English for Specific Purpose 2nd Semester, 2010-2011 Atty. Priscilla Marie Abante Part I PARTS OF SPEECH 1.

NOUN a name of a person, place, thing or an abstract quality.

Properties: name, gender and case Number The number form of a noun is determined by the quality it indicates, whether it is singular (one) or plural (more than one). Pluralization of nouns add s or es to a word to make it plural. However, the following nouns have IRREGULAR PLURAL form: Singular Datum Oasis Analysis Crisis Bacillus Cumules Appendix Index Synopsis Vertebra Plural Data Oases Analyses Crises Bacilli Cumuli Appendices/appendixes Indices/indixes Synopses Verterbrae

Some nouns retain the same singular and plural forms: Singular Sheep Deer Swine Fish Plural Sheep Deer Swine Fish

Some nouns are plural in form and meaning: Arms Pants Goods Scissors Some nouns are plural in form but singular in meaning: Economics Ethics Mathematics

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Physics Add S to proper names (except those ending in s, sh, ch, x and z) Singular Tuesday Maria Alex Christmas Plural Tuesdays Marias Alexes Christmases

Add s/es to the principal word of compound nouns: Singular Editor-in-chief Son-in-law Stepmother Headboard Plural Editors-in-chief Sons-in-law Stepmothers Headboards

Add es to singular nouns ending in s, sh, ch, x and z: Singular Bus Brush Church Tax Plural Buses Brushes Churches Taxes

Add es to singular nouns ending in o preceded by a consonant: Singular Plural Potato Potatoes Tomato Tomatoes Volcano Volcanoes Echo Echoes Change the ending y to i and add es to singular nouns ending in y preceded by a consonant: Singular Lady Duty Mutiny Plural Ladies Duties Mutinues

Change the ending f or fe in singular to es: Singular Loaf Half Wife Knife Plural Loaves Halves Wives Knives

Change the vowel(s) within some singular nouns or add en:

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Singular Man Mouse Goose Child Tooth Ox Plural Men Mice Geese Children Teeth Oxen

Make both singular nouns in compound nouns plural: Singular Man-servant Woman-servant Plural Men-servants Women-servants

Add an s to letters, figures and short words: Singular L 8 If Not And But Plural Ls 8s Ifs Nots Ands Buts

Retain the plural form of nouns of foreign origin Singular Crietrion Madam Madame Radius Datum Alumnus Erratum Thesis Gender The gender of noun is determined by the sex of the object it stands for, whether it is masculine or feminine. To form feminine gender, add the suffixes ess, ienne, and ix to the masculine form Masculine Prince Lion Tiger Priest Sorcerer Comedian Equestrian Actor Host Aviator Feminine Princess Lioness Tigress Priestess Sorceress Comedienne Equestrienne Actress Hostess Aviatrix Plural Criteria Madams Mesdames Radii Data Alumni Errata Theses

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Mediator Prior Case The case form of a noun is determined by its function in a sentence. A noun may be in any of the following cases: nominative objective or possessive. Functions of nouns in the nominative case 1. Subject 2. Subjective complement or predicate nominative 3. Appositive with the subject Functions of nouns in the objective case 1. 2. 3. 4. Direct object Indirect object Object of the preposition Appositive with an object Mediatrix Prioress

Possessive nouns a noun is said to be in the possessive case if it is used to indicate ownership.

1. To form the possessive case of nouns, add the s to the singular or

plural form according to meaning intended: Singular Mothers hobby Officers wife Ladys choice Mans wear Students weakness Childs tantrums Plural Mothers hobby Officers wife Ladies choice Mens wear Students weakness Childrens tantrums

2. To indicate joint ownership expressed in terms of two nouns, joined

by the conjunction and, add the s to the second member of the compound only; on the other hand, the members of the compound noun should show the possessive form: Separate Ownership Chits and Nicks bed Titos, Vics and Joeys comedy acts Quintins and Rizals petitions

Joint Ownership Chit and Nicks bed Tito, Vic and Joeys comedy act Quintin and Rizals petition

At times an appositive is in the possession case to indicate ownership of the noun, it is in opposition with. Kinds of nouns

1. Concrete and Abstract Concrete nouns stand for objects perceptible to the senses; on the other hand, abstract nouns for ideas comprehensible through their manifestations perceptible to the senses. 2. Common and Proper Common nouns stand for the general concepts of things, persons and places while proper nouns name particular things, persons and places. 3. Collective Collective nouns stand for organized groups, in contrst, masses nouns stand for objects of fine composition that tend to form cohesive units. 4. Countable Nouns Countable nouns represent things that can be counted. They have simple forms and plural forms. 5. Non-countable Nouns Some nouns are not used in singular noun constructions. They do not have plural forms. These nouns fall under non-countable although one may feel that some of them are countable. A noun is a word used in various ways in the sentence. Its position determines its function.

1. Before the verb: as subject

Plants grow fast.

2. After the verb: as direct object

Emily threw the ball.

3. After the verb: as an indirect object

Maritess threw Nena the ball. 4. After a linking verb: as a subjective complement

Maritess is a good child. 5. After the direct object: as object complement We nominated Rodolfo president. 6. Beginning or end of sentence: as nominative of address.

Children, wash your hands. Wash your hands, children.

7. Distance, time and weight used before or after a verb: as adverbial objective He weighted 3 lbs. at birth. She walked three kilometers. 2. PRONOUNS is used as a noun substitute to avoid repeating the same noun many times or when a writer does not want to, or cannot give the name, place or thing he needs. Kinds of pronouns 1. Personal pronouns used as subject or object/complement. I You He, She, It We You They Me You Him, Her, It Us You Them

2. Demonstrative pronouns used to point out persons, places or objects. This These That Those

3. Interrogative pronouns used to ask questions. Who Whom Whose What Which Whoever Whomever Whosever Whatever Whichever

4. Relative pronouns refer to the noun or pronoun they follow. They are either singular or plural Who Whom Whose Which What Whoever Whomever Whosever Whichever Whatever

5. Reflexive/Intensive pronouns ends in suffix self or selves. They

refer back to the nouns or pronouns they follow or stress the importance of nouns or pronouns. Ourselves Yourselves Themselves

Myself Yourself Himself Herself Itself

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Oneself 6. Indefinite pronouns refer to no one in particular Anybody Everybody Nobody Somebody Anyone Everyone No one Everything Anything Someone Many None Some One All Few Others Such Both

7. Nominative or nominal used as subjects or complements. Pronouns take the place of nouns. They are called nominal when they are used as subject or complements. Nominative or nominal pronouns are personal pronouns. 3. ADJECTIVES is a word that describes a noun or a pronoun.

Classifications of adjectives: 1. Single-word modifiers The talented girl received a scholarship 2. Clause modifiers The man who is gentle is admired by women. 3. Phrase modifiers The laborer complained of difficulty. 4. ADVERBS it is a part of speech which modifies or describes a verb, an adjective or another adverb. Examples: The candidate is very intelligent. She answered the questions so clearly. That the audience applauded loudly. 5. CONJUNCTIONS words that connect words or group of words.

1. Coordinating conjunctions join only words or group of words that

are of equal importance: and, but, and or.

2. Correlative conjunctions conjunctions used in pairs: both, and

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neither, nor whether, or either, not only, but also. 6. PREPOSITIONS a part of speech that is used to connect nouns or pronouns and noun structures to other structures in the sentence. Prepositions show relationship between nouns or pronouns and other words in the sentence. Object of preposition are the nouns or pronouns within the prepositional phrase. Objects complete the meaning of prepositions. 7. INTERJECTIONS are words or short group of words used to express strong feelings. It is often followed by an exclamation mark (!). 8. VERBS are words that express action or indicates a state of being. Types of verbs: a. Transitive verb carries over the action from a does to a receiver. It needs a receiver of the action or a direct object. b. Intransitive verb does not carry over any action from another person or thing. It does not need an object to complete the meaning. c. Linking verbs join the subject to the predicate. Linking verbs cannot standalone. They need a predicate complement of subjective complement. Four principal parts of a verb: present, past, present participle and past participle. Example:
Regluar Attach Do Prese nt Attack Attack s Do Does Past Attacke d Did Present participl e Attackin g Doing Past participl e Attacke d Done

1. Verbs with no separate past tense Simple Form Bet Quit Burst Thrust Cost Past Form Bet Quit Burst Thrust Cost Past Participle Bet Quit Burst Thrust Cost

2. Verbs that add d irregularly

Simple Form Flee Past Form Fled Past Participle Fled

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Have Lay Hear Make Had Laid Heard Made Had Laid Heard Made

3. Verbs that changes d to t

Simple Form Bend Build Lend Spend Send Past Form Bent Built Lent Spent Sent Past Participle Bent Built Lent Spent Sent

4. Verbs that add t

Simple Form Catch Keep Dwell Creep Past Form Caught Kept Dwelt (dwelled) Crept Past Participle Caught Kept Dwelt (dwelled) Crept

5. Verbs having n in the past participle

Simple Form Bear Break Slay Rise Lie Past Form Bore Broke Slew Rose Lay Past Participle Borne Broken Slain Risen Lain

6. Vowel change verbs, with no separate past participle Simple Form Bind Shine Wire Slide Dig Past Form Bound Shone Wound Slid Dug Past Participle Bound Shone Wound Slid Dug

7. The in-an-un verbs

Simple Form Stink Spring Ring Sink Drink Past Form Stank Sprang Rang Sank Drank Past Participle Stunk Sprung Rung Sunk Drunk

Verbals is a verb in form but a noun, an adjective or an adverb in function. There are three kinds:

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a. Infinitive it is a verb in form but used as a noun To go to the moon is no longer an impossible dream. His ambition is to be millionaire at thirty. General Veloso intends to retire next year.

b. Gerund it is a verb in form ending in ing used as a noun

Smuggling is rampant. His hobby is collecting rare species of Philippine flora fauna. He passed the entrance examination by cheating. c. Participle the present and past participle of a verb may be used as adjective. The swinging couples burned time and money the whole night. Our couples burned time and money the whole night. Our finished products in ceramics compare favorably with those of other countries. Defeated and frustrated, the athlete committed suicide. The sunken treasure has been the object of an endless search. PROPERTIES OF VERBS 1. NUMBER the number form of a verb is either singular or plural. To form the singular form of a verb in the present tense, add s or es. 2. TENSE the tense form of a verb is determined by the time of action expressed by the verb, namely: simple, progressive and perfect tenses each having its present, past and future forms. a. SIMPLE TENSES The simple present tense is used to express the following: i. current situation

Printed fabrics fill the textile markets today. Teachers today depend heavily on audio-visual aids. ii. permanent condition

The North Pole is a region of snow and ice. Water has three states: solid, liquid and gaseous.

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iii. permanent location

The sun is 83,000,000 miles from the earth. Baguio is up North while Zamboanga is down South. iv. universal facts

All living things have souls. The planets travel around the sun. v. habitual action The Chinese celebrate every 10th of October. He changes the tires of his car every five years. vi. historical present (this is used in the narration of past events, in writing summaries and heading news report)

Mayor Bans Long Hair vii. future action

SS Veronica sails tonight. He flies next month. The simple past tense is used to express action that took place at a definite time in the past. PECABAR was founded in 1983. The President called an emergency meeting. The simple future tense is used to express an action at a future time. The verb form is a combination of either will or shall and the simple form of the verb in the present tense. We shall have classes for 190 days. b. PERFECT TENSE The present perfect tense is formed by either has or have and the past participle of the verb. It is used to express the following: 1. An action that began in the past and continues to the present. Pete Suarez has consistently won in the elections since 1960.

2. The present perfect progressive tense is used to indicate an

action which began in the past and continues to the present or

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future. The progressive form emphasizes the continuous nature of the action. She has been fighting for radical reforms in the government since she assumed office. Since time immemorial man has been searching for happiness. The past perfect tense is formed by the auxiliary had and the past participle. Ernesto had been a councilor and a cabinet member before he become a senator. Mr. Velasco had settled his financial obligation with the bank before he received another loan. The future perfect tense is formed by other shall have or will have and the past participle. It is used to express an action that shall have been completed before a definite time in the future. The Philippines shall have completed its industrialization program by 2005. By December, the Constitutional Convention will have written a new Constitution. c. PROGRESSIVE TENSE The present progressive tense is formed by the present form of be (am, are, is) and combined with the ing form of the main verb. It is used to indicate an action going on at the time of speaking or a future action. They are identifying the victims. The past progressive tense is formed by the past form of be (was, were) and combined with the ing form of the main verb. It indicates a past action going on at some specific past time or when another past action happened. When a loud explosion was heard, they were holding a meeting. The past progressive of go and an infinitive verb is used to denote an action which was planned or intended but which did not occur. The children were going to visit the zoo but it rained hard. The future progressive tense is formed by will be or shall be combined with the ing form of the main verb. It indicates an action that will be in progress at some future time. At this time tomorrow, he will be flying to Bacolod. The present perfect progressive tense is form by combining have

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been or has been and the present participle of the main verb. It is used to indicate an action which began in the past and continues to the present or future. The progressive form emphasizes the continuous nature of the action. The future perfect progressive tense is formed by combining will have been or shall have been and the present participle of the main verb. It emphasizes the continuous nature of the action. They will have been compiling the materials when the supervisor arrives. 3. MOOD shows the state of mind or the manner in which a statement is made. a. The Indicative Mood expresses a fact. b. The Imperative Mood is used to express a command or request. c. The Subjunctive Mood is used to express a condition contrary to fact, doubt, a supposition, a highly improbably condition, necessity, desire, parliamentary motions and prayer. 4. VOICE determined by the function of the subject, whether it is the doer or the receiver of the action. a. Active subject is the doer of the action. b. Passive the subject is the receiver of the action. Troublesome verbs Many verbs are misused due to the confusion that arises from differences in meaning and spelling. 1. Adopt adapt Adopt to take as ones own. Adapt to adjust in order to meet requirements. 2. Born borne Born refers to only to birth. It used in the passive voice. Borne to produce a child or to hold up. 3. Borrow lend Borrow to obtain temporary use of from another. Lend to grant temporary use of from another. 4. Bring take Bring in reference to motion toward the speaker. Take in reference to motion away from the speaker. 5. Emigrate immigrate Emigrate to move out of a country.

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Imigrate - to move to a country. 6. Learn teach Learn to acquire knowledge Teach to give instruction 7. Let leave Let to permit, to allow; it is usually followed by the verb in the present tense. Leave to go away, to part with. 8. Lie lay Lie to recline, intransitive. Lay to put, to place, transitive. 9. May can May to give permission Can the ability to do. 10.Precede proceed Precede to go before Proceed to go forward, to push through PARTS OF A SENTENCE SUBJECT is what or whom the sentence is about. a. Complete subject - tells what the sentence is about. b. Simple subject the doer of the action. PREDICATE - tells something about the subject. a. Complete predicate - tells what the simple subject does, is or has. b. Simple predicate - is the verb or verb phrase in a sentence.; can show action or state of being. DIRECT OBJECT (noun or pronoun) follows only an action verb. It is the receiver of the action. INDIRECT OBJECT (noun or pronoun) comes between the action verb and the direct object and tells to whom or for whom the direct object is for. PREDICATE NOMINATIVE (predicate noun or predicate pronoun) follows a state of being verb. It is used to predicate a description or identification of the subject. PREDICATE ADJECTIVE follows a linking verb and describes the simple subject. These adjectives describe the subject noun or subject pronoun.

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They are found in the complete predicate of a sentence.

FIVE BASIC SENTENCE PATTERNS: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Subject Action Verb (N-AV) Subject Action Verb Direct Object (N-AV-N) Subject Linking Verb Predicate Nominative (N-LV-N) Subject Linking Verb - Predicate Adjective (N-LV-A) Subject Action Verb Indirect Object Direct Object (N-AV-n-N)

SIMPLE SENTENCES consists of one independent thought or clause. The people work.
COMPLEX SENTENCES is a sentence containing one independent clause or thought and one or more subordinate clauses. A subordinate or dependent clause is a group of words with a subject and a predicate. It cannot function as a sentence. It depends on a larger construction, the independent clause, for completeness of meaning. 1. Adjective clause functions as an adjective by modifying a noun or pronoun. It connects with the independent clause by the relative pronoun who (whose, whome), which, or that or sometimes by when, where, or why. 2. Adverb clauses functions as adverbs, modifying verbs, adjectives or other adverbs. They tell how, when, where, to what degree, why or under what condition and are introduced and connected to the independent clauses by one of the subordinate conjunctions listed below: Adverb telling clause Introduced by subordinate conjunction Time (when) When(ever), while, after, before, since, as, as soon as Place (where) Where, wherever Manner (how) As, as if, as tough Clause (why) Because, since Purpose (why) So that, in order that Concession As though, even (under what though condition) Result (what That

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resulted) Comparisaon As, than (to what degree) 3. Noun clauses functions as nouns. They may be used as subjects, predicate nominatives and objects of the sentence, appositives of a noun, or objects of a preposition. They are linked to the independent clauses by the relative pronoun who (ever), which (ever), what (ever), or that or by when, where, why, how or whether. LOOSE SENTENCES the subject and predicate occur near the beginning of the sentence, followed by subordinate parts. PERIODIC SENTENCES is a sentence that builds up to a climax.