MECH 303 Chapter4

4 -1
Chapter 4 Solution of Plane Problems in Polar Coordinates

4.1 Equilibrium equations in polar coordinates



Equilibrium condition oI the element in radial, tangential directions, and
the equilibrium oI moment lead to

,
|
= + +

= +

0
2 1
0
1

t t

o
o o

t o

r r r

r r r
r r
r
r r r


and
r r
t t = , K
r
and K

are the radial and circumIerential

components oI body Iorce.

* how to remember and to derive the above equilibrium equations



y

d
r

C
P
B
o

t
r

o
r
t
r

t
t

d
r
r

o
o

+
dr
r
r
r

+
o
o
dr
r
r
r

t
t
dr
K
r
K

O
MECH 303 Chapter4
4 -2
4.2 Geometrical and Physical equations in polar coordinates


DeIinition oI strains: 1
r
, 1

,
r
, displacements
r
u ,

u r, ).

O
I only radial displacement takes place as shown in (a), then



r
u
r
r

= 1
,
r
u
r
=

1
,

=
r
r
u
r
1

O iI only the circumIerential displacement takes place in (b), then we have

0 =
r
1
,

=
u
r
1
,
r
u
r
u
r

=


O n the general case , we obtain the geometric equations:

r
u
r
r

= 1
,

+ =
u
r r
u
r
1
,
r
u
r
u u
r
r
r

=
1


A : Starting Irom that u
r
and u

are continuous Iunctions oI r and , derive

the compatibility equations between 1
r
, 1

,
r .

B
B`
u
r


d
r
O
y

dr
P`
P
A
A`
B
B
u

d`
r
O
y

dr
P
P
A
A
(a)
(b)
MECH 303 Chapter4
4 -3
Physical equations: since polar coordinates r and are orthogonal , just as
the rectangular coordinates and y , the physical equations between stress
and strain must have the same Iorm, i.e. ,

o o 1 =
r r
E
1

r
E
o o 1

=
1

t
r r r
E G
+
= =
1 2 1

For a plane strain problem, simply replace E by

2
1
E
, by

1



MECH 303 Chapter4
4 -4
4.3 Stress function and compatibility equations in polar coordinates.

Stress Iunction (.) = , in rectangular coordinates and , r
in polar coordinates

%he relations between polar and rectangular coordinates:


2 2 2
r + = ,

arctan = ( , y) (r , )
cos r = , sin r = (r , ) ( , y)

,
|

r r
r
r
r r
r
r
cos
sin
sin
cos

r , , ,
~
, = =

......
2
2
=

, .....
2
2
=

, ......
2
=

Iunctions oI r,

Derive:

o ,
2
2
r f

= ,

o ,
1 2
2
r f

= ,

t ,
2
2
r f

Prove that:

,
|

'
+

'

= = =

= = =

= = =
=
= =
= =

t t

o o

o o



r r
r
r r r
r

r
1
, 0
, 0
1 1
, 0
0
2
2
0
2
2
0
2
2
2
0
2
2
0


A: t is easy to veriIy that the above stress epressions satisIy the equations
oI equilibrium when
r

0.
MECH 303 Chapter4
4 -5

A: On the other hand, we can prove that

2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
1 1

r r r r
,


So the compatibility equation in rectangular coordinates

0
2
2
2
2
2
=

'
+

'

becomes that ( in polar coordinates)

0
1 1
2
2
2
2 2
2
=

'
+

'

r r r r


A: n summary : n solving a plane problem in polar coordinates, it is
necessary to solve only the above compatibility equation Ior stress
Iunction , then obtain the stress components which satisIy the boundary
condition and condition oI single-valued displacements. Most oI case, the
inverse or semi-inverse methods are employed.

A:



MECH 303 Chapter4
4 -6
4.4 Coordinate transformation of stress components

By equilibrium analysis, we have Iollowing relations between stress

components in two-coordinates systems:

A: t
o o o o
o 2 sin 2 cos
2 2


r
+

+
+
=
t
o o o o
o

2 sin 2 cos
2 2

+
=

o o
t t

2 sin
2
2 cos

r

=

A:
t
o o o o
o


2 sin 2 cos
2 2
r
r r

+
+
=
t
o o o o
o


2 sin 2 cos
2 2
r
r r

+
=
t
o o
t

2 cos 2 sin
2
r
r

or t o o o

cos sin 2 sin cos
2 2
r r
+ =
B


O

y
a
b
c
o

t
y
t
r
t
r
o
r
o

t
r
t
y
o
y
o
r
t
r
(a)
o

B

O

y
a
b
c
o

t
y
t
y
o
y
t
r
o
r
o

t
r
t
y
o
y
o

t
y

(b)
MECH 303 Chapter4
4 -7
t o o o

cos sin 2 cos sin
2 2
r r
+ + =
t o o t

2 2
sin cos cos sin + =
r r

MECH 303 Chapter4
4 -8
4.5 isymmetrical stress and corresponding displacements

ow we apply inverse method to assume that (r), then we have:
,
1
dr
d
r
r

o = ,
2
2
dr
d
o

= 0 = =
r r
t t

%he compatibility Equation reduces to

0
1
2
2
2
=

'
+

'

+
dr
d
r dr
d

%he general solution oI this ordinary diIIerential equation is

A ln r B r
2
ln r C r
2
D,

where A, B,C, D are arbitrary constants, the stress then becomes

0
2 ) ln 2 3 (
2 ) ln 2 1 (
2
2
= =
+ + + =
+ + + =
r r
r
C r B
r
A
C r B
r
A

t t
o
o

t is seen that the stress distribution is symmetrical with respect to any

plane passing through the z ais, and this is said to be symmetrical about
the ais.

By using physical equations, we obtain strain oI aisymmetrical
problems:

0
1
1 2 ln 1 2 3 1
1 1
1 2 ln 1 2 3 1 1
1
2
2
= =

+ + + + = =

+ + + + = =

1
r
r
r
r
r
u u u
C r B B
r
A
E
u
r r
u
C r B B
r
A
E r
u

MECH 303 Chapter4
4 -9

By integration, we obtain displacements: (using above 3 equations)

+ =
+

+ + + + =
r f d f
E
Br
u
f Cr Br r Br
r
A
E
u
r
1
4
, 1 2 3 1 1 ln 1 2 1
1

+ = =

d f
d
df
dr
r df
r r f
r
1
1
0

where f() and f

1
(r) are respectively arbitrary Iunctions oI and r

,
|
= +
=

d f
d
df

dr
r df
r r f

1
1
F is a constant

Irom which we obtain:

I
1
(r) HrF, H is an arbitrary constant.
I() cos K sin, ,K are arbitrary constants.

Finally, we have the displacement solutions Ior the aisymmetric
problems

sin sin
4
sin cos 1 2 3 1 1 ln 1 2 1
1
r
E
Br
u
Cr Br r Br
r
A
E
u
r
+ + =
+ +

+ + + + =

%he arbitrary constants A, B, C, H, , K can be determined by known

(boundary) conditions. t is noted that the displacements are usually not
MECH 303 Chapter4
4 -10
symmetrical about the z ais.

For plane strain problem, the solution is obtained by simply replace

E

,
1
2

E

1
.
4.5 4.6 Hollow cylinder subjected to uniform pressures

Evidently the stress distribution must be aisymmetrical, then the stress

components can be epressed by

, 2 ln 2 3
, 2 ln 2 1
2
2
C r B
r
A
C r B
r
A
r
+ + + =
+ + + =

o
o
. 0 = =
r r
t t

%he above arbitrary constants A, B, C are determined by

(1)boundary conditions:

; 0 ; 0

8ati8fied alread
- r r a r r
= =
= =
t t

-
- r
r a
a r
r
q q = =
= =
o o ,

(2)single-valued displacement condition

q
a

o

o
r
(b)
q
b

o

o
r

(c)
q
a

q
b

(a)
a
b
MECH 303 Chapter4
4 -11

sin sin
4
0 , sin
r
E
Br
u
B take mu8t we 84 ;alued gle n4t
+ + =
= T

,

So Iinally, we have the stress components:
. , , 0
1
1
1
1
,
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
8tre88 principal are
q
-
a
r
a
q
a
-
r
-
q
-
a
r
a
q
a
-
r
-
r r r
- a - a r

o o t t
o o
= =

'
+

'

'
+

'

'
+

'

'
+

'

'
+

'

'
+

'

'
+

'

'
+

'

=


I q
b
0, only internal pressure q
a
acts,

~ give the stress epressions

~ give the stress epressions iI -a M (large body with a circular hole oI

radius a)

I q
a
0, only eternal pressure q
b
acts,

~ give the stress epressions

~ give the stress epressions when a- 0.