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Abstract
Bird strike resistance of aeroengines is a strict certification requirement. Apart from costly experimental bird strike tests, explicit
numerical modeling techniques have been employed. However, due to the complicated bird geometry, artificial bird models are still not
well defined and it is a perennial problem selecting an appropriate representative artificial bird geometry for the simulations. To examine
the relative effects of the artificial bird geometry, explicit 3-D finite element analyses are conducted herein using the commercial code LS-
DYNA. As a validation test, we first studied the nonlinear transient dynamic response of an artificial bird striking a rigid flat target.
Following the validation, we studied the impact behavior of an artificial bird impinging a flexible aeroengine fan blade. The study focused
on the three most-frequently used configurations in the literature: namely, hemispherical-ended cylinder, straight-ended cylinder, and
ellipsoid, at various length-to-diameter aspect ratios. The results show that the initial contact area between the bird and target in the early
phase of the impact event would have a significant effect on the peak impact force. The aspect ratio of the bird striking both rigid panel
and flexible fan blade was found to have little influence on the normalized impact force and impulse.
r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Bird strike; Artificial bird configuration; Aspect ratio; Rigid panel; Flexible fan blade
0734-743X/$ - see front matter r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2007.04.008
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solely dependent on experiments. It was established by high-speed impact scenarios was further strengthened.
Barber et al. [4] that the loads generated by a high-speed These experimental tests, however, are very expensive,
impacting bird were adequately duplicated by representing time-consuming and difficult to perform. Besides, due to
the bird as a circular cylinder with the same mass, density, the extremely high velocities and energies involved, the
and compressibility as the bird tissue. Shortly thereafter, experimental registration of the impact parameters can
Wilbeck [5] noted the fact that, in case of high-speed often prove difficult and complex.
impact, the response of the bird is similar to that of a fluid With the development of advanced numerical techniques
(such as water) where the strength of the bird material is and the advent of high-performance computing, numerical
extremely small compared with the impact loads. In simulations have been more widely used since the 1980s to
addition, high-speed photography was employed by Gao evaluate the impact capability of different aircraft compo-
and Li [6] and Teichman and Tardos [7] to record the nents. Explicit nonlinear finite element (FE) codes, which
evolution of the bird torso and the large deformations of are available in several high-end commercial FE solvers,
the targets such as aeroengine fan blades, through which have been used to treat this class of problems. An accurate
the fluidic property hypothesis of the bird tissue under numerical model can reveal a significant amount of useful
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Fig. 2. The three configurations considered for the artificial bird model: (a) straight-ended cylinder, (b) hemispherical-ended cylinder, and (c) ellipsoid.
information to the designer with regard to the mechanisms nonlinear FE analysis. The flexible fan blade adopted in the
involved in the high-speed soft body impact event. Having present investigation is a typical metallic wide-chord
privy to these information prior to conducting experi- aeroengine fan blade.
mental tests enables the rapid and economical design of
aircraft structures with enhanced impact resistance. In 2. Finite element modeling in a Lagrangian framework
conjunction with the broadened application of numerical
techniques to bird strike modeling and simulation, the The finite element method (FEM) has been found to be
artificial bird has substituted real birds, mainly for better very powerful in the numerical simulation of the crash-
repeatability and convenience [8]. worthiness and failure analyses [20]. The coupling between
For all its promise, the reliability of the numerical results the bird and the target can be achieved by a Lagrangian
is critically dependent on the accurate modeling of the formulation. During high-speed impact, large strain
temporal and spatial distribution of the impact force distortions will inevitably occur to the discretized Lagran-
between the bird and target [9,10]. In connection with this, gian bird, leading to a decrease in solution time-step and
the complex and intricate geometrical configurations of possible negative elemental volumes. The excessively
different bird species have perpetually posed a problem for distorted elements that possess negative volumes are then
developing a sufficiently simplified and consistent bird eliminated after each time step. However, this automatic
model. Many researchers such as Frischbier [11], Langrand elimination procedure usually introduces artificial oscilla-
et al. [12], McCarthy et al. [13], and Airoldi and Cacchione tions in the contact force between the bird and target.
[14], have simplified the bird torso as a hemispherical- Fortunately, the strategy of employing highly refined
ended cylinder. The ellipsoid geometry is also a well- meshes that encounter element elimination can be used to
accepted choice, which has been suggested by the Interna- alleviate this problem [21]. Modern high-performance
tional Birdstrike Research Group [15], and has been used computing systems can tolerate very small time steps in
by Guan et al. [16]. Besides these two configurations, the the order of 109 s or even 101 s, where it used to be
straight-ended cylinder has also been adopted by Brock- 106–107 s, just a few years ago. Thus, by refining the
man and Held [17], but its application remains somewhat mesh of the Lagrangian bird, the artificial oscillations
infrequent. These three configurations, which are typical of associated with the impact force can be dramatically
artificial bird geometries, are shown schematically in Fig. 2. reduced.
Nevertheless, the differences among the impact behaviors
associated with these different configurations have not 2.1. Bird properties
been reported in the open literature. Furthermore, the
effect of the length-to-diameter aspect ratio (representing The bird’s mechanical property actually changes from
the biometric property of different bird species) is also the low-velocity to the high-velocity regimes. Generally, the
examined. mechanical property of typical avian tissues at low
It has been highly recommended by the International speeds is neither uniform nor homogeneous. However, at
Birdstrike Research Group that the bird model, once progressively higher speeds, this nonuniformity and
standardized, should become the norm for all bird impact inhomogeneity become increasingly negligible, and the
testing thereafter [18]. From the simulation viewpoint, bird can safely be considered as a homogeneous jet
standardizing the geometry of the artificial bird model is of fluid impinging a structure [5]. Thus, the constitu-
correspondingly important. Both the bird configuration tive material law of homogenized fluidic materials can be
and aspect ratio have been found to be important used:
parameters that influence the impact response of the target
sij ¼ Pdij þ 2rg e_ij . (1)
[19]. Thus, the aim of the present investigation is to
compare and analyze the numerical results for the above- There are different hydrodynamic models which have
mentioned three different bird configurations, and various been successfully used to describe the material proper-
aspect ratios will also be considered. The simulation will be ties of the bird in compression and among which
carried out using highly accurate Lagrangian-based explicit the most popularly used is the polynomial fitted pressure
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Table 1
Details of the different bird configurations considered (aspect ratio is
2.0:1)
Table 2
Details of the different bird aspect ratios considered (configuration is
hemispherical-ended cylinder)
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Fig. 7. Variation of normalized impact pressure versus normalized time for a hemispherical-ended cylindrical bird impinging a rigid panel.
Fig. 8. Effect of artificial bird configurations on rigid impact forces and pressures: (a) impact forces, and (b) normalized impact pressures.
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Fig. 9. Effect of aspect ratios of artificial birds on rigid impact forces and pressures: (a) impact forces, and (b) normalized impact pressures.
This also explains why there is only one significant peak in target. Thus, when impact progresses for the hemisphe-
its force variation, and it is because all the elements of this rical-ended cylinder or ellipsoidal birds, the contact forces
bird model will decelerate immediately and dramatically decrease after the initial peaks, but will increase again,
once it impacts the target. However, this situation is quite leading to their respective second peaks. This second peak
different for the hemispherical-ended cylinder and ellipsoi- is quite distinct in the ellipsoidal case, but rather less
dal birds. Since the bird in the high-speed impact scenarios pronounced in the hemispherical-ended cylindrical bird
behaves as a liquid, the shear stress between the bird’s case. In the ellipsoid model, the contact area reaches its
elements flowing on neighboring streamlines, compared maximum value somewhat late into the impact event. It
with the local high pressure, is comparatively negligible. occurs at approximately the midpoint of the entire impact
This has been experimentally observed by Barber et al. [4], duration, which explains the presence of its second peak.
Wilbeck [5] and Gao and Li [6]. The present investigation The normalized impact pressure evolutions for the three
treats the bird hydro-dynamically, and neglects the fluidic bird configurations are plotted in Fig. 8(b). It should be
viscous effect of the bird tissue. Therefore, for the noted that because the cross-sectional areas vary along the
hemispherical-ended cylinder and ellipsoidal birds, only geometrical axes of the hemispherical-ended cylinder and
the elements directly downstream of those in contact with the ellipsoid models, the normalization is based on their
the target will experience the dramatic deceleration, respective averaged cross-sectional areas. The maximum
whereas the other elements will not decelerate significantly normalized impact pressure is found to be 3.73 at
until their frontal elements come into contact with the T ¼ 0.055 for the straight-ended cylinder, 2.61 at
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Fig. 10. Effect of aspect ratios of artificial birds on rigid impact impulse.
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Fig. 12. Impact force variations for a hemispherical-ended cylindrical bird (UD ¼ 2.0) striking a flexible fan blade.
Fig. 13. Effect of artificial bird configurations on normalized impact pressure when striking a flexible fan blade.
Since the geometry of the blade is curved, the impact forces whole procedure will repeat several times before the impact
are resolved into the X, Y, and Z directions. However, it force eventually vanishes.
can be seen from this figure that the impact force in the Z- The normalized impact pressures between the birds and
direction is dominant, because the initial velocity of the fan blade are shown in Fig. 13 for all the three bird
bird is in the Z-direction. Henceforth, only the results in configurations. The dominant peaks are 1.75 at T ¼ 0.094,
the Z-direction will be shown in the following results. 1.35 at T ¼ 0.189, and 0.77 at T ¼ 0.32 for the straight-
There are multiple peaks in the impact force evolution, ended cylindrical bird, and 1.62 at T ¼ 0.06, 1.78 at
which is due to the coupling between the bird and the T ¼ 0.16, and 1.46 at T ¼ 0.45 for the hemispherical-ended
flexible blade. The blade, upon being impacted by the bird, cylindrical bird. For the ellipsoidal bird, the peaks are 0.79
accelerates in the same direction as the bird’s initial at T ¼ 0.06, 1.53 at T ¼ 0.16, and 1.34 at T ¼ 0.39. From
velocity, i.e., the Z-direction. When this happens, the Fig. 13, we can observe that the normalized impact
frontal elements of the bird which are in close contact with pressure variation profiles for the three bird configurations
the blade would expand and their high pressures would are quite different from the preceding rigid impact cases.
thus decrease. Therefore, the total impact force would also This is especially so for the straight-ended cylindrical bird,
decrease dramatically. Consequently, with the lowered which no longer possesses the highest peak impact pressure
impact force from the bird, the bending of the blade would value among the three bird configurations. As there is an
decelerate, and as a result the contact between the bird and attack angle of 601 between the bird trajectory and the
the blade becomes intense once more. The impact force blade, as shown in Fig. 4(b), the initial contact area
between the bird and blade would increase again. The between the straight-ended cylindrical bird and the blade is
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not as large as the rigid panel case. Thus, the initial contact It is also interesting to note that all the three types of
force between the bird and target is also significantly bird configurations have three significant peaks within their
reduced. More importantly, the blade is not rigid but variations of the impact forces. This is mainly because the
flexible, and the maximum impact force between the bird mass and density are similar for the three configura-
straight-ended cylindrical bird and blade is found to be tions. By varying the mechanical properties of either the
only 47% of the rigid impact case. Similar conclusions have bird or the blade, including their masses, densities and/or
been reached by Shimamura et al. [10] that the target’s other properties, it can be expected that the number of
flexibility strongly influences the impact force between the significant peaks for the impact force may change as well.
bird and target. The impact force between the hemisphe- The normalized impulse between the bird and blade is
rical-ended cylindrical bird and blade is about 68% of the shown in Fig. 14. The momentum of the bird is transmitted
former rigid impact case, and correspondingly 76% for the to the fan blade over the duration of the impact process.
ellipsoidal bird model. Comparing the three geometries, it However, only 24.4%, 37.5%, and 40.2% of the initial
is noted that the ellipsoidal bird model has a maximum momentum of the bird are finally transmitted to the blade
impact force, which is lower than the other two configura- in the Z-direction, for the straight-ended cylinder, hemi-
tions by about 15%. spherical-ended cylinder, and ellipsoidal bird, respectively.
Fig. 14. Effect of artificial bird configurations on normalized impulse when striking a flexible fan blade.
Fig. 15. Effect of aspect ratios of artificial birds on normalized impact pressure when striking a flexible fan blade.
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Fig. 16. Effect of aspect ratios of artificial birds on normalized impulse when striking a flexible fan blade.
The present simulation has been successful in suppressing bird model has not been realized yet. To address this, three
the stairway profiles of the impulse accumulation, which different frequently used configurations and aspect ratios,
was frequently observed in earlier results, such as Stoll and representing diverse biometric bird species, have been
Brockman [25], and Langrand et al. [12]. examined in the present investigation. It is found from this
study that the initial contact area between the bird and
3.2.2. Effects of bird aspect ratio target in the early phase of the impact event would have a
Fig. 15 illustrates the evolution of the normalized impact significant effect on the peak impact force value. For the
pressure between the fan blade and hemispherical-ended bird model impacting a rigid target, the maximum impact
cylindrical birds with three different aspect ratios of 1.5:1, force for the case of a straight-ended cylindrical bird is
2.0:1, and 2.5:1. Since their configurations are similar, their about 43% higher than that of a hemispherical-ended
evolution histories are also found to be moderately cylindrical bird, which in turn is 30% higher than that of
comparable. For all of the cases considered, there are an ellipsoidal bird. On the other hand, the impact force
three significant peaks within their impact profiles, and all profile is also found to be highly dependent on the
of them reach their respective maximum values at the deformation of the fan blade. Due to the flexibility of the
second peak, at magnitudes of 1.66 for aspect ratio 1.5:1, curved fan blade, the maximum impact forces from the
1.78 for aspect ratio 2.0:1, and 1.70 for aspect ratio 2.5:1. straight-ended cylinder, hemispherical-ended cylinder, and
The relative differences are less than 7%. Next, the ellipsoidal bird models impacting the presently studied fan
normalized impulse variations for the three aspect ratios blade would be respectively reduced by 53%, 32%, and
are shown in Fig. 16. It can be seen that the impulse 24%, when compared with their corresponding rigid
evolutions are quite similar as well. Within the normalized impacts. The present numerical simulations also reveal
time T ¼ 0–0.6, the impulse increases in an almost linear that the length-to-diameter aspect ratio of the bird striking
manner. The rate of increase in the impulse plateaus levels both a rigid panel and a flexible fan blade has little
off after T ¼ 0.6. When the impact force reaches zero, we influence on the results, especially the normalized impact
note that 34%, 37%, and 32% of the initial momentum of pressure and impulse.
the bird has been transmitted to the fan blade, for the three
respective aspect ratios. Thus, we can draw from this study Acknowledgements
that the aspect ratio does not have significant effects on the
normalized impact pressure and impulse results. The authors would like to thanks DSO laboratories,
Singapore for their kind supports to the present investiga-
4. Conclusions tion.
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Please cite this article as: Meguid SA, et al. FE analysis of geometry effects of an artificial bird striking an aeroengine fan.... Int J Impact Eng (2007),
doi:10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2007.04.008