Type 1 Is an autoimmune disorder

that typically develops before 20 years of age. The pancreas makes no insulin or an extremely small amount of it.

Diabetes

Type 2- Typically develops after 50

years of age. The body neither uses its insulin effectively, or it does not produce enough insulin.

Pathophysiology & Epidemiology Progressive autoimmune destruction of B cells (80-90% reduction). (Lewis et. al., 2010). The body does not produce any insulin. The major contributing factor is exposure to a virus or genetic predisposition. Accounts for 5-10% of people with diabetes.

A genetic disease that is chronic and depends on the amount of insulin in the body. The pancreas no longer produces enough insulin or when cells stop responding to the insulin that is produced so that glucose in the blood cannot be absorbed into the cells of the body.

Pathophysiology & Epidemiology

The body produces endogenous insulin but is not enough insulin for the body to function normally. Majority of people diagnosed are overweight, however many have a genetic predisposition. Accounts for 90% of people with Diabetes. Four metabolic abnormalities contribute to development- insulin resistance, decrease in abilityof pancreas to produce insulin, inappropriate glucose production by liver, altered production of hormones and cytokines by adipose tissue (Lewis et. al., 2010).

7th leading cause of death in the U.S.

Signs/Symptoms- Long preclinical period lasting months-years. Manifests with. include pain,

vomiting, and

rapid breathing

S/S of both types - Sudden weight loss, excessive thirst, frequent urination, excessive hunger

Signs/Symptoms- slow healing of skin and blurred vision.

Diagnostic TestsHgA1C > 6.5%, Fasting Glucose > 126, Two hours plasma glucose level > 200, or random test >200.

Clinical Management- typically insulin dependent. Daily shots of insulin, often 4 or more times a day.

Management- Both types need to control the amount of glucose in the body by means of a balanced diet and exercise. more vegetables, fruit, and whole grains, eat fewer animal products and sweets., it keeps the blood glucose as near to normal as possible and decreases or possibly prevents the development of diabetesrelated health problems. Regular exercise is very useful for the person with diabetes.

Diagnostic TestsHgA1C > 6.5%, Fasting Glucose > 126, Two hours plasma glucose level > 200, or random test >200.

Clinical Managementtypically treated with a modified diet and oral medications.

Complications- increases the risk in the nerve disease diabetic neuropathy

Complications- Diabetic Ketoacidosis. Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome. Both types of unmanaged diabetes causes long term complications including diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, integumentary complications, infection & mental illness. It is also major contributing factor to heart disease and stroke.

Complications- may increase the risk of the heart disease

Referenceswww.diabetes.org Accessed June22nd, 2011.

Lewis, S.L., Dirksen, S.R., Heitkemper, M.M., Bucher, L., Camera, I.M. (2011). Medical-surgical nursing: Assessment and management of clinical problems, volume 1. (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier-Mosby. McCance, K.L., Huether, S.E. (2006). Pathophysiology: The biological basis for disease in adults and children. (5th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier-Mosby