INFERENCE ABOUT A POPULATION PROPORTION

Sample proportion

Standard error of

Assumptions: Sample of n independent measurements of any BINARY variable Check for normality : Confidence Interval o Level of C confidence (

where: then Assumptions: Sample of n independent measurements of any BINARY variable Check for normality :

INFERENCE USING THE STUDENT T-DISTRIBUTION

Inference about when is unknown Family of distributions Density depends on DEGREES OF FREEDOM Bell shaped and symmetric around (fatter tails than normal) As increases, the distribution becomes short tailed and progressively closer to the standard normal One Sample -test: o o Statistic:

has a

Assumptions: Set of n independent observations of a variable [use SRS] Distribution of the variable is approx. normal o CLT: dont use t-test for small or moderate as it doesnt work well. Does work well for large sample Confidence Interval for the MEAN ( unknown): o o o Level of C confidence (

from Assumptions: Set of n independent observations of a variable Distribution of variable is approx. normal

COMPARING TWO MEANS

Population Variable Mean Std. Dev. 1 X1 1 1 2 X2 2 2 Two Sample t-Test o vs. o o test statistic:

under null

where:

Assumptions: 2 samples are independent of each other Each sample consists of independent observations of a variable The distribution of each variable is approx. normal (in reality -test works even if no normal) Both X_1 and X_2 have same std. dev. () Confidence Interval for the mean difference o o o Level of C confidence = ( )

where from Assumptions: 2 samples are independent Sample consists of independent observations Distribution of each variable is approx. normal Both have same IF STD. DEV. NOT EQUAL use F-TEST PAIRED -test: o If the sets of data are NOT INDEPENDENT not appropriate to conduct 2 sample t-test i.e. o

vs.

Hypothesis Test:

Test Statistic:

under null

Confidence Interval Level of C confidence: (

from Assumptions: Set of n independent observations of a variable Distribution of paired difference is approx. normal

INFERENCE FOR TWO-WAY TABLES (Example)

Is there evidence that the gender ratio is different in different subjects?

CHI-SQUARE DISTRIBUTION o Indexed by degrees of freedom o o Not symmetrical right skewed Hypothesis Test: o o o o o o Expected Counts: Under has a CHI-SQUARE DISTRIBUTION | | (Table top right)

vs.

Assumptions: observations are independent sample size is large enough that all expected counts NOTE: for small draw similar to exponential curve; as increases graph spreads out

INFERENCE FOR REGRESSION

Need to make inferences about the true regression line ( ) based on sample Given the information Hypothesis Test: o vs. o o Test Statistic: P-val: | Given the information Confidence Interval o Level of C confidence: o from distribution; ASSUMPTIONS: o The observation are independent cant really test | o no trend around 0 line in residual plot o plots in qq-plot are close to line | o random scatter in residual plot