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SIR SYED UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

BIOMECHANICS

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CONTENTS

Introduction Page # 3 Components used. Page # 4 Project Description.. Page # 5 Practical applications of the project Page # 6 Total Cost.. Page # 6 Sources of errors.. Page # 7

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INTRODUCTION
Goniometer
A goniometer is an instrument that either measures an angle or allows an object to be rotated to a precise angular position. The term goniometry is derived from two Greek words, gnia, meaningangle, and metron, meaning measure.Finger goniometer one for measuring the limits of
flexion and extension of the joints between the phalanges of the fingers.

The Goniometer consists of the two scale, protractor, strap band and the four support which are attached to the scale. There are different types of Goniometers, the first one is the Mechanical Goniometer, which only gives the measurement of the angles of Flexion and Extension. Another type of Goniometer is the Electronic Goniometer from which we can measure the voltages at the different positions of the Flexion and Extension of the Upper or the Lower Limbs.

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COMPONENTS
1.

3600 protractor.

2.Two scales or wood pieces. 3.10K ohm Potentiometer. 4.Battery 9V. 5.Jumpers. 6.Well crow straps.
7.

Needle.

8.Analog Voltmeter.

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PROJECT DESCRIPTION
PROTRACTOR:
In geometry, a protractor is a circular or semicircular tool for measuring an angle or a circle. The units of measurement utilized are usually degrees. Some protractors are simple half-discs; these have existed since ancient times. More advanced protractors, such as the bevel protractor, have one or two swinging arms, which can be used to help measure the angle.

POTENTIOMETER:
A potentiometer informally, a pot, is a three-terminal resistor with a sliding contact that forms an adjustable voltage divider. If only two terminals are used (one side and the wiper), it acts as a variable resistor or rheostat. Potentiometers are commonly used to control electrical devices such as volume controls on audio equipment. Potentiometers operated by a mechanism can be used as position transducers, for example, in a joystick.

VELCRO STRAPS:
Velcro is the brand name of the first commercially marketed fabric hook-and-loop fastener, invented in 1948 by the Swiss electrical engineer George de Mestral. De Mestral patented Velcro in 1955, subsequently refinding and developing its practical manufacture until its commercial introduction in the late 1950s. The word Velcro is a portmanteau of the two French words velours and crochet, or "hook". Hook-and-loop fasteners consist of two components: typically, two lineal fabric strips (alternately round "dots" or squares) which are attached (e.g., sewn, adhered, etc.) to the opposing surfaces to be fastened. The first component features tiny hooks; the second features even smaller and "hairier" loops. When the two faces are pressed together, the hooks catch in the loops and the two pieces fasten or bind temporarily. When separated, by pulling or peeling the two surfaces apart, the velcro strips make a distinctive "ripping" sound.

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PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

In physical therapy and occupational therapy, a goniometer is an instrument which measures an axis and range of motion. If a patient or client experiences decreased range of motion in a joint (e.g. a knee or elbow), the therapist can use a goniometer to assess what the range of motion is prior to intervention, and then make sure the intervention is working by using the goniometer in subsequent interventions. Medical practitioners, (Physicians, Physical Therapists, and Nurse Practitioners) use a goniometer to document initial and subsequent range of motion, at the visits for Occupational injuries, and bydisability evaluators to determine a permanent disability. This is to evaluate progress, and also for medico-legal purposes. It is a tool to evaluate Waddell's signs (findings that may indicate symptom magnification.)

ESTIMATED COST IN THE CONSTRUCTION

Rupees 500

ERRORS IN THE PROJECT

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The goniometer is Electronic in type, though it has been tried to construct it in a perfect and error free way, but still a few errors maybe found in this model of the goniometer. Firstly, the most important or rather the most common error which can be or maybe found in this goniometer is that of the measurement of the angle during the movements of the flexion and extension. The protractor which is attached to one of the two arms of the goniometer, that particular protractor is attached with an adhesive and there might be a possibility that some angles may vary and may not accurate. But they will be approximately correct. Another error that may exist in the project may that of the potentiometer which is used in the project as the source of rotating the two arms of the goniometer and also this potentiometer is used to vary the voltage. The potentiometer is set in the goniometer in such a way that when the angle of the goniometer is around 180O , the voltage is measure at around 9V and so it tells that the potentiometer was set at 0 resistance when the hands of the goniometer measure 180O . So, it means that the readings on the voltmeter when we will measure the flexion or extension will decrease from 9V.