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Where appropriate
SPC can be used anywhere to control the output of a process. This could be a machining
process or even a procedural process.
Average
Chart x
(x )
• Measure the range of the sample taken. (r chart) (Max minus Min value)
Range
Chart
(R) R
• Attribute chart, which is used if you are measuring from a fail or pass perspective.
• Samples must be taken over a representable period.
SPC FORMULAS for Variable Charts
X and R charts
Assume samples of size 3 are taken
The readings are x1, x2, x3
x1 + x2 + x3
x= Where R = (largest x ) - (smallest x )
3
these are the two values that are plotted on the charts
To set up the chart, take 20 (minimum) random samples, each of size 3
Calculate x and R as above, then
UCLx = x + A2 × R UCLr = D4 × R
LCLx = x - A2 × R LCLr = D3 × R
Where the values A2, D3, D4 depend on the sample size
Sample Size A2 D3 D4
3 1.023 0 2.575
4 0.729 0 2.282
5 0.577 0 2.115
6 0.483 0 2.004
u
u±
n
Risks
• Don’t loose focus by getting bogged down in analysis.
• If the correct attributes are not measured then out of tolerance products could still get
through.
• Don’t just rely on charts to identify problems.
Benefits
• Increased quality, reduced defects, increased customer satisfaction.
• Reduce non-value activities.
• Increase visibility.
• Translate findings to financial implications and identify possible investment.
References
John Bicheno, “The Quality 75 “, Picsie Books, ISBN 0 9541244 0 5