ITM Lecture 2

INFORMATICS
Information Technology Management
Lecture 2
19th December 2007
ITM Lecture 2
Advanced Diploma (Thames College) 1
Information
o at o Tec
Technology
o ogy Management
a age e t
Unit 3: Applications and Systems

Software
ITM Lecture 2
Applications and Systems Software
I
Introduction
d i
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SOFTWARE
APPLICATION SOFTWARE
SYSTEM SOFTWARE OPERATING SYSTEM:
HARDWARE
LANGUAGE TRANSLATORS:
UTILITY PROGRAMS:
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES:
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System Types of Software (1)
z Software falls into two categories:
z System Software
z System
S software
f includes
i l d allll programs that
h help
h l
computer function properly
z Example: Operating System
z Application Software
z Application
software consists of all the
programs you can use to perform a task
z Example:
p Internet Browser,, Word Processor
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System Types of Software (2)

Computer
Software
Application System
Software Software
General- Application- System System

P
Purpose S
Specific
ifi Managementt
M Development
D l t
Programs Programs Programs Programs
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Application Software
z Application
pp Software refers generally
g y to all the programs
p g
that enable computer users to apply the computer to do
the work they do.
z Also called a Software Application or an Application
z Several reasons to use application software

z To assist with graphics and multimedia projects
z To serve as a productivity/business tool
z To facilitate communications
comm nications
z To support household activities, for personal business, or for
education
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Horizontal & Vertical Application

z Horizontal Applications
pp are used across the
function divisions of a company. They are
general-purpose programs that address the needs
of many people, such as writing, working with
numbers and keeping track of information.
z Vertical Applications are designed for a

particular line of business or for a division in a
computer. Vertical Applications designed for
professional
f i l andd business
b i use may cost much h
more than Horizontal Applications.
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Systems Software
zA set off iinstructions
i or programs which
hi h
create a computer environment within which
the applications software can work.
z Application software determines what

processing is done using the computer.
computer
z Systemssoftware determines how that

processing will be done by the computer.
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A li i
Applications S
Software
f
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z Application-specific
A li i ifi programs
z Programs designed to perform specific
jobs
z General-purpose
G l programs
z Usable for different purposes
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Types of Application Software (1)

Chart Title
P i t Software
Proprietary S ft Off th h llf Software
Off-the-shellf S ft
In-house developed Contract Customized Package Standard Package
In-house developed Contract
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Types of Application Software (2)
z P
Proprietary
i Software:
S f
z Designed to solve a unique and specific problem.
z S
Sources
z In-House
D l d
Developed
z Contract
Software
f
13
Personal Application Software

•Word Processing
•Spreadsheet Analysis
•Database Applications
•Graphics Programs
•Software Suites
14
35
Word Processing
z Allows the user to manipulate text so as to produce
documents accurately and efficiently.
z Provide the user with a blank screen page onto which text can
be entered.
z Once the text is on the page, it can be altered with the greatest
of ease, thereby allowing the correction of errors and perhaps
more importantly,
importantly allowing the author of the document to
change his mind.
z When a document is finally complete, and as the author wants
i then
it, h iti can be
b printed
i d andd saved.d
z Allow multiple copies of the same document to be printed at
the touch of a button.
z If a word still turns out to be incorrectly spelt, the document
can called up again, the correction made without retyping the
whole document and the page printed.
printed
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Features of Word Processing
z Page Formatting
z Word
W dW Wrap
z Block Functions
z Mail Merge
z Spell
S ll Ch
Checker
k
z Thesaurus
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Features of Word Processing -
P
Page Formatting
F tti
z SSome processors willill allow
ll theh user to
select different p
print fonts,, set a varietyy
of tab stops, indent margins on the left
or both
b th sides
id and d select
l t single,
i l double
d bl
or treble spacing.
p g
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Features of Word Processing –

Word Wrap
Word-Wrap
z One off th
O the mostt importantly
i t tl features
f t off wordd processor is
i
that of word-wrap.
z With most typewriters,
t pe riters whenhen the end of line is reached,
reached the
bell rings to alert the user to the need to press the carriage
return to start a new line.
z With the word-wrap facility, the user merely continues to
type and the word processor will continue onto a new line
when
h required,
i d without
ith t splitting
litti wordsd in
i the
th middle
iddl off
them.
z Similarly , when the end of a page is reached,
reached the software
will simply scroll the old page up the screen and a new
page will appear automatically at the bottom.
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Block Functions
z Most word
M d processors allow
ll theh user to id
identify
if
blocks of
text which
hi h can b be manipulated
i l d together.
h
z Blocks can be moved, copied or deleted.
z This facility is often used to allow transfer of blocks
of text
from one document (or file) to another, thereby
allowingg
the repeated use of standard paragraphs in several
documents.
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Mail Merge
z The more sophisticated
p word p
processors also allow a
function known as mail merge.
z This is where a standard letter or other document can be
produced,
d d leaving gaps forf details
d off the recipient's
' name
and address.
z These details,
Th d il forf a number
b off recipients,
i i can be
b enteredd
onto another file and the two merged together at the time
of printing.
z This process would result in a copy of the document,
complete with name and address, for each of the recipients
h ld on the
held h second
d fil
file.
z Such a facility is nowadays often used in mailshots and
circulars.
i l
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Spell Checker
z Another feature which is of great use to users is that of the
spelling checker.
z This facility allows the user to check the spelling of any, or
all,
ll the
h words d iin a ddocument prior
i to printing.
i i
z This software checks the spelling against an internal
dictionary and a personal one which would contain entries
such as people's names.
z One slight disadvantage is that much of this software is
produced in America and results in the spelling checker
questioning words which are spelt differently in Britain or
America.
z There are, however, spelling checkers available which use
the British spellings.
p g
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Thesaurus
Th
z Finally,
Finally and as an extension to the
spelling checker, there are now word
processors which have the facility to a
thesaurus to provide alternative words
for the user.
z This again is quite useful tool and avoids

having to use a manual method.
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Spreadsheet
z Allows you to organize
All i ddata
z Performs calculations
z Called a Worksheet or Spreadsheet
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How is a Spreadsheet Organized?

z Columns identified by letters
z Rows identified by numbers
z A cell is the
intersection of a
column and row
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What can a Cell Contain?
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Function
zA predefined formula that performs
common calculations
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Recalculation
z The capability of recalculating the rest of the
worksheet when data in a worksheet changes
z Wh t if analysis
What-if l i
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Charting
z Allows you to display spreadsheet data in
graphical form
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Database
z Database is a collection of data organized in a
manner that allows access, retrieval, and use of
that
h ddata
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Database Software
z Helps you to enter,
enter find,
find organize,
organize update and
report information stored in a database
z Example: Microsoft Access, Oracle, DB3
z Also called a database management system
(DBMS)
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What are the Parts of a Database?
z A ttable
bl contains
t i records
d
z A record is a row in a table that contains information about
a given person,
person product,
product or event
z A field is a column in a table that contains a specific piece
of information within a record
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How is a database organized?

z Records
R d andd fields
fi ld in
i a table
bl are described
d ib d
byy the table structure
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Extract information from a Database
z Sortrecords in a particular order
z Query database
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Desktop Publishing Software

z Enables you to design and produce sophisticated
documents that contain text, graphics, and brilliant colors
z Users can combine word-processed
p text with such
elements as artwork, photos, and a variety of style fonts.
z Allow users to combine a variety of graphical fonts onto a
page, use pre-stored
t d artt images
i (such
( h as clip
li artt ) on pages,
and draw lines and boxed to highlight text or art.
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Electronic Mail
z It refers tto the technology
te hn l used
sed to
t send messages
mess es orr
documents from one electronic workstation to another.
z F instance,
For i employees
l within
i hi a large
l organization
i i may
have electronic mailboxes that are managed by a
mainframe,
i f minicomputer,
i i or local
l l area network.k
z When these employees access a workstation, they can
send
a message to place in someone else's mailbox.
z These types of E-mail systems are typically standard
components
p in integrated
g office p
packages.
g
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E-mail
E mail address
z Combination
C bi i off user name and
d ddomain
i
name that identifies user so he or she can
receive e-mail
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How can you get ee-mail?
mail?
z Obtain e
e-mail
mail address from school or ISP
z Some Web sites, such as hotmail.com, provide e-mail
g
services free of charge
z Basic components include:
ITM Lecture 2
How
w does
d an e-mail message
g travel?
v
1.
1 Create
C t & sendd message
2. Your software contacts
ISP mail server
3. Mail server determines
best route
4 Mail server transfers
4.
message to POP3 server
5. When e-mail software
checks for e-mail
messages, message
transfers from POP3
server to recipient's
computer
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Digital Image Processing
z Digital image processing is the use of computer
algorithms to perform image processing on digital
images.
images
z It allows a much wider range of algorithms to be
applied
li d to the
h iinput ddata, and
d can avoid
id problems
bl
such as the build-up of noise and signal distortion
d i processing.
during i
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Voice Recognition
z The computer's
computer s capability of distinguishing
spoken words
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Bookkeeping Software
z Helps companies record and report their
financial
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Decision Support System

z Help
H l ddecision-makers
ii k workk through
h h the
h
decision process so that they can make
decision more intelligent and rationally.
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Project Management Software
z Allows you to plan,
plan schedule,
schedule track,
track and
analyze the events, resources, and costs
of a project
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Fax Software
z Help you project a professional
image to your clients and
customers. When image clarity is
vital, yyou can generate
g photo-
p
quality faxes. You can even send
or forward faxes via email to
people who don't have fax
hardware or software
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Video and Audio Editing Software
Video editing software allows you to
modify a segment of a video, called a clip
Audio editing software allows you to
modify
dif audio
di clips
li
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Web Authoring Software

z For designing web pages,
pages
z Example: Microsoft FrontPage
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What kind of software do I need to work with
drawings photos
drawings, photos, and other pictures?
z CAD software (computer
(computer-aided
aided design software)
z Presentation software
z Slides
z Combining text and graphics
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Reference Software
z Reference
R f software
ft provides
id a
collection of information and a way to
access that information
z Encyclopedias
zMicrosoft Encarta
zBritannica
z Dictionaries
Di ti i
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System Software
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System Software (1)

z Programs that control the operations of
the computer
z Serves as the interface between the user,
th application
the li ti software,
ft andd the
th
p
computer's hardware
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System Software (2)
Figure 5.10 Computers operate on a number of layers, starting from

the user interface and moving inward to the hardware.
hardware
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System Software (3)

z Programs that manage and support a
p
computer system
y and its information
processing activities
z Two categories
z System Management Programs
z System Development Programs
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System Software (4)
z System Management Programs
z Manage the hardware,
hardware software,
software network,
network
and data resources of the computer system
during its execution
z Examples are the operating system, network
management programs, database
a age e t programs,
management p og a s, and
a d system
syste utilities
ut t es
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System Software (5)

z SSystem Development
l Programs
z Programs
g that help
p users develop
p
information system programs and
procedures and p
p prepare
p users p programs
g for
computer translation
z Examples are programming language
translators and editors, programming tools,
and Computer
Computer-Aided
Aided Software Engineering
(CASE) packages
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System Software (6)
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Figure 5.11 Popular operating systems
The Operating System (1)

z The software
Th ft that
th t controls
t l the
th computer’s
t ’ use
of its hardware.
z A t as an interface
Acts i t f between
b t application
li ti
software and hardware.
Applications
Operating
System
56
Figure 5.9
Fi 5 9 The
Th operating
ti system
t mediates
di t b between
t applications
li ti and
d the
th
computer, and controls peripheral devices.
ITM Lecture 2

z The operating system can be defined as a set of
programs which supervise and control the whole
computer
p configuration.
g
z This includes control of the input and output of data
from the computer
p and control of the p
peripherals.
p
z It also handles error routines and communication with
the operator.
p
z One aim of the operating system is to ensure the
efficient use of the CPU and other devices.
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User
Interface
Utilities
Resource Task File
and Other
Management Management Management
Functions
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Functions of
o an Operating System
Syste (1)
( )
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Functions of
Syste (2)
( )
z Loading Into Memory
z When a program needs to be executed, it must first be
transferred from storage device to main memory as required.
Similarly, when data is to be processed, it must be read into
memory first.
z Queuing of processing Tasks

z The scheduling of processing tasks, or jobs, so as to attempt
to keep the central processing unit constantly active.
z Control of Peripheral Devices

z The selection of input and output devices and the control of
their operations.
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Functions of
Syste (3)
zSystems
S t Management
M t
zUser Interface
zMemory Allocation
zMultitasking, Multiprogramming,
and
d Multiprocessing
M lti i
zTimes and Statistics
zIncreasing Services from O/Ss
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Characteristics of OS
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Types of Operating Systems
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DOS (Disk Operating System)
z Refers to several single user operating
systems developed in the early 1980s for
personal computers
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Microsoft Windows (1)

z Most popular operating system used today
z Newest version: Microsoft Windows XP
z Previous versions:
z Window 2003
z Windows 2000
z Windows 98
z Windows 95
z Windows 3.1
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z “Windows” based setup
z Applications,
Applications messages
messages, dialogs popup as
windows that can be :
z Re-sized
R i d
z Moved around the screen
z Minimized and maximized
z Receive input and commands from the user
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z Main areas of the screen
z Start Menu
z Displays a menu of available options including
programs and help options
z Quick Launch toolbar
z Usually beside the Start Menu
z Icons that are used to launch programs always stay at
the bottom of the screen
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z Task bar
z Shows a “button”
button for each executing program or
“window” available for interaction
z Clicking
g on it brings
g the window to the front of the
screen
z System Tray
z Right hand bottom corner of screen
z Shows icons for each program running in the
b k
backgroundd
z Also shows time
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z Desktop
z Consists of “shortcuts” on a plain coloured or
patterned background
z Each
E h shortcut
h t t isi a link
li k to
t a file
fil or a program
z Clicking on the shortcut will launch the program or
open the associated file
z Right-clicking on the shortcut will allow you to
change some properties such as the target and the
icon (picture)
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z File System
z Much like a physical filing system of files within
folders
z Top level: Drive (i.e. C:\)
z Within drives are a series of folders
z A folder can contain other folders

folders, and or files
z The “path” to a file includes the drive and folders.
(i C:\My
(i.e. C \M D
Documents\MyFile.txt)
t \M Fil t t)
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z File System
z Windows needs some way to keep track of where
files are physically located on the hard disk
z File Allocation Table is the table Windows uses
to locate files on disk
z Files can be fragmented
g – not stored sequentially
q y
on the disk - so the FAT keeps track of all these
p
pieces
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z Fil System
File S
z The FAT system for older versions of Windows
95 is called VFAT,
z For new versions of Windows 95 and Windows
98 is called FAT32. (32 bit)
z For Windows NT and Windows 2000 Server is
called NTFS (64 bit)
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z Fil System
File S t
z Most filenames in Windows have two parts, a name and
andd extension,
t i separated t d by
b a period.
i d (i.e.
(i MyFile.txt)
M Fil t t)
z The file extension is used to classify what type of file it
is and what program is used to open it.
it
z Extensions are traditionally only three characters, but in
newer versions of Windows can be more
z Filenames used to only be able to have 8 characters and
no blanks spaces (MSDOS), but since Windows 95,
filenames can be any length and contain a variety of
characters
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z File System
z Common File extensions
z .txt
z A text file
z .dll
dll
z Dynamic Link Library
z Used by Windows to assist in running of programs
z .ini
z Initialization file
z Also used by Windows in the running of programs
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z File System
z Common File extensions continued…
z .exe
z An executable file that launches a program
z .jpg,
j .bmp,
b .gif,
if .ico
i
z Picture files (JPEG, bitmap, GIF, icon)
z .tmp
tmp
z Temporary files used by Windows and other programs
z .hlp
hlp
z Help files
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z Windows Registry
z A database used by the Windows system to
store configuration information.
information
z The Registry consists of the following major
sections:
z HKEY_Classes_Root - file associations and OLE
information
z HKEY_Current_User - all preferences set for
current user
z HKEY_User - all the current user information for
each user of the system
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z Windows Registry continued…
continued
z HKEY_Local_Machine - settings for hardware, operating
system, and installed applications
z HKEY_Current_Configuration - settings for the display and
printers
z Most Windows applications write data to the Registry,
Registry
at least during installation.
z You can edit the Registry
g y directlyy byy usingg the Registry
g y
Editor (regedit.exe)
z Errors in the Registry can disable your computer
th f
therefore, editing
diti the
th registry
i t is
i nott recommended d d
unless you know what you are doing
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z Wi d
Windows Control
C t l Panel
P l
z Available to launch from Start Menu
z Variety of options for setting up your
computer,including
z display settings
z printer setup
z adding
ddi programs
z adding hardware
z power saving features
z and many more
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z Programs that come with Windows
z Windows Explorer
z A tool that lets you browse the drives, folders, and
files on your computer
z I
Internet Explorer
E l
z A web browser that lets you surf the net
z Notepad and Wordpad
z Two text editors for creating simple text documents
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z Programs that come with Windows
z Paint
z Drawing program for creating bitmaps
z Calculator
z A calculator for your computer
z CD Player
z Allows you to play CDs on your computer
z And everyone
everyone’ss favorite
favorite…
z Card Games!
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Where is the Operating

p g System
y Located?
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Booting
z Booting is a process of starting or
restarting a computer
z Cold Boot - Process of turning on a
computer after it has been powered off
completely
z Warm Boot - Process of restarting a
p
computer that is alreadyy powered
p on
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What messages display on the

screen when you boot up?
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How does a computer boot up? (1)
Step 1: Power supply
sends signal to
components in i system
unit
Step 2:
St 2 The
Th processor
accesses BIOS to start
computer
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Step 3: BIOS checks
components such as
mouse, keyboard
k b d
connectors, and
expansion cards
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Step 4: Results of
POST are compared
to data
d iin the
h CMOS
chip
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Step 5: BIOS looks for
system files in drive A
(fl
(floppy disk
di k drive)
d i ) andd
then drive C (hard disk)
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Step 6: Boot program
loads kernel of
operating
i system into
i
RAM from boot drive
Operating system in
memory takes control
of computer
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Step 7: Operating system loads configuration
information and displays desktop on screen
Op ti system
Operating t executest programs
p in
i Startup
St t p folder
f ld
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Utilities
z Utilities are programs which perform tasks that
are often required by end-users, or other
p g
programs.
z Many of them, especially for microcomputers,
come as p part of the operating
p g system.
y
z With larger systems, some of the utilities are
separate.
z Most of these are file handling utilities such as
copying and moving files which allow the user
to perform housekeeping activities.
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What is a Utility Program?

z System software that performs a specific task
z Examples include:
z File viewer
z File compression
z Diagnostic utility
z Uninstaller
U i ll
z Disk scanner
z Backup utility
z Screen saver
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Computer Languages
void main()
{
char password[200] = "opensaysme";
char input[200];
while(strcmp(password, input)) {
clrscr();
cout << "\nPlease Enter The Password:";
cin >> input;
}
cout << "\nWelcome, Oh Great One!\n";
exit(1);
}
ITM Lecture 2
Computer Languages (1)

z Computer languages can be categorized into:
z First-generation Language: Machine
languages
z Second-generation Language: Assembly
Languages (Low level)
z Third-generation
g Languages
g g ((High
g level
Languages)
z Fourth
Fourth-generation
generation Languages (Very high
level Languages).
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Machine Languages High Level Languages Markup Languages
Use binary coded Use brief statements Use embedded
instructions control codes
1001 1001 Compute X = Y + Z <H1>First heading</H>
1100 1101 <!ELEMENT Product
(#Item | manuf)>
Assembler Languages Fourth Generation Object-Oriented
Use symbolic coded Languages
g g Languages
g g
instructions Use natural statements Define objects that
contain data and actions
LOD Y SUM THE FOLLOWING
NUMBERS Document.write
ADD Z (“Hi There”)
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Machine Language
z The only language that the
computer directly understands.
z Functions as the object
j
language of higher-level
language programs (all high-
level languages must be
translated into machine language
for computer to execute)
Object (Executable) Code
z Often exists as octal or
hexadecimal codes; extremely 10011011000111010110111
tedious to code in 0s and 1s.
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Advantages and Disadvantages of

Machine Language
z Advantage
z Most efficient in terms of storage area use
andd execution
ti speed. d
z Allows programmer to utilize the computer's
potential for processing data.
z Disadvantage
z Extremely difficult to program, remember and
use.
use
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Assembly Language
For eAssembly
a p e, Languages also
oz example,
movcalled
eax, 3Symbolic
; store 3 into EAX register (3 is immediate operand)
mov bx, ax ; store the value of AX into the BX register
Languages or low level
add languages.
eax, 4 ; eax = eax + 4
z Programmer
add Pr
al ahr ;mm
al, al = raluses
+ ahsymbolic
mb li
names, or mnemonics, to
sub bx,, 10 ; bx = bx - 10
specify
p if m machine
hin codes. d
sub ebx, edi ; ebx = ebx - edi
z Mnemonics are English-like
Sinceabbreviations
bb i i is an
the one fforimplicit
the
h operand, the machine code
machine-language
for INC and DEC is smaller opcodes.
than for the equivalent ADD
and SUB instructions.
instructions
inc ecx ; ecx++ ITM Lecture 2
99
Advanced Diploma (Thames College)
dec dl ; dl--
Advantages and Disadvantages

of Assembly Language
z Advantage
z Can be used to develop programs highly efficient in terms
of storage space use and processing time.
time
z Disadvantage
z Cumbersome
C mb r m tto use, as one assembly-language
mbl l instruction
i tr ti
is translated into one machine-language instruction.
z Difficult to program effectively.
effectively
z Machine-dependent, i.e. programs written on one
computer generally cannot work on another.
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High Level Languages
z High level languages are a group of languages which closely
resemble the structure of English and are the easiest in which to
program.
z One high level language command can represent several
machine code instructions.
z High level languages are more complex to translate into machine
code and the language processors which perform this task are
called
ll d Compliers.
C li
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Fourth Generation Languages

z Veryy High
g Level Languages
g g are also known as Fourth
Generation Languages (4GL).
z This name is given to a group of languages that allow users
to specify what the output should be without describing all
the details of how the data should be manipulated to produce that
result.
z Combine procedure and non-procedure languages
z Enables the user to specify conditions and corresponding
actions (the procedural component);
z While at the same time encouraging the user to indicate the
desired outcome (the nonprocedural component);
z Then applying its domain-specific knowledge to fill in the
procedural details.
ITM Lecture 2
Categories of 4GL
z Report
R Generation
G i
z Retrieval and Update (Query)
z Graphics Generation
z Application Generators
ITM Lecture 2
Report Generation
z This enables a user or a programmer to
produce reports quickly.
z Facilities are provided to allow data to be
extracted from files or databases easily, and
then classified or summarized in a report format
format.
ITM Lecture 2
Retrieval and Update
z A typical 4GL will also be capable of
performing online queries.
z This enables a user to make a quick inquiry and
y, to perform
if necessary, p an update
p as well.
ITM Lecture 2
Graphics Generation
z A user will use this function to extract
data from the database and present it in
graphical format, e.g. line charts, bar
charts pie charts,
charts, charts etc.
etc
ITM Lecture 2
Application Generators
z 4GL with this capability enables the user or
programmer to develop a set of programs that
comprise
i an entire
i application
li i system.
ITM Lecture 2
Language Translators
z All computer languages must be converted to machine language
which can be executed by a computer.
z The software
Th f usedd to convert source programs to object
bj
programs is called a Program Translator or Language
Processor.
z The complier translates a high level program into machine code.

I a high
In hi h llevell llanguage, ffairly
i l complex
l concepts can b
be
expressed with the use of single commands.
z Consequently, each high level statement can be translated into

several (sometimes several hundred) machine code statements.
ITM Lecture 2
What is a Compiler?
z Program that converts entire source program
into machine language before executing it
ITM Lecture 2
Compiler
z Scan source code and translates into object code
z Generate error message and does not compile and does
not compile
z Allow users to save programs in object code
A compiler converts higher-level language code (source code) into machine

Figure 5.12
language (object code), which the computer can process.
ITM Lecture 2
What is an Interpreter?
z Program that translates and executes one program code
statement at a time
z Convert into object code and executes
z Does not produce an object program
ITM Lecture 2
Issues to concern
ITM Lecture 2
Proprietary vs. Open Source
z Proprietary O/S: limited to using applications
compatible with it
z Open
O O/S
O/S: compatible
ibl withi h virtually
i ll allll
applications.
z Completely open O/S does not exist
z Some O/Ss (e.g., Unix) are said to be
nonproprietary, but it is still impossible to run
many applications on different versions of such
O/Ss.
ITM Lecture 2
Software Issues and Trends

z Software bugs and the costs associated with them
z Open Source Software can save you money but be aware of hidden
costs
z Software Licencing
z Usage-based License
z Capacity-based License
z Subscription Licensing
z Lack of tracking software licenses can cost you:
z Software Publishers Association (SPA) can fine your organization
$100 000 or more if you are caught
$100,000 h with
i h illegal
ill l software
f
z Software upgrades should be carefully evaluated
z Software support
pp should be carefullyy evaluated
z Shareware and Freeware can save you money:
z Shareware is software where you are expected to pay the author a
modest amount
z Freeware is free software ITM Lecture 2
Considerations in Purchasing Software
Figure 5.13
ITM Lecture 2
Questions & Discussion
ITM Lecture 2

ITM Lecture 2

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INFORMATICS

Information Technology Management

19th December 2007

Unit 3: Applications and Systems

System Types of Software (2)

General- Application- System System

z Also called a Software Application or an Application

z Several reasons to use application software

Horizontal & Vertical Application

z Vertical Applications are designed for a

z Application software determines what

z Systemssoftware determines how that

Applications and Systems Software

Types of Application Software (1)

In-house developed Contract Customized Package Standard Package

In-house developed Contract

Personal Application Software

Features of Word Processing

Features of Word Processing –

Features of Word Processing -

Features of Word Processing -

z This again is quite useful tool and avoids

How is a Spreadsheet Organized?

How is a database organized?

Desktop Publishing Software

Decision Support System

Web Authoring Software

z Combining text and graphics

System Software (1)

Figure 5.10 Computers operate on a number of layers, starting from

System Software (3)

z System Development Programs

System Software (5)

The Operating System (1)

The Operating System (3)

z Queuing of processing Tasks

z Control of Peripheral Devices

Types of Operating Systems

Microsoft Windows (1)

z Minimized and maximized

z Receive input and commands from the user

Microsoft Windows (3)

Microsoft Windows (5)

z Within drives are a series of folders

z A folder can contain other folders

Microsoft Windows (7)

Microsoft Windows (9)

Microsoft Windows (11)

Microsoft Windows (13)

z power saving features

z and many more

Microsoft Windows (15)

Where is the Operating

What messages display on the

How does a computer boot up? (2)

How does a computer boot up? (4)

How does a computer boot up? (6)

What is a Utility Program?

Computer Languages (1)

Computer Languages (3)

Advantages and Disadvantages of

Advantages and Disadvantages

Fourth Generation Languages