0 0 0 0 0 C γ6
66
Number of unknowns = 9
Features

• No interaction between normal stresses (σ1, σ2, σ3) and shear

strains (γ4, γ5, γ6 ). Normal stresses acting along principal material
directions produce only normal strains.

• No interaction between shear stresses (τ4, τ5, τ6) and normal strains
(ε1, ε2, ε3). Shear stresses acting on principal material planes produce
only shear strains.

• No interaction between shear stresses and shear strains on

different planes. That is shear stress acting on a principal plane
produces a shear strain only on that plane.
(c) Transversely Isotropic Material
An orthotropic material is called transversely isotropic when one of
its principal plane is a plane of isotropy. At every point on this plane, the
mechanical properties are the same in all directions.

(2-3): Plane of Isotropy

σ1 C11 ε1
σ2 C21 C22 ε2
σ3 C12 C23 C22 Sym ε3
= C22 − C23
τ4 0 0 0 γ4
τ5 2
0 0 0 0 C55 γ5
τ6 0 0 0 0 0 C55 γ6

Number of unknowns = 5
(d) Isotropic Material
A material having infinite number of planes of material symmetry
through a point.
σ 1  C11  ε 1 
σ  C C11 Sym ε 
 2   12  2 
σ 3  C12 C12 C11  ε 3 
 =  γ 
τ 4   0 0 0 C44
 4 
τ 5   0 0 0 0 C44  γ 5 
    
τ 6   0 0 0 0 0 C44  γ 6 
C11 − C12
where C44 =
2
Number of unknowns = 2
Summary
Material Independent Elastic constants
1. Anisotropic material 36
2. Anisotropic elastic materials 21
3. Orthotropic material 9
4. Orthotropic material with 5
transverse isotropy
5. Isotropic material 2
 2.2 Relations Between Mathematical and Engineering Constants

(a) Isotropic Materials (E & ν)

x2

ε 3 = −νσ 1 / E
ε 2 = −νσ 1 / E
σ1
ε1 = σ 1 / E
x1

x3 Definition:
Elastic Modulus (E) = Stress/Strain = σ1/ε1

Poisson’s Ratio (ν) = - Transverse strain/Applied strain = - ε2 /ε1

 x2

ε 3 = −νσ 1 / E
ε 2 = −νσ 1 / E
ε1 = σ 1 / E x1

x3
Applied Stresses
Normal Strains σ1 σ2 σ3
in − x1 σ1 / E −νσ 2 / E −νσ 3 / E
in − x2 −νσ 1 / E σ2 / E −νσ 3 / E
in − x3 −νσ 1 / E −νσ 2 / E σ3 / E

Shear stresses
Planes x2-x3, x3 - x1 x1 - x2
Shear Strains
τ 23 τ 31 τ 12
γ4 τ 23 / G
γ5 τ 31 / G
γ6 τ 12 / G
 x2

Constitutive Equation
σ1
x1

ε i = Sijσ j
x3

 ε1   1 E −ν
E
−ν
E 0 0 0   σ1 
 ε   −ν 1 −ν 0 0 0
 σ 
 2
  E E E  2

 ε 3   −ν E −ν
E
1
E 0 0 0  σ3 
ε = γ  =  0 1  σ = τ 
 4 23   0 0 G 0 0
 4 23 
 ε 5 = γ 31   0 0 0 0 1
G 0  σ 5 = τ 31 
ε = γ   1  σ = τ 
 6 12   0 0 0 0 0 G 6 12 

{σ } = [ S]−1{ε } or {σ } = [C ]{ε }
Restrictions of Elastic Constants

E
Shear modulus G=
2(1 + ν )

for Shear modulus to be positive, ν > - 1

E
Bulk modulus K=
3(1 − 2ν )

for Bulk modulus to be positive, ν < 1/2

−1 < ν < 1/2

 (b) Orthotropic Materials

x2 E2

ε 3 = −ν13σ 1 / E1
σ1
ε 2 = −ν12σ 1 / E1
x1 E1 ε1 = σ 1 / E1

x3 E3

Definition:
Elastic Modulus (E1) = Stress/Strain = σ1/ε1

Poisson’s Ratio (ν12) = - Transverse strain/Applied strain = - ε2 /ε1

 x2

ε 3 = −ν13σ 1 / E1
ε 2 = −ν12σ 1 / E1
ε1 = σ 1 / E1 x1

x3
Applied Stresses
Normal Strains σ1 σ2 σ3
in − x1 σ 1 / E1 −ν 21σ 2 / E2 −ν 31σ 3 / E3
in − x2 −ν12σ 1 / E1 σ 2 / E2 −ν 32σ 3 / E3
in − x3 −ν13σ 1 / E1 −ν 23σ 2 / E2 σ 3 / E3

Shear stresses

Shear Strains
Planes x2-x3, x3 - x1 x1 - x2
τ 23 τ 31 τ 12
γ4 τ 23 / G23
γ5 τ 31 / G31
γ6 τ 12 / G12
Constitutive Equation

{ε } = [ S]{σ }
−ν 21 −ν 31
 ε1   1 E11 E22 E33 0 0 0   σ1 
 ε  −ν12 −ν 32  
 σ 2 
1
  −ν E11
0 0 0
 2
−ν 23
E22 E33
 ε 3   13 E11 1 0 0 0  σ3 
ε = γ  =  0
E22 E33
 
23  
1 0  σ 4 = τ 23
 4 0 0 G23 0
 
 ε 5 = γ 31   0 0 0 0 1 0  σ 5 = τ 31 
ε = γ   
G31
σ = τ 
 6 12  
 0 0 0 0 0 1
G12 
  6 12 

{σ } = [ S]−1{ε } or {σ } = [C ]{ε }

from Symmetry of S- matrix: Sij = S ji when i ≠ j

S12 = S21 S13 = S31 S23 = S32

ν ij ν ji ν ij Ei ν12 ν 21 ν13 ν 31 , and ν 23 = ν 32

Therefore = or = That is = , =
Ei E j ν ji Ej E1 E2 E1 E3 E2 E3
This is the well known Betti’s reciprocal law of orthotropic material properties.
Stress-Strain Equation
{σ } = [C ]{ε }

Where [C ] = [ S]−1

Coefficients of C are given by:

1−ν 23ν 32 ν 21 +ν13ν 23 ν12 +ν13ν 32
C11 = E2 E3 ∆ C12 = E2 E3 ∆ = E1 E3 ∆
1−ν13ν 31 ν 32 +ν12ν 31 ν 23 +ν 21ν 31
C22 = E1 E3 ∆ C23 = E1 E3 ∆ = E1 E2 ∆
1−ν12ν 21 ν13 +ν12ν 23 ν 31 +ν 21ν 32
C33 = E1 E2 ∆ C13 = E1 E2 ∆ = E2 E3 ∆

C44 = G23 , C55 = G13 , and C66 = G12

Where 1 −ν 21 −ν 31
∆= 1
E1 E2 E3 −ν12 1 −ν 32
−ν13 −ν 23 1
 Transversely Isotropic Material ( Plane : x2 − x3 )

E2 = E3
G12 = G13
ν12 = ν13
E2
G23 =
2(1 + ν 23 )

Restrictions on Elastic Constants of Orthotropic Materials

From Energy Principles, Lempriere showed that the Strain Energy is Positive
if the Stiffness and Compliance Matrices are Positive Definite.

Mathematical Argument

(a) If only one stress is applied at a time, then the work done is positive
if and only when the corresponding direct strain is positive. That is when
Sii > 0

Therefore: E1 , E2 , E3 , G12 , G23 , and G13 > 0

(b) Under suitable constraints, it is possible to deform a body in one-direction.
Then the work done will be positive if only when Cii > 0
1 − ν 23ν 32
C11 = E2 E3 ∆
>0
1 − ν 23ν 32 > 0 or ν 23ν 32 < 1

or
E2
ν 23 <
E3

Ei
In general ν ij <
Ej

Note all through ∆ was assumed to be greater than 0. This condition

would give additional equations. (refer to R. M. Jones.)
2.3 Constitutive Equations of a Thin Orthotropic Lamina
Two-Dimensional Bodies: Variation in stress and strain can be defined
by two-coordinates.
There are two types of problems.
(a) Plane strain - Thick bodies
ε z = γ xz = γ yz = 0 x2 , y, v

∴ τ xz = τ yz = 0 x3 , z, w

(b) Plane Stress - Thin bodies x1, x, u

σ z = τ xz = τ yz = 0
∴ ε z = γ xz = γ yz = 0
Strain-Stress Equation:
 ε1   S11 S12 0   σ 1  x2 , y, v
    
 ε 2  = S21 S22 0   σ 2  x3 , z, w
γ   0 0 S66  σ 12 
 12  
Or x1, x, u
 1 −ν12
ε
 1   E1 0  σ 
  −ν12
E1
 1 
ε
 2 =  E1
1
E2 0  σ 2 
γ   1  σ 
 12   0 0 G12   12 


Stress -Strain Equation:

 σ 1  Q11 Q12 0   ε1   σ 1   E1′ ′
E12 0   ε1 
         
 σ 2  = Q21 Q22 0  ε2   σ 2  =  E12
′ E2′ 0  ε2 
 Or 
σ   0 Q66  γ 12  σ   0 G12  γ 12 
 12   0  12   0

E E2 ν E ν E2
Where: E1′ = 1−ν121ν 21 E2′ = 1−ν
12ν 21
′ = 1−ν21 ν1 = 1−ν12
E12
12 21 12ν 21
2.4 Stress-Strain Relations for Arbitrary Orientation of a Lamina
y
(a) Transformation of coordinates
P(x,y)
x1 − x2 - Material coordinate system
x−y - Reference coordinate system
x
y x1
x2 P(x,y)
Consider a point P(x,y), its coordinates in x
x1 − x2 system is
x1
x1 = xCosθ + ySinθ y

x2 = − xSinθ + yCosθ θ
x2 x
or
 x1   Cosθ Sinθ   x   x1  α1x α1 y   x 
 =   or  x  = α 2 x α 2 y   y 
 x2  − Sinθ Cosθ   y  2 

Direction cosine matrix α ij where I = 1,2 and j = 1, 2

(b) Stress Transformation

We use tensors transfer stresses between the two coordinate systems

σ ij = α ikα jlσ kl i, j = 1, 2 and k , l = x, y
Example: i=j=1
σ 11 = α11α11σ xx + α11α12σ xy + α12α11σ yx + α12α12σ yy

If m = Cosθ and n = Sinθ Then

σ 11 = m 2σ xx + 2 mnσ xy + n 2σ yy

Similarly we can establish the other two stress components. Finally we can write

σ 11   m 2 mn  σ xx 
2
n2
   2  
σ 22  =  n m 2 −2 mn  σ yy 
σ  − mn mn m 2 − n 2  σ 
 12     xy 

{σ } x1 − x2 = [T ]{σ } x − y
or
{σ } x − y = [Tσ ]{σ } x1 − x2 where [Tσ ] = [T ]−1
[Tσ ] - is the stress transformation matrix.
 m 2 n2 −2 mn 
[Tσ ] = [T ]−1 = [T (−θ )] =  n2 m2 2 mn 
mn − mn m 2 − n 2 
 
(c) Strain Transformation

{ ε } x− yTen = [ Tσ ]{ ε } x1 − x2Ten

1 0 0   ε11 
 
{ ε } x− yTen = [ Tσ ]  0 1 0   ε 22 
 
 0 0 1 γ 
2   12  Eng

{ ε } x− yTen = [ Tσ ] [ H ]{ ε } x − x Eng
1 2

 1 0 0
{ ε } x− yEng = [ H ] −1 [ Tσ ] [ H ]{ ε } x − x Eng
1 2 [ H ] −1 =  0 1 0 
 0 0 2 
{ ε } x− yEng = [ Tε ]{ ε } x − x Eng
1 2

Where strain transformation matrix is:

 m2 n2 − mn 
[ Tε ] =  n2 m2 mn 

 2 mn −2 mn m 2 − n 2 
 (d) Stiffness Transformation
Let
{σ} xy = [Q] xy {ε} xy in x - y coordinate system

Let us start with stress equation

{σ} xy = [Tσ ] xy {σ}1− 2

= [Tσ ] xy [Q]1− 2 {ε}1− 2 {σ}1− 2 = [Q]1− 2 {ε}1− 2

{σ} xy = [Tσ ][Q]1− 2 [Tε ]−1 {ε} xy {ε}1− 2 = [Tε ]−1 {ε} xy

{σ} xy = [Tσ ][Q]1− 2 [Tσ ]T {ε} xy

[Q] xy = [Tσ ][Q]1− 2 [Tσ ]T

 Qxx Qxy Qxs  Q11 Q21 0 
 
Qyx  = [Tσ ]Q12 0 [Tσ ]
T
Qyx Qyy

Q22

 Qsx Qsy 
Qss   0 0 Q66 


where
E11
Q11 =
1 − ν12 ν21

E22
Q22 =
1 − ν12 ν21

ν12 E22 ν21 E11

Q12 = =
1 − ν12 ν21 1 − ν12 ν21

Q66 = G12
 Elements pf [Q]xy matrix

Qxx = m 4 Q11 + n 4 Q22 + 2 m 2 n 2 Q12 + 4 m 2 n 2 Q66

Qyy = n 4 Q11 + m 4 Q22 + 2 m 2 n 2 Q12 + 4 m 2 n 2 Q66

( )
Qxy = m 2 n 2 Q11 + m 2 n 2 Q22 + m 4 + n 4 Q12 − 4 m 2 n 2 Q66

( ) (
Qxs = m 3 nQ11 − mn 3Q22 + mn 3 − m 3 n Q12 + 2 mn 3 − m 3 n Q66 )
Qys = mn 3Q11 − m 3 nQ22 + ( m 3 n − mn 3 )Q12 + 2( m 3 n − mn 3 )Q66

Qss = m 2 n 2 Q11 + m 2 n 2 Q22 − 2 m 2 n 2 Q12 + ( m 2 − n 2 ) Q66

2

Notice in the [Q] xy matrix

• It is fully populated - means normal-shear coupling.
• Although 4 independent constants were used; we have ‘6’ unknowns.
(e) Compliance Matrix

{ε } xy = [Tε ]{ε } x 1 − x 2
= [Tε ][ S] x 1 − x 2 {σ } x 1 − x 2

{ε } xy = [Tε ][ S] x 1 − x 2 [Tσ ] {σ } x − y
−1

{ε } xy = [ S] x − y {σ } x − y [ S] x − y = [Tε ][ S]1− 2 [Tε ]

T
where

 ε x  Sxx Sxy Sxs  σ xx 

    
 ε y  = Syx Syy Sys  σ yy 
γ   S Ssy Sss  σ xy 
 xy   sx
S xx = m 4 S11 + n 4 S22 + 2 m 2 n 2 S12 + m 2 n 2 S66

Syy = n 4 S11 + m 4 S22 + 2 m 2 n 2 S12 + m 2 n 2 S66

( )
S xy = m 2 n 2 S11 + m 2 n 2 S22 + m 4 + n 4 S12 − m 2 n 2 S66

( ) (
S xs = 2 m 3 nS11 − 2 mn 3 S22 + 2 mn 3 − m 3 n S12 + mn 3 − m 3 n S66 )
( ) (
Sys = 2 mn 3 S11 − 2 m 3 nS22 + 2 m 3 n − mn 3 S12 + m 3 n − mn 3 S66 )
( )
2
Sss = 4 m 2 n 2 S11 + 4 m 2 n 2 S22 − 8m 2 n 2 S12 + m 2 − n 2 S66
 2.5 Engineering Constants of an Arbitrarily Oriented Laminate

Arbitrarily Oriented Lamina

Let us examine what happens when you apply σx in x direction.
We get ... y

εx - in x
εy
εy - in y

εx
and shear strain, γ xy
γ xy

σ σ θ
Ex = x or εx = x x
εx Ex
εy ν xy 1 1
ν xy = − ε y = − ν xy ε x = − σx ∴ Sxx = Ex =
εx Ex Ex Sxx
γ xy ν xy
Shear coupling coefficient ηxs = Syx = − ν xy = − Syx E x
εx Ex
η
or γ xy = ηxs ε x = xs σ x
Ex ηxs
Ssx = ηxs = Ssx E x
Ex
 Shear Coupling Coefficients:

Sxx =
1
Ex =
1 ηxs ->Ratio of shear strain γxy
Ex Sxx to normal strain εx due to
applied σx.
ν xy
Syx = − ν xy = − Syx E x
Ex ηsx ->Ratio of normal strain εx
to shear strain γxy due to
ηxs applied τxy.
Ssx = ηxs = Ssx E x
Ex
Similarly we have: ηys, ηsy

 1 ν yx ηsx 
 − 
 ε x   Ex Ey Gxy  
σ xx 
   ν xy 1 ηsy   
 ε y  = −  σ yy 
γ   E x Ey Gxy  
σ 
 xy   η η ys 1  xy 
xs
 E Ey Gxy 
 x
Engineering Constants of an Arbitrarily Oriented Lamina

1
Ex
=
m2
E1
2 2
(
m − n ν12 +
n2 2
E2
)
n − m ν21 +
2
G12
(
m2n2
)
1
=
n2 2
E y E1
(
n − m ν12 +
2 m2
E2
)
m − n ν21 +
2 2 m2n2
G12
( )
( )
2
1 4m n 2 2 2 2
4m n m2 − n2
= (1 + ν12 ) + (1 + ν21 ) +
Gxy E1 E2 G12

ν xy ν yx
Ex
=
Ey
=
m2
E1
2 2
(
m ν12 − n +
n2 2
E2
2
)
n ν21 − m +
m2n2
G12
( )
ηsx ηxs 2 mn 2
3
− 3
( )
( ) ( )
2 mn mn m n
= = m − n ν12 −
2
n − m ν21 +
2 2
G12 E x E1 E2 G12

ηsy ηys
3
− 3
( )
( ) ( )
2 mn 2 2 mn m n mn
= = n − m 2 ν12 − m 2 − n 2 ν21 +
G12 Ey E1 E2 G12
 Variation of Ex and Ey with Fiber Angle

Material: E1 = 10E2 & G12=0.45 E2

12 ν12=0.35 and E2 = 2 Msi

10

8 Ey
Ex
E2 E2
6

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Angle θ
 Variation of Gxy with Fiber Angle
1

0.8

Gxy
0.6
E2
0.4

0.2

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Angle θ
 Variation ofν xy with Fiber Angle
0.6

0.5

0.4
ν xy
0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 15 30 45 60 75 90

Angle θ
 Variation of η xs and η ys with Fiber Angle

0.5

0
ηys
-0.5

-1
ηxs
-1.5

-2

-2.5
0 15 30 45 60 75 90

Angle θ
 Engineering Constants of a Laminate

• N-Layers
• Each Layer can have different
Thickness, Orientation, and Material

N
T = ∑ ti
i =1

Stress-Strain in ith Layer {σ }i = [C ]i {ε }i {σ }av = T1 ∫ [C]dz{ε }

Assumption: Strain is constant through out the laminate
Average Stress in the laminate is: {σ }av = ∫ [C ] dzt {ε }
N 
= ∑ [C ]i ti {ε }
1
T
i =1 
{σ }av = [C ]av {ε } or {ε }av = [ S ]x − y {σ }av
For 3-D model stress-strain are six
For 2-D model stress-strain are three
Engineering Constants are:
S
Ex = 1 Gyz = v1 ν xy = − Syx
S xx S44 xx

Ey = 1
Syy
Gxz = v1
S55
S
ν xz = − S zx
xx

Ez = 1
Szz
Gxy = v1
S66
S
ν yz = − S zy
yy

MmLamCode: micromechanics and laminate analysis unidirectional code

mmTEXlam: micro and laminate analysis of textile fabric composite code
2.6 Hygrothermal Coefficients of a Lamina

2.6.1 Coefficients of Thermal Expansion

(a) Isotropic Materials

y
Original

b’ b x
l
l’ Expanded due to ∆T

l' −l
Coefficient of thermal expansion, α x = α y = α =
T T T
l∆T

Units: in/in/oF or m/m /oC

(B) Orthotropic Materials
x2
Deformed

b’
b

x1
l
l’
Original

Coefficient of thermal expansion

l' − l
In x1-direction α1 = l∆T
T

b' − b
In x2-direction α 2T =
b∆T
α1T 
 
Thermal strains: {ε } = α 2T ∆T
0 
 
2.6.2 Coefficients of Moisture Expansion
All organic composites absorbs moisture. The absorption depends on the relative
humidity to which it is exposed and its moisture content. For a given RH, temperature, and atmospheric pressure
composite will have a saturation value. This is moisture content that the material will reach, if it is exposed
for a very long time. This is a fixed value for a material. The moisture content is expressed as percent change
in weight of the material. Like thermal expansion,increase in moisture would also expands the material.
The orthotropic materials have two coefficients of moisture expansion, one along the fiber and the other
across the fiber.
x2
Deformed

Change in moisture ∆Μ
b’
b

x1
l
l’
Original

Coefficient of moisture expansion

β1M 
In x1-direction β1T = ll∆' −Ml  
b' − b
Moisture strains: ε M { } = β2M ∆M
In x2-direction β2T = b∆M  0 
 
2.6.3 Coefficients of Thermal & Moisture Expansion
for Lamina in Arbitrary Orientation
y
x2 x1 Recall the strain transformation:

{ε T }xy = [Tε ]{ε T }1− 2

x
Where  m2 n2 − mn 
 2 
[ ε] 
T = n m 2
mn 
2 mn −2 mn m − n 
2 2
 
m=cosθ and n=sinθ
Thermal strains in x-y due to ∆T are:
 ε x   m2 n2 − mn  α1T   α xT 
   2    
 εy  =  n m2 mn  α 2T ∆T =  α yT 
γ  2 mn −2 mn m 2 − n 2   0  α T 
 xy      xy 

Coefficients of thermal expansion in x-y:

α xT = m 2α1T + n 2α 2T α yT = n 2α1T + m 2α 2T α xy
T
= 2 mn(α1T − α 2T )
Coefficients of thermal expansion in x-y:

α xT = m 2α1T + n 2α 2T

α yT = n 2α1T + m 2α 2T

α xy
T
= 2 mn(α1T − α 2T )

Coefficients of moisture expansion in x-y:

β xM = m 2 β1M + n 2 β2M
β yM = n 2 β1M + m 2 β2M
β xy
M
= 2 mn( β1M − β2M )
 Summary

2.0 Introduction
• Equations of Motion
• Symmetric of Stresses
• Tensorial and Engineering Strains
• Symmetry of Constitutive Equations
2.1 Three-Dimensional Constitutive Equations
• General Anisotropic Materials
• Orthotropic Materials
• Transversely Isotropic Materials
• Isotropic Materials
2.2 Relation Between Mathematical & Engineering Constants
• Isotropic Materials
• Orthotropic Materials
2.3 Constitutive Equations for an Orthotropic Lamina
• Plane Strain Condition
• Plane Stress Condition
2.4 Constitutive Equations for an Arbitrarily Oriented Lamina
• Coordinate Transformation
• Stress Transformation
• Strain Transformation
• Stiffness and Compliance Matrix Transformation
2.5 Engineering Constants of a Laminate
• Lamina
• Laminate
2.6 Hygrothermal Coefficients of a Lamina