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1. Define an antenna.
transforming device.
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Volts/m)
independent of distance.
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Thus WA = WM+ Wm .
5.Define Directivity?
of an antenna.
Pattern.
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area(WA ).
i) Effective aperture.
Effective aperture(Ae).
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Scattering aperture(As.)
apertures.
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(dimensionless).
H= V / E.
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11
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polarization.
direction. i.e
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antenna.
power
wave.
W = I2 R
Rr = W/ I2
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radiation resistance.
width.(HPBW).
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-----------------------
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mutual impedance.
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sphere.
WA = 4p Pn ( q,f ) dW
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components.
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c. Collinear array.
d. Parasitic array.
to the array axis and also the plane containing the array
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coupling.
34. What is the condition on phase for the end fire array
___:KHQ_ _- _G__SURGXFHV_PD[LPXP_ILHOG_LQ_WKH_GLUHFWLRQ_
directivity is obtained by increasing the phase change EHWZHHQ_WKH_VRXUFHV_VR_WKD W__ _ -__ _G__ ___Q__
increased directivity.
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The normalized value of the total field is given by, _________( ______Q___VLQ___Q_ _________VLQ___ ________
is defined as twice the angle between the first null and the
37. List out the expression of beam width for broad side
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Broad side
array
End fire
array
2. Maximum Radiation is
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perpendicular
axis.
out of Phase _ _- _G
Maximum Radiation is
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same length.
length.
2.
also occurs.
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lobes.
power pattern.
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phase of the field with respect to the absolute angle for any
two sources are same then they are called similar point
sources.
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44.What is the advantage of pattern multiplication? ._Useful tool in designing antenna ._It approximates the pattern of a complicated array
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center to end.
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energy only in some desired directions. ._Isotropic source is not physically realizable
physically realizable.
50. List the arrays used for array tapering ._Binomial Array:Tapering follows the
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the midpoint, the field lines cut each other and new field
.Kraus Book)
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Where U_F_LV_WKH_SKDVH_UHWDUGDWLRQ
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given by
________________U _____
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dipole
given by
______________________$H _____ 2
A dipole antenna may be defined as a symmetrical antenna in which the two ends are
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A half wave antenna is the fundamental radio antenna of metal rod or tubing or thin
wire which has a physical length of half wavelength in free space at the frequency of
operation
wave Dipole
given by
Ae=0___ 2
Rr=73 ohm
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turns carrying radio frequency current.it may assume any shape (e.g.
circumference which will rise the magnetic field intensity called ferrite
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loop.
1. (OHFWULFDOO_6PDOO_&LUFXPIHUHQFH__ ____
2. (OHFWULFDOO_/DUJH__'LPHQVLRQ_FRPSDUDEOH_WR_ _
Electrically Small loop antennas is one in which the overall length of the loop is less
than one-tenth of the wavelength. Electrically Small loop antennas have small radiation
resistances that are usually smaller than their loop resistances.They are very poor radiators
Electrically Large loop antennas is one in which the overall length of the loop
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._It is used as probes for field measurements and as directional antennas for radio
wave navigation
73.What are the parameters to be considered for the design of an helical antenna?
1. Bandwidth
2. Gain
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3. Impedance
4. Axial Ratio
74.What are the types of radiation modes of operation for an helical antenna
The two types of radiation modes of operation possible for an helical antenna are:
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._Many satellites including weather satellites,data relay satellites all have helical
antennas
._It is on many othe probes of planets and comets,including moon and mars,being used
alone,in arrays or as feeds for parabolic reflectors,its circular polarization and high
the troposphere
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surface).
i. Space wave
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dominates.
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results.
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rotation.
91. What are the factors that affect the propagation of radio
waves.?
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i. Curvature of earth.
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fcr = 91max
95.Define LUHF.
power.
It depends on
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involved .
It is defined as n = c / vp
Velocity of light
in vacua
n=
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Phase velocity in
the medium
n=r
MUF = fcr_VHF_ i
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Group velocity, vp vg = c2
vg = c2 / vp
16 MARK QUESTIONS
i) Effective aperture.
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Effective aperture(Ae).
effective aperture.
Scattering aperture(As.)
incident wave.
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apertures.
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Antenna matching:
of the dipole.
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charges meet at the midpoint, the field lines cut each other
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Book,K.D.Prasad.
antenna.
Self Impedance:
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Mutual Impedance:
Formula required
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antenna.
_______' __ $H__VT_ _
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polarization in detail.
Elliptical polarization
Circular polarization
Linear polarization.
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Linear Polarisation:
Elliptical polarization
Circular polarization
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wave.AR is unity.
currents of equal amplitude and in phase ._Case 2: Arrays of two isotropic sources fed with
currents of equal amplitude and opposite phase ._Case 3: Arrays of two isotropic sources fed with
currents of unequal amplitude and any phase ._Case 1: Arrays of two isotropic sources fed with
quadrature.
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to the array axis and also the plane containing the array
sources
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sources
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examples.
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source to be Eo=Eo1 Sin (theta) ._Situation 2: Array of two point sources fed in
source to be Eo=Eo1 Cos (theta) ._Situation 3: Array of four point sources fed in
arrays
Array Tapering:
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1. Binomial Array:
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also occurs.
lobes.
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Tchebycheff polynomial.
11.Derive the fields radiated from a short electric dipole.List the far field
No.251 to 252)
12.Derive the expressions for the fields and power radiated from a half wave dipole
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No.252 to 253)
No.200 to 208)
._Helical Geometry
._Types of helix
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Sky wave.
Tropospheric wave.
the troposphere
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surface).
Ground wave.
v. Surface wave.
Space Wave.
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Surface Wave.
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3. Polarization diversity.
dominates.
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excellent results.
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propagation..
gas.
19. Explain
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rotation.
of ionized gas.?
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Zero.
Eg earth ionosphere.
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by the ionosphere.
v. Skip distance.
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i Critical frequency,
fcr = 91max
v. Wave velocity.
vi Group velocity,
vp vg = c2
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vg = c2 / vp
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