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Chapter1:Stress

Introduction
Mechanics of materials is a study of the relationship

between the external loads on a body and the intensity of the internal loads within the body. i t it f th i t ll d ithi th b d
This subject also involves the deformations and

stability of a body when subjected to external forces.

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Equilibrium of a Deformable Body

External Forces 1. Surface Forces - caused by direct contact of other bodys surface
2. Body Forces
- other body exerts a force

without contact

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Equilibrium of a Deformable Body

Reactions Surface forces developed at the supports/points of contact between bodies.

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Equilibrium of a Deformable Body

Equations of Equilibrium Equilibrium of a body requires a balance of forces and a balance of moments

F = 0
x

M
z z

=0

For a body with x, y, z coordinate system with origin O,

F = 0, F M = 0,M
x

y y

= 0,

F = 0,M

=0

=0

Best way to account for these forces is to draw the bodys free-body diagram (FBD).

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Equilibrium of a Deformable Body

Internal Resultant Loadings Objective of FBD is to determine the resultant force and moment acting within a body. In general, there are 4 different types of resultant loadings: a) Normal force, N b) Shear force, V c) Torsional moment or torque, T d) Bending moment, M

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Example 1.1
Determine the resultant internal loadings acting on the cross section at C of the beam.

Solution:
Free body Diagram Distributed loading at C is found by proportion, w 270 = w = 180 N m 6 9 Magnitude of the resultant of the distributed load,

F=
which acts
1 3

1 2

(180)(6) = 540 N
from C

(6) = 2m

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Solution:
Equations of Equilibrium

Applying the equations of equilibrium we have + Fx = 0; NC = 0

+ Fy = 0; + M C = 0;

N C = 0 (Ans) VC 540 = 0 M C 540(2) = 0 M C = 1080 N m (Ans) VC = 540 (Ans)

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Example 1.5
Determine the resultant internal loadings acting on the cross section at B of the pipe. The pipe has a mass of 2 kg/m and is subjected to both a vertical force of 50 N and a couple moment of 70 Nm at its end A. It is fixed to the wall at C.

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Solution
Free-Body Diagram

Calculating the weight of each segment of pipe,

WBD = (2 )(0.5)(9.81) = 9.81 N

WAD = (2)(1.25)(9.81) = 24.525 N

Applying the six scalar equations of equilibrium,

(M ) (M ) (M )

B x

= 0; = 0; = 0;

B y

B z

(FB )x = 0 (Ans) (FB )y = 0 (Ans) y = 0; (FB )z 9.81 24.525 50 = 0 z = 0; (FB )x = 84.3 N (Ans) (M B )x + 70 50(0.5) 24.525(0.5) 9.81(0.25) = 0 (M B )x = 30.3N m (Ans) (M B )y + 24.525(0.625) + 50(1.25) = 0 (M B )y = 77.8N m (Ans) (M B )z = 0 (Ans)

F F F

= 0;

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Stress
Distribution of internal loading is important in mechanics of materials. We will consider the material to be continuous. This intensity of internal force at a point is called stress.

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Stress
Normal Stress Force per unit area acting normal to A
z = lim
A0

Fz A

Shear Stress Force per unit area acting tangent to A

zx = lim
A0

zy = lim

Fx A Fy A

A0

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Average Normal Stress in an Axially Loaded Bar

When a cross-sectional area bar is subjected to axial force through the centroid, it is only subjected to normal stress. t l t Stress is assumed to be averaged over the area.

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Average Normal Stress in an Axially Loaded Bar

Average Normal Stress Distribution When a bar is subjected to a constant deformation,

dF = dA
A

P = A P = A

= average normal stress P = resultant normal force A = cross sectional area of bar

Equilibrium 2 normal stress components that are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction.

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Example 1.6
The bar has a constant width of 35 mm and a thickness of 10 mm. Determine the maximum average normal stress in the bar when it is subjected to the loading shown.

Solution:
By inspection, different sections have different internal forces.

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Solution:
Graphically, the normal force diagram is as shown.

By inspection, the largest loading is in region BC,

PBC = 30 kN
Since the cross-sectional area of the bar is constant constant, the largest average normal stress is

BC =

PBC 30 103 = = 85.7 MPa (Ans) (0.035)(0.01) A

( )

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Example 1.8
The casting is made of steel that has a specific weight of st = 80 kN/m 3 . Determine the average compressive stress acting at points A and B.

Solution:
By drawing a free-body diagram of the top segment, the internal axial force P at the section is

+ Fz = 0;

P Wst = 0 P (80)(0.8) (0.2) = 0 P = 8.042 kN

2

The average compressive stress becomes

P 8.042 = = 64.0 kN/m 2 (Ans) A (0.2 )2

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Average Shear Stress

The average shear stress distributed over each sectioned area that develops a shear force.
avg =
V A

= average shear stress P = internal resultant shear force A = area at that section

2 different types of shear:

a) Single Shear b) Double Shear

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Example 1.12
The inclined member is subjected to a compressive force of 3000 N. Determine the average compressive stress along the smooth areas of contact defined by AB and BC, and the average shear stress along the horizontal plane defined by EDB.

Solution:
The compressive forces acting on the areas of contact are

+ Fx = 0; + Fy = 0;

4 FBC 3000( 5 ) = 0 FBC = 2400 N

3 FAB 3000( 5 ) = 0 FAB = 1800 N

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Solution:
The shear force acting on the sectioned horizontal plane EDB is

+ Fx = 0;

V = 1800 N

Average compressive stresses along the AB and BC planes are

AB = BC

1800 = 1.80 N/mm 2 (Ans) (25)(40) 2400 = = 1.20 N/mm 2 (Ans) (50)(40)

Average shear stress acting on the BD plane is

avg =

(75)(40)

1800

= 0.60 N/mm 2 (Ans)

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Allowable Stress
Many unknown factors that influence the actual stress in a member. A factor of safety is needed to obtained allowable load. The factor of safety (F.S.) is a ratio of the failure load divided by the allowable load
F .S = F .S = F fail Fallow

fail allow fail F .S = allow

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Example 1.14
The control arm is subjected to the loading. Determine to the nearest 5 mm the required diameter of the steel pin at C if the allowable shear stress for the steel is allowable = 55 MPa . Note in the figure that the pin is subjected to double shear.

Solution:
For equilibrium we have

+ F y = 0;

+ F x = 0;

+ M C = 0;

4 15 C x + 25( 5 ) = 0 C x = 5 kN

3 FAB (0.2 ) = 15(0.075) 25( 5 )(0.125) = 0 FAB = 15 kN

3 C y 15 25( 5 ) = 0 C y = 30 kN

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Solution:
The pin at C resists the resultant force at C. Therefore,

FC =

(5)2 (30)2

= 30.41 kN

The pin is subjected to double shear, a shear force of 15.205 kN acts over its crosssectional area between the arm and each supporting leaf for the pin. The required area is

A=

allowable
2

15.205 = 276.45 10 6 m 2 55 103

d = 246.45 mm 2 2 d = 18.8 mm
Use a pin with a diameter of d = 20 mm. (Ans)

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Example 1.17
The rigid bar AB supported by a steel rod AC having a diameter of 20 mm and an aluminum block having a cross sectional area of 1800 mm2. The 18-mm-diameter pins at A and C are subjected to single shear. If the failure stress for the steel and ( st ) fail = 680 MPa ( al ) fail = 70respectively, and the failure MPa aluminum is and fail = 900 MPa shear stress for each pin is , determine the largest load P that can be applied to the bar. Apply a factor of safety of F.S. = 2.

Solution:
The allowable stresses are

680 = 340 MPa F .S . 2 ( ) ( al )allow = al fail = 70 = 35 MPa F .S . 2 fail 900 allow = = = 450 MPa F .S . 2 =
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( stt )allow = ll

( st ) fail

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Solution:
There are three unknowns and we apply the equations of equilibrium,

+ M A = 0;

+ M B = 0;

P(1.25) FAC (2) = 0 FB (2) P (0.75) = 0

(1) (2)

We will now determine each value of P that creates the allowable stress in the rod, block, and pins, respectively. For rod AC, FAC = ( st )allow ( AAC ) = 340 106 (0.01) = 106.8 kN
2

( )[

Using Eq. 1, P = (106.8)(2) = 171 kN 1.25 Using Eq. 2, P = (63.0 )(2 ) = 168 kN 0.75

6 6 For block B, FB = ( al )allow AB = 35 10 1800 10 = 63.0 kN

( )[

)]

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Solution:
For pin A or C, V = FAC = allow A = 450 106 (0.009)2 = 114.5 kN Using Eq. 1, P = g q ,

( )[

(114.5)(2) = 183 kN
1.25

When P reaches its smallest value (168 kN), it develops the allowable normal stress in the aluminium block. Hence,

P = 168 kN (Ans)

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