5.

1 Basic assumptions
5.2 Strain-Displacement Relations
5.3 Stress-Strain Relations
5.4 Stress Resultants

5.5 General Load-Displacement Relations

5.5.1 Laminate stiffness equation
5.5.2 Laminate compliance equation

5.6 Special Class of Laminates

Single layer
Symmetric laminates
Balanced laminates
Quasi-isotropic laminate

5.7 Laminate Engineering Properties

5.8 Analysis of Laminated Composite Structures

Laminate and Deformation Parameters
y

b
a
x

u0
z ub αxzb
A’
A B’ αx
B C’
zb w
y C D’
D
 5.1 Basic Assumptions

1. Each layer of the laminate is quasi-homogeneous and orthotropic.

2. The laminate is thin compared to the lateral dimensions and is
loaded in its plane.
3. State of stress is plane stress.
4. All displacements are small compared to the laminate thickness.
5. Displacements are continuous throughout the laminate.
6. Straight lines normal to the middle surface remain straight and
normal to that surface after deformation.
• In-plane displacements vary linearly through the thickness,
• Transverse shear strains (γxz & γyz) are negligible.
7.Transverse normal strain εz is negligible compared to the in-plane
strains εx and εy.
8. Strain-displacement and stress-strain relations are linear.
5.2 Strain-Displacement Relations

Displacements @ mid-plane
u0
u0 = u0 ( x , y) z ub A’
αxzb

v0 = v0 ( x, y) A B’ αx
B C’
w = f ( x, y) zb w
y C D’
D

From assumption 5 rotation of normal to the mid planes are

∂w
αx =
∂x
∂w
αy =
∂y
In-plane displacements @ B are:
∂w
u = u0 − z
∂x
∂w
v = v0 − z
∂y
From assumption 6, w(x,y,z) = w(x,y)
Using the small deformation linear theory (Assumption 3 & 7),
strain-displacement equations can be written as:
∂u ∂u0 ∂ 2w
εx = = −z 2
∂x ∂x ∂x
∂v ∂v0 ∂ 2w
εy = = −z 2
∂y ∂y ∂y
∂u ∂v ∂u0 ∂v0 ∂ 2w
γ xy =γs = + = + − 2z
∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂x∂y
ε z = γ xz = γ yz = 0
Where the mid-plane strains are Curvatures are:
given by:
∂u0 ∂ 2w
κx = − 2
ε x0 = ∂x
∂x
∂v0 ∂ 2w
κy = − 2
ε y0 = ∂y
∂y
∂u ∂v 2∂ 2w
γ xy
0
= γ s0 = 0 + 0 κ xy =κs = −
∂y ∂x ∂x∂y
 Strains at any point (x,y,z) are:

ε x   ε x  κ x 
0

ε  =  ε 0  + z κ 
 y  y   y
γ s  γ s0  κ s 

Layered Material
Isotropic/Orthotropic Material
z
z

t/2 ε max
t/2 ε max
4
3
x y 2 x
y
1

-t/2 −ε max
-t/2 −ε max
5.3 Stress-Strain Relations of an kth Layer in a Laminate

σ x  Qxx Qxy Qxs  ε x  z

σ  = Q Qyy Qys 
 ε 
 y  yx  y Kth Layer
 τ s  k  Qsx Qsy Qss  γ s  y
k

zk

Reference plane
x

σ x  Qxx Qxy Qxs   ε x0  Qxx Qxy Qxs  κ x 

σ  = Q   0   κ 
 y  yx Qyy Qys   ε y  + z Qyx Qyy Qys 
 y
 τ s  k  Qsx Qsy Qss  γ s0   Qsx Qsy Qss  κ s 
k   k

{ε }x,y + z[Q]
In short:
{σ } k
x ,y = [Q] k
x ,y
o k
x ,y {κ } x , y
 Isotropic/Single Layered Material
z

t/2 ε max

y x

-t/2 −ε max

Layered Material
z

Stress variation
t/2 ε max
4
3
y 2
x
1

-t/2 −ε max
 5.4 Force and Moment Resultants
y
z
t/2 Ns t/2
N xk = ∫ σ x dz Mx Ms M xk = ∫ σ x zdz
−t / 2 Nx −t / 2
t/2 t/2 t/2
Ns My
N yk = ∫ σ y dz -t/2
x M yk = ∫ σ y zdz
−t / 2 −t / 2
Ms
t/2 t/2

∫ τ s dz = = ∫ τ s z dz
Ny
k
N xy = N sk = k
M xy M sk
−t / 2 −t / 2

For layered materials:

Nx  n hk σ x  Mx  n hk σ x 
N  = σ  dz M  = σ  z dz
 y  k∑ =1
∫  y  y  k∑ =1
∫  y
 N s  hk −1
 τ s  k  Ms  hk −1
 τ s  k
  N x  n Qxx Qxy Qxs   ε x0  h Qxx Qxy Qxs  κ x  hk 
 N  = Q   0   κ  zdz 
k

 y  k∑  y ∫  y ∫
 yx Qyy Qys  ε dz + Qyx Qyy Qys  
 N s  = 1 Qsx Qsy Qss  γ s0  hk − 1  Qsx Qsy Qss  κ s  hk − 1 
 k  k 

n hk  0 n hk 
[ N ] x, y k
[ ]
=  ∑ [Q] x , y ∫ dz  ε +  ∑ [Q] x , y ∫ zdz [κ ] x , y
k

k =1 hk −1  k =1 
x, y
 hk −1

n  1 n
=  ∑ [Q] x , y (hk − hk −1 ) ε 0
k =1
k


[ ] x, y
 2 k =1
k
(
+  ∑ [Q] x , y hk2 − hk2−1 )[κ ] x, y

[ ]
= [ A] x , y ε 0
x, y
+ [ B] x , y [κ ] x , y

Where:

Ai, j = ∑ [Q]i, j (hk − hk −1)

n
k Extensional stiffness. It relates in-
plane loads to in-plane strains.
k =1

Coupling stiffness or in-plane/flexure

Bi,j = ∑ Q i, j hk − hk −1 )
1 n [ ]k ( 2 2
coupling laminate moduli. It relates
2 k =1 in-plane loads to curvatures and
moments to in-plane strains.
  M x  n Qxx Qxy Qxs   ε x0  h Qxx Qxy Qxs  κ x  hk 
 M  = Q   0   κ  z 2 dz 
k

 y  k∑  y ∫  y ∫
 yx Qyy Qys  ε zdz + Qyx Qyy Qys  
 Ms  = 1 Qsx Qsy Qss  γ s0  hk − 1
 
 Qsx Qsy Qss  κ s  hk − 1 
 k k 

1 n  1 n
[ M ] x, y
 2 k =1
k
(
=  ∑ [Q] x , y hk2 − hk2−1  ε 0

)[ ] x, y
 3 k =1
k
(
+  ∑ [Q] x , y hk3 − hk3−1 )[κ ] x, y

[ ]
= [ B] x , y ε 0
x, y
+ [ D] x , y [κ ] x , y

n
Ai, j = ∑ [Q]i, j (hk − hk −1 )
k

k =1
Coupling stiffness or in-plane/flexure

( )
n
1
[ ]
coupling laminate moduli. It relates
Bi, j = ∑ −
k 2 2
Q hk hk −1 in-plane loads to curvatures and
2 k =1 i, j
moments to in-plane strains.
1 n
Di, j = ∑ [Q]i, j hk3 − hk3−1
3 k =1
k
( ) Bending or flexural stiffness. It
relates moments to curvatures.
Final Load-Displacement Equation:
 N x   Axx Axy Axs  ε x0   Bxx Bxy Bxs  κ x 
N  = A Ayy
  
Ays  ε y0  +  Byx Byy

Bys  κ y 
 y   yx  
 N s   Asx Asy Ass  γ s0   Bsx Bsy Bss  κ s 

 M x   Bxx Bxy Bxs  ε x0   Dxx Dxy Dxs  κ x 

M  = B Byy
  
Bys  ε y0  +  Dyx Dyy

Dys  κ y 
 y   yx  
 M s   Bsx Bsy Bss  γ s0   Dsx Dsy Dss  κ s 

 N x   Axx Axy Axs Bxx Bxy Bxs  ε x0 

 N   Ayx Ayy Ays Byx Byy Bys  ε y0 
 y   
 N s   Asx Asy Ass Bsx Bsy Bss  γ s0   N   A B  ε 
o

 M x  =  Bxx Bxy Bxs Dxx Dxy Dxs  κ x  OR

 M  =  B D  κ 
         
 M y   Byx Byy Bys Dyx Dyy Dys  κ y 
 M s   Bsx Bsy Bss Dsx Dsy Dss  κ s 

Final Displacement-Load Equation:

ε x0  a xx a xy a xs b xx b xy b xs   N x 
 0  a b ys   N y 
ε y   yx
a yy a ys b yx b yy
 
γ s0   a sx a sy a ss bsx bsy bss   N s  ε o  a b   N 
κ  =  c xx c xy c xs d xx d xy d xs   M x  OR   = c d   M 
 x    κ    
κ y   c yx c yy c ys d yx d yy d ys   M y 
κ   c c sy c ss d sx d sy d ss   M s 
 s   sx
Where:

[ ] { [ ]} [C ]
−1
[a] = A −1 − [ B*] D *
[ A ] = inverse of matrix [ A]
*
−1

[b] = [ B ] [ D ]
∗ * −1
[ B ] = −[ A ] [ B]
∗ −1

[c] = −[ D ] [C ]
* −1 *
or [ c ] = [ b ]T [C ] = [ B] [ A ]
* −1

[ ]
[d ] = D *
−1
[ D ] = [ D] − {[ B] [ A ]} [ B]
* −1
5.6 Special Class of Laminates

Laminate Staking Sequence: (angle&thickness/. /. /. /angle N&thickness N)

Constant ply thickness laminate: Ply thickness h (0.005±.0005’)

(02/455/902/455/02)

Special Laminates:
Regular - Ply thickness is constant
NOTE: Add more discussion on Symmetric and Balanced
laminates

Note: Discuss design considerations

 Symmetric Laminates
A laminate in which for each layer on one side of a reference plane there is
an identical layer on the opposite of the reference plane at equal distance
with same thickness, material properties, and orientation.
Symmetric definition requires symmetry of both geometry and material properties.
Example: (0 2/455/902/455/02) = (02/455/90)s
z Then
1 n k 2
Bij = ∑ Qij (hk − hk2−1 )
z k=n 2 k =1
1 n k
k’ = ∑ Qij (hk + hk −1 )(hk − hk −1 )
hk' 2 k =1
x
hk n
k
= ∑ Qijk hk tk
k=2 k =1
k=1
t k = t k'
1
hk = − hk'
Where hk = ( hk + hk − 1 )
2
Qijk = k'
Qij (i, j = x, y, s ) t k = hk − hk − 1
Bij = 0, (I,j = x,y,s)
The load-deformation relations become:

 N x   Axx Axy Axs  ε xo 

N  = A   o
 y   yx
Ayy Ays  ε y 
 N s   Asx Asy Ass  γ so 
 
and
 M x   Dxx Dxy Dxs  κ x 
M  = D   
 y   yx
Dyy Dys  κ y 
 M s   Dsx Dsy Dss  κ s 
 

Special Cases:
a. isotropic layers
b. specially orthotropic layers layers
c. Angle-Ply layers
Balanced Laminate:
A laminate is balanced when it consists of pairs of layers with identical
thickness and elastic properties but have +θ/- θ orientation of their principal
material properties with respect to the laminate reference axes.
(152/455/30/-30/-455/-152 )
z Qxs (θ ) = m 3 n(Q11 − Q12 − 2Q66 ) + mn 3 (Q12 − Q22 + 2Q66 )
where m = cos θ and n = sinθ .
z k=n
Qis (θ ) = −Qis ( −θ )
−θ K’
Pair
θ k
For each balanced pair of layers k and k'
x t k = t k'
θ k = −θ k'
k=2
k=1 n n
Ais = ∑ Qisk (hk − hk −1 ) = ∑ Qisk t k
k =1 k =1

Where I = x, y

Therefore, for each pair Ais = 0 (i=x,y)

 Types of Balanced Laminates:
Symmetric: [±θ1/±θ2]s
Antisymmetric: [θ1/θ2/−θ2/−θ1]
Asymmetric: [θ1/θ2/−θ1/−θ2]

Read section 5.8 of text book

b. Antisymmetric Laminate

1 n k 3
Dis = ∑ Qis (hk − hk3−1 ) = 0
3 k =1
(hk3 − hk3−1 ) = (hk3' − hk3' −1 )
k'
Qisk = −Qis

 N x   Axx Axy 0 Bxx Bxy Bxs   ε xo 

 N  A Ayy 0 Byx Byy Bys   ε yo 
 y   yx  
 Ns   0 0 Ass Bsx Bsy Bss  γ so 
M  = B Bxy Bxs Dxx Dxy 0  κ x 
 x   xx 
 M y   Byx Byy Bys Dyx Dyy 0  κ y 
    
 M s   Bsx Bsy Bss 0 0 Dss  κ s 
c. Antisymmetric Cross-ply Laminate (0/90) n
z k = − z k' Axx = Ayy
t k = t k' Axs = Ays = 0
k
Qxx = k'
Qyy Bxx = − Byy
k' Bxy = Bxs = Bys = Bss = 0
k
Qyy = Qxx
Dxx = Dyy
k'
k
Qxy = Qxy
k' k'
Dxs = Dys = 0
k
Qxs = k
Qys = Qxs = Qys =0

 N x   Axx Axy 0 Bxx 0 0   ε xo 

 N  A − Bxx  o 
 ε y 
Axx 0 0 0
 y   yx
 Ns   0 0 Ass 0 0 0  γ so 
M  = B  
 κ x 
0 0 Dxx Dxy 0
 x   xx
My   0 − Bxx 0 Dyx Dxx 0  κ y 
    
 Ms   0 0 0 0 0 Dss  κ s 
 Quasi-Isotropic Laminates
y
y
[ A] x , y = [ A] x , y = constant
[a] x , y = [a] x , y = constant
E x = E x = constant
x
ϕ G xy = G xy = constant
x υ xy = υ xy = constant
η xs = η ys = η xs = η ys = 0

0 / π / 2π / K / n − 1 π   π / 2π / K / π 
 n n  s or  n n  s
n

Lay-up is quasi-isotropic for any integer n greater than 2.

Other quasi-isotropic lay-ups: [0 / ± 45 / 90]s

[0 / 60 /− 60]s
 5.7 Laminate Engineering Properties

 ε xo  axx axy axs  Nx 

 o   N 
y Ny  ε y  = ayx ayy ays 
 y
Nxy γ so   asx asy ass   Ns 
  
Nx Nx Where [a] = [ A]−1 For symmetric laminate

{ }
[a] = [ A −1 ] − [ B* ][ D* − 1 ] [C * ]
x For general laminate
Nxy
σ x   N x 
Average stress: σ y  =  N y 
Ny 1
   h
 τ s   Ns 

 1 ν yx ηsx 
 − 
 ε x   Ex
o Ey Gxy 
Nx 
Average strain and stress  o   ν xy 1 ηsy  N  1
are related by ε y  = − E Ey Gxy   y h
γ so   x   Ns 
   η xs η ys 1 
 E Ey Gxy 
 x
 Where:
Ex , Ey = Laminate effective Young’s moduli in the x- and y- directions, respectively

ν xy , ν yx = Laminate effective Poisson’s ratios

η xs , η ys , ηsx , ηsy = Laminate effective shear coupling coefficients

Laminate constants and the [a] are related by:

1 1 1
Ex = , Ey = , Gxy =
haxx hayy hass
ayx axy axs
ν xy = − , ν yx = − , ηsx =
axx ayy ass

asx asy ays

η xs = , η ys = , ηsy =
axx ayy ass
Further,
ν xy ν yx η xs ηsx η ys ηsy
= = =
Ex Ey Ex Gxy Ey Gxy

Note: if the laminate is non symmetric, use the [a] given by

{
[a] = [ A]−1 − [ B* ][ D* ]
−1
}[C ]
*
5.8 Analysis Of Laminated Composite Structures
Mechanics
Equation
Classical methods
Governing
Differential Equations Energy
& Formulation
Boundary Conditions

Calculate
Displacement
Field

Calculate
Strain-Stress
Field

Apply Failure
Criteria
Summary
5.1 Basic assumptions
5.2 Strain-Displacement Relations
5.3 Stress-Strain Relations
5.4 Stress Resultants
5.5 General Load-Displacement Relations
5.5.1 Laminate stiffness equation
5.5.2 Laminate compliance equation

5.6 Special Class of Laminates

Single layer
Symmetric laminates
Balanced laminates
Quasi-isotropic laminates

5.7 Laminate Engineering Properties

5.8 Analysis of Laminated Composite Structures