Bernoulli Experiment

Objective : To investigate the validity of Bernoullis Theorem as applied to the flow of water in a tapering circular duct. EXPERIMENT DATA TABLE
Tap point symbol Velocity Head

Flow Rate

Dia

Area

Velocity

Measurement static head total head

Calculation

Compare

Q m3/sec 1E-04 1E-04 1E-04 1E-04 1E-04 1E-04 8.3E-05 8.3E-05 8.3E-05 8.3E-05 8.3E-05 8.3E-05 6.7E-05 6.7E-05 6.7E-05 6.7E-05 6.7E-05 6.7E-05

d mm

A=(pi/4)d2

V=Q/A

V2/2g m 0.082711 0.056493 0.039887 0.028959 0.012621 0.001810 0.056979 0.038918 0.027478 0.019950 0.008694 0.001247 0.037129 0.025359 0.017905 0.013000 0.005665 0.000812

velocity U, m/sec 0.8437 0.5199 0.3335 0.2256 0.0785 0.0294 0.5886 0.3630 0.2354 0.1373 0.1275 0.1177 0.3728 0.2256 0.1472 0.0883 0.0294 0.0098

total head m 19.7363 19.7138 19.7057 19.7026 19.7003 19.7000 19.7177 19.7067 19.7028 19.7010 19.7008 19.7007 19.7071 19.7026 19.7011 19.7004 19.7000 19.7000

U-V m/sec -0.4302 -0.5329 -0.5511 -0.5281 -0.4191 -0.1590 -0.4687 -0.5109 -0.4988 -0.4883 -0.2855 -0.0387 -0.4807 -0.4797 -0.4456 -0.4167 -0.3040 -0.1164

m2 0.000079 0.000095 0.000113 0.000133 0.000201 0.000531 0.000079 0.000095 0.000113 0.000133 0.000201 0.000531 0.000079 0.000095 0.000113 0.000133 0.000201 0.000531

m/sec 1.273885 1.052798 0.884643 0.753778 0.497611 0.188445 1.057325 0.873822 0.734253 0.625636 0.413018 0.156409 0.853503 0.705375 0.592711 0.505031 0.333400 0.126258

m 0.197 0.23 0.249 0.26 0.275 0.28 0.259 0.282 0.295 0.305 0.306 0.307 0.268 0.283 0.291 0.297 0.303 0.305

m 0.283 0.283 0.283 0.283 0.283 0.283 0.319 0.319 0.319 0.319 0.319 0.319 0.306 0.306 0.306 0.306 0.306 0.306

a b c d e f a b c d e f a b c d e f

10 11 12 13 16 26 10 11 12 13 16 26 10 11 12 13 16 26

At flow rate = 0.0001 m3/sec. It is show that as diameter larger, the static head (pressure) increased and this will result in the decreasing of the velocity.

Total head should be inversely proportional to the flow rate. However, in this experiment, at 0.000083 m3/sec flow rate, the total head should be lower than the 0.000067 m3/sec, but it seems, there was error while determining the total head.

This is a graph of diameter versus static head at various flow rates. From here, it shows that as flow rate get bigger, the pressure is smaller. Suppose the static pressure at flow rate 0.000083 m3/sec should be lower than 0.000067 m3/sec. However, Bernoullis principle can be still applied in this experiment because the static head pressure is still lower than total head pressure.

DATA ERROR ANALYSIS

1. Parallax error might occur during this experiment especially during taking the static head and total head readings. 2. Error might occur if there is gas bubbles existence in the venturi meter because it will affect the data measurement. It is essential to avoid gas or vapor bubbles in this liquid filled experiment.

Experiment Questions 1. (streamline) ? ? Bernoulli's law indicates that, if fluid is flowing along a pipe of varying cross section, then the pressure (static head) will be lower at constrictions and the velocity will be higher. Also, the pressure will be higher at where the pipe opens out and the fluid stagnates. In this experiment, I found that when the water flows velocity is increased, the pressure is decreased and when the velocity is decreased, the pressure is increased. Also the variation of cross sectional area (diameter) is also affected the water flows velocity because it seems to flow faster at small diameter and flows slower at wider diameter. Since this experiment objective is to investigate the pressure drop inside the venturi meter, therefore, the water flow through the device obeys Bernoulli's Law.

2. . There are four assumptions for Bernoullis Principles which are steady flow, incompressible flow, frictionless flow and flow along a streamline. I will go with Steady-state flow. Steady-state flow refers to condition where the fluid properties at any single point in the system do not change over time. These fluid properties include pressure, velocity and temperature. The continuity equation is a principle which use in conservation of mass. For most of control volume, the mass flow rate into the volume must be equal to the mass flow rate out. The simplest application of steady state flow is when to determine change in fluid velocity due to expansion or contraction in the diameter of the pipe.

min = mout
For stream tube as shown below, no fluid flows across the boundary made by the streamlines , so mass only enters and leaves through the two ends of this stream tube section.

3. return ? A pump is a device used to move fluids. In this experiment, a centrifugal pump is used to draw water from water tank into a vertical transparent pipe. It converts the input power to kinetic energy in the liquid by accelerating the liquid by a revolving device - an impeller. The most common type is the volute pump. Fluid enters the pump through the eye of the impeller which rotates at high speed. The fluid is accelerated radially outward from the pump chasing. A vacuum is created at the impellers eye that continuously draws more fluid into the pump. The energy created by the pump is kinetic energy. The energy transferred to the liquid corresponds to the velocity at the edge of the impeller. The faster the impeller revolves the higher the velocity will goes into the liquid. The kinetic energy of a liquid coming out of an impeller is obstructed by creating a

resistance in the flow. A pump does not create pressure, it only creates flow. Pressure is a measurement of the resistance to flow. It is important to understand that the pump will pump all fluids to the same height if the shaft is turning at the same rpm. The higher the specific gravity of the fluid, the more power is required.

4. ? . In this venturi meter experiment, there is impulse lines that is used to connect a point in a pipe at which pressure will be measured. Also, the function is to connect points upstream and downstream of the meter to the secondary device to measure the differential pressure. This can cause number of problems that can lead to inaccurate measurement. Problems can arise from leakage at couplings, gas bubbles being trapped in a line that is intended to be filled with water/liquid, condensation or something that will caused the tube be filled with gas. Moreover, venture meter occupies considerable space and cannot be altered for measuring pressure beyond a maximum velocity. Therefore, a proper apparatus should be assembled at which the water/liquid can flow much faster without leakage, can occupies much considerable space and also measuring pressure at very high velocity.

5. . There is a lot of device can be used to investigate Bernoullis law inside Tapering Circular Duct. There are nozzle meter which can measured medium pressure loss and orifice meter that can measured high pressure loss. Here I choose the orifice plate is the most common form that is used in flow measurement. An orifice plate is basically a thin metal plate with a hole bored in the center. It has a tab on one side where the specification of the plate is stamped. The upstream side of the orifice plate usually has a sharp edge.

When an orifice plate is installed in a flow line (usually clamped between a pair of flanges), increase of fluid flow velocity through the reduced area at the orifice develops a differential pressure across the orifice. This pressure is a function of flow rate.

From the internet, it can be found that there are various type of orifice plate which have been used in most fluid flow arrangements.