2.
Polar bonding with an unequal sharing of electrons between two
Compare
Ionic, Polar, and Non-polar Bonds
Definitions:
Ionic Bonding:
The formation of an Ionic bond is the result of the transfer of one or
more electrons from a metal onto a non-metal.
Covalent Bonding:
Bonding between non-metals consists of two electrons shared
between two atoms. In covalent bonding, the two electrons shared by
the atoms are attracted to the nucleus of both atoms. Neither atom
completely loses or gains electrons as in ionic bonding.
There are two types of covalent bonding:
1. Non-polar bonding with an equal sharing of electrons between
identical non metals (exception carbon/hydrogen).
different nonmetals. The number of shared electrons depends on the
number of electrons needed to complete the octet.
Comparison of Ionic, Polar and Non-Polar Bonding:
Whereas non-polar bonding involves the equal sharing of electrons
between identical non-metal atoms, POLAR BONDING is the
unequal sharing of electrons between two different non metal atoms.
A proper understanding of polar bonding is gained by viewing the
types of bonding on a continuum as in the diagram on the top left.
Ionic bonding is on one extreme with a complete transfer of electrons
forming charged ions. Non-polar covalent bonding with equal sharing
of electrons is at the other extreme. Somewhere in the middle but
favoring the covalent side is polar bonding with unequal sharing of
electrons and partial but incomplete transfer of electrons.
Comparison of Lewis Diagrams of Ionic, Polar and Non-Polar
Bonding:
The best way to show and represent the unequal sharing of electrons
would be by comparison with NaCl and HCl, and H2 using Lewis
diagrams.
The captions below correspond to the graphic on the bottom left.
IONIC: Complete transfer of electrons, therefore Na becomes
positive (lost e-) and Cl becomes negative (gained e-).
POLAR: Unequal sharing. Chlorine has a greater tendency to keep
its own electron and also draw away hydrogen's electron. It is NOT
completely successful. As a result only partial charges are
established. Hydrogen becomes partially positive since it has lost
control of its electron some of the time (H +). Chlorine becomes
partially negative since it gains hydrogen's electron some of the time
(Cl -).
In summary, a polar bond results when different atoms share
electrons. One atom will attract the bonding electrons more strongly
than the other atom and will acquire more than a half share of these
electrons. This leaves the other atom with less than a half share and
makes the electron distribution unsymmetrical. On a time-average
basis the electrons spending more time with one atom and cause it to
have a partial negative charge. The other atom, deficient in electrons,
acquires a partial positive charge.
NON-POLAR: Equal Sharing. Neither atom can dominate the other,
therefore the electrons are shared equally between them.
Metals and Nonmetals
As shown on the periodic table of the elements below, the majority of
the chemical elements in pure form are classified as metals. It seems
appropriate to describe what is meant by "metal" in general terms.
This general description is adapted from Shipman, et al.
Chemical Properties
Metals Nonmetals
• Usually have 1-3 • Usually have 4-8
electrons in their outer electrons in their outer
shell. shell.
• Lose their valence • Gain or share valence
electrons easily. electrons easily.
• Form oxides that are • Form oxides that are
basic. acidic.
• Are good reducing • Are good oxidizing
agents. agents.
• Have lower • Have higher
electronegativities. electronegativities.
Physical Properties
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