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Frame work
NET FrameWork FAQ's
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When was .NET announced?

Bill Gates delivered a keynote at Forum 2000, held June 22, 2000,
outlining the .NET 'vision'. The July 2000 PDC had a number of sessions
on .NET technology, and delegates were given CDs containing a pre-
release version of the .NET framework/SDK and Visual Studio.NET.
When was the first version of .NET released?

The final version of the 1.0 SDK and runtime was made publicly
available around 6pm PST on 15-Jan-2002. At the same time, the final
version of Visual Studio.NET was made available to MSDN subscribers.
What platforms does the .NET Framework run on?

The runtime supports Windows XP, Windows 2000, NT4 SP6a and
Windows ME/98. Windows 95 is not supported. Some parts of the
framework do not work on all platforms - for example, ASP.NET is only
supported on Windows XP and Windows 2000. Windows 98/ME cannot
be used for development.
IIS is not supported on Windows XP Home Edition, and so cannot be
used to host ASP.NET. However, the ASP.NET Web Matrix
web server does run on XP Home.

The Mono project is attempting to implement the .NET framework on
Linux.
What is the CLR?

CLR = Common Language Runtime. The CLR is a set of standard
resources that (in theory) any .NET program can take advantage of,
regardless of programming language. Robert Schmidt (Microsoft) lists
the following CLR resources in his MSDN PDC# article:
Object-oriented programming model (inheritance, polymorphism,
exception handling, garbage collection)
Security model
Type system
All .NET base classes
Many .NET framework classes
Development, debugging, and profiling tools
Execution and code management
IL-to-native translators and optimizers
What this means is that in the .NET world, different programming
languages will be more equal in capability than they have ever been
before, although clearly not all languages will support all CLR services.
What is the CTS?

CTS = Common Type System. This is the range of types that the .NET
runtime understands, and therefore that .NET applications can use.
However note that not all .NET languages will support all the types in the
CTS. The CTS is a superset of the CLS.
What is the CLS?

CLS = Common Language Specification. This is a subset of the CTS
which all .NET languages are expected to support. The idea is that any
program which uses CLS-compliant types can interoperate with any
.NET program written in any language.
In theory this allows very tight interop between different .NET languages
- for example allowing a C# class to inherit from a VB class.
****What is IL?
IL = Intermediate Language. Also known as MSIL (Microsoft
Intermediate Language) or CIL (Common Intermediate Language). All
.NET source code (of any language) is compiled to IL. The IL is then
converted to machine code at the point where the software is installed,
or at run-time by a Just-In-Time (JIT) compiler.
What does 'managed' mean in the .NET context?
The term 'managed' is the cause of much confusion. It is used in various
places within .NET, meaning slightly different things.Managed code: The
.NET framework provides several core run-time services to the programs
that run within it - for example
exception handling and security. For these services to work, the code
must provide a minimum level of information to the runtime.
Such code is called managed code. All C# and Visual Basic.NET code is
managed by default. VS7 C++ code is not managed by default, but the
compiler can produce managed code by specifying a command-line
switch (/com+).
Managed data: This is data that is allocated and de-allocated by the
.NET runtime's garbage collector. C# and VB.NET data is always
managed. VS7 C++ data is unmanaged by default, even when using the
/com+ switch, but it can be marked as managed using the __gc
keyword.Managed classes: This is usually referred to in the context of
Managed Extensions (ME) for C++. When using ME C++, a class can be
marked with the __gc keyword. As the name suggests, this means that
the memory for instances of the class is managed by the garbage
collector, but it also means more than that. The class becomes a fully
paid-up member of the .NET community with the benefits and
restrictions that brings. An example of a benefit is proper interop with
classes written in other languages - for example, a managed C++ class
can inherit from a VB class. An example of a restriction is that a
managed class can only inherit from one base class.
What is reflection?
All .NET compilers produce metadata about the types defined in the
modules they produce. This metadata is packaged along with the
module (modules in turn are packaged together in assemblies), and can
be accessed by a mechanism called reflection. The System.Reflection
namespace contains classes that can be used to interrogate the types
for a module/assembly.
Using reflection to access .NET metadata is very similar to using
ITypeLib/ITypeInfo to access type library data in COM, and it is used for
similar purposes - e.g. determining data type sizes for marshaling data
across context/process/machine boundaries.
Reflection can also be used to dynamically invoke methods (see
System.Type.InvokeMember ) , or even create types dynamically at run-
time (see System.Reflection.Emit.TypeBuilder).
What is the difference between Finalize and Dispose (Garbage

collection) ?
Class instances often encapsulate control over resources that are not
managed by the runtime, such as window handles (HWND), database
connections, and so on. Therefore, you should provide both an explicit
and an implicit way to free those resources. Provide implicit control by
implementing the protected Finalize Method on an object (destructor
syntax in C# and the Managed Extensions for C++). The garbage
collector calls this method at some point after there are no longer any
valid references to the object. In some cases, you might want to provide
programmers using an object with the ability to explicitly release these
external resources before the garbage collector frees the object. If an
external resource is scarce or expensive, better performance can be
achieved if the programmer explicitly releases resources when they are
no longer being used. To provide explicit control, implement the Dispose
method provided by the IDisposable Interface. The consumer of the
object should call this method when it is done using the object.
Dispose can be called even if other references to the object are alive.
Note that even when you provide explicit control by way of Dispose, you
should provide implicit cleanup using the Finalize method. Finalize
provides a backup to prevent resources from
permanently leaking if the programmer fails to call Dispose.
What is Partial Assembly References?
Full Assembly reference: A full assembly reference includes the

assembly's text name, version, culture, and public key token (if the
assembly has a strong name). A full assembly reference is required if
you reference any assembly that is part of the common
language runtime or any assembly located in the global assembly cache.

Partial Assembly reference: We can dynamically reference an assembly
by providing only partial information, such as specifying only the
assembly name. When you specify a partial assembly reference, the
runtime looks for the assembly only in the application
directory.
We can make partial references to an assembly in your code one of the
following ways:
-> Use a method such as System.Reflection.Assembly.Load and specify
only a partial reference. The runtime checks for the assembly in the
application directory.
-> Use the System.Reflection.Assembly.LoadWithPartialName method
and specify only a partial reference. The runtime checks for the
assembly in the application directory and in the global assembly cache
Changes to which portion of version number indicates an

incompatible change?
Major or minor. Changes to the major or minor portion of the version
number indicate an incompatible change. Under this convention then,
version 2.0.0.0 would be considered incompatible with version 1.0.0.0.
Examples of an incompatible change would be a change to the types of

some method parameters or the removal of a type or method altogether.
Build. The Build number is typically used to distinguish between daily

builds or smaller compatible releases.
Revision. Changes to the revision number are typically reserved for an

incremental build needed to fix a particular bug. You'll sometimes hear
this referred to as the "emergency bug fix" number in that the revision is
what is often changed when a fix to a specific bug is shipped to a
customer.
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What is side-by-side execution? Can two application one using

private assembly and other using Shared assembly be stated as a
side-by-side executables?
Side-by-side execution is the ability to run multiple versions of an
application or component on the same computer. You can have multiple
versions of the common language runtime, and multiple versions of
applications and components that use a version of the runtime, on the
same computer at the same time. Since versioning is only applied to
shared assemblies, and not to private assemblies, two application one
using private assembly and one using shared assembly cannot be
stated as side-by-side
executables.
***Why string are called Immutable data Type ?

The memory representation of string is an Array of Characters, So on re-
assigning the new array of Char is formed & the start address is
changed . Thus keeping the Old string in Memory for Garbage Collector
to be disposed.
***What does assert() method do?

In debug compilation, assert takes in a Boolean condition as a
parameter, and shows the error dialog if the condition is false. The
program proceeds without any interruption if the condition is true.
What's the difference between the Debug class and Trace class?
Documentation looks the same. Use Debug class for debug builds, use
Trace class for both debug and release builds.
Why are there five tracing levels in

System.Diagnostics.TraceSwitcher?
The tracing dumps can be quite verbose. For applications that are
constantly running you run the risk of overloading the machine and the
hard drive. Five levels range from None to Verbose, allowing you to
fine-tune the tracing activities.
***Where is the output of TextWriterTraceListener redirected?

To the Console or a text file depending on the parameter passed to the
constructor.
How do assemblies find each other?
By searching directory paths. There are several factors which can affect
the path (such as the AppDomain host, and application configuration
files), but for private assemblies the search path is normally the
application's directory and its sub-directories. For shared assemblies,
the search path is normally same as the private assembly path plus the
shared assembly cache.
How does assembly versioning work?

Each assembly has a version number called the compatibility version.
Also each reference to an assembly (from another assembly) includes
both the name and version of the referenced assembly.The version
number has four numeric parts (e.g. 5.5.2.33). Assemblies with either of
the first two parts different are normally viewed as incompatible. If the
first two parts are the same, but the third is different, the assemblies are
deemed as 'maybe compatible'. If only the fourth part is different, the
assemblies are deemed compatible. However, this is just the default
guideline - it is the version policy that decides to what extent these rules
are enforced. The version policy can be specified via the application
configuration file.
What is garbage collection?

Garbage collection is a system whereby a run-time component takes
responsibility for managing the lifetime of objects and the heap memory
that they occupy. This concept is not new to .NET - Java and many other
languages/runtimes have used garbage collection for some time.
Why doesn't the .NET runtime offer deterministic destruction?

Because of the garbage collection algorithm.
The .NET garbage collector works by periodically running through a list

of all the objects that are currently being referenced by an application.
All the objects that it doesn't find during this search are ready to be
destroyed and the memory reclaimed.
The implication of this algorithm is that the runtime doesn't get notified
immediately when the final reference on an object goes away - it only
finds out during the next sweep of the heap.
Futhermore, this type of algorithm works best by performing the garbage
collection sweep as rarely as possible. Normally heap exhaustion is the
trigger for a collection sweep.
Is the lack of deterministic destruction in .NET a problem?

It's certainly an issue that affects component design. If you have objects
that maintain expensive or scarce resources (e.g. database locks), you
need to provide some way for the client to tell the object to release the
resource when it is done. Microsoft recommend that you provide a
method called Dispose() for this purpose. However, this causes
problems for distributed objects - in a distributed system who calls the
Dispose() method?
Some form of reference-counting or ownership-management mechanism

is needed to handle distributed objects - unfortunately the runtime offers
no help with this.
What is serialization?
Serialization is the process of converting an object into a stream of
bytes.
Deserialization is the opposite process of creating an object from a

stream of bytes.
Serialization / Deserialization is mostly used
to transport objects (e.g. during remoting), or
to persist objects (e.g. to a file or database).
Does the .NET Framework have in-built support for serialization?

There are two separate mechanisms provided by the .NET class library -
XmlSerializer and SoapFormatter/BinaryFormatter. Microsoft
uses XmlSerializer for Web Services, and
uses SoapFormatter/BinaryFormatter for remoting. Both are available for

use in your own code.
Can I customise the serialization process?
Yes. XmlSerializer supports a range of attributes that can be used to
configure serialization for a particular class. For example, a field or
property can be marked with the [XmlIgnore] attribute to exclude it from
serialization. Another example is the [XmlElement]
attribute, which can be used to specify the XML element name to be

used for a particular property or field.
Serialization via SoapFormatter/BinaryFormatter can also be controlled
to some extent by attributes. For example, the [NonSerialized] attribute
is the equivalent of XmlSerializer's [XmlIgnore] attribute. Ultimate control
of the serialization process can be acheived by implementing the the
ISerializable interface on the class whose instances are to be serialized.
Why is XmlSerializer so slow?

There is a once-per-process-per-type overhead with XmlSerializer. So
the first time you serialize or deserialize an object of a given type in an
application, there is a significant delay. This normally doesn't matter, but
it may mean, for example, that XmlSerializer is a poor choice for loading
configuration settings during startup of a GUI application.
Why do I get errors when I try to serialize a Hashtable?

XmlSerializer will refuse to serialize instances of any class that
implements IDictionary, e.g. Hashtable. SoapFormatter and
BinaryFormatter do not have this restriction.
What are attributes?

There are at least two types of .NET attribute. The first type I will refer to
as a metadata attribute - it allows some data to be attached to a class or
method. This data becomes part of the metadata for the class, and (like
other class metadata) can be accessed via reflection.
The other type of attribute is a context attribute. Context attributes use a
similar syntax to metadata attributes but they are fundamentally different.
Context attributes provide an interception mechanism whereby instance
activation and method calls can be pre- and/or post-processed.
How does CAS work?
The CAS security policy revolves around two key concepts - code
groups and permissions. Each .NET assembly is a member of a
particular code group, and each code group is granted the permissions
specified in a named permission set.
For example, using the default security policy, a control downloaded
from a web site belongs to the 'Zone - Internet' code group, which
adheres to the permissions defined by the 'Internet' named permission
set. (Naturally the 'Internet' named permission set represents a very
restrictive range of permissions.)
Who defines the CAS code groups?

Microsoft defines some default ones, but you can modify these and even
create your own. To see the code groups defined on your system, run
'caspol -lg' from the command-line. On my system it looks like this:
Level = Machine
Code Groups:
1. All code: Nothing

1.1. Zone - MyComputer: FullTrust
1.1.1. Honor SkipVerification requests: SkipVerification
1.2. Zone - Intranet: LocalIntranet
1.3. Zone - Internet: Internet
1.4. Zone - Untrusted: Nothing
1.5. Zone - Trusted: Internet
1.6. StrongName -
002400000480000094000000060200000024000052534131000400000
3
000000CFCB3291AA715FE99D40D49040336F9056D7886FED46775B
C7BB5430BA4444FEF8348EBD06
F962F39776AE4DC3B7B04A7FE6F49F25F740423EBF2C0B89698D8
D08AC48D69CED0FC8F83B465E08
07AC11EC1DCC7D054E807A43336DDE408A5393A48556123272CEE
EE72F1660B71927D38561AABF5C
AC1DF1734633C602F8F2D5:
Note the hierarchy of code groups - the top of the hierarchy is the most
general ('All code'), which is then sub-divided into several groups, each
of which in turn can be sub-divided. Also note that (somewhat counter-
intuitively) a sub-group can be associated with a more permissive
permission set than its parent.
How do I define my own code group?

Use caspol. For example, suppose you trust code from
www.mydomain.com and you want it have full access to your system,
but you want to keep the default restrictions for all other internet sites. To
achieve this, you would add a new code group as a sub-group of the
'Zone - Internet' group, like this:

caspol -ag 1.3 -site www.mydomain.com FullTrust
Now if you run caspol -lg you will see that the new group has been
added as group 1.3.1:
1.3. Zone - Internet: Internet

1.3.1. Site - www.mydomain.com: FullTrust
Note that the numeric label (1.3.1) is just a caspol invention to make the
code groups easy to manipulate from the command-line. The underlying
runtime never sees it.
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How do I change the permission set for a code group?

Use caspol. If you are the machine administrator, you can operate at the
'machine' level - which means not only that the changes you make
become the default for the machine, but also that users cannot change
the permissions to be more permissive. If you are a normal (non-admin)
user you can still modify the permissions, but only to make them more
restrictive. For example, to allow intranet code to do what it likes you
might do this:
caspol -cg 1.2 FullTrust
Note that because this is more permissive than the default policy (on a
standard system), you should only do this at the machine level - doing it
at the user level will have no effect.
I can't be bothered with all this CAS stuff. Can I turn it off?
Yes, as long as you are an administrator. Just run: caspol -s off
Can I look at the IL for an assembly?

Yes. MS supply a tool called Ildasm which can be used to view the
metadata and IL for an assembly.
Can source code be reverse-engineered from IL?

Yes, it is often relatively straightforward to regenerate high-level source
(e.g. C#) from IL.
How can I stop my code being reverse-engineered from IL?

There is currently no simple way to stop code being reverse-engineered
from IL. In future it is likely that IL obfuscation tools will become
available, either from MS or from third parties. These tools work by
'optimising' the IL in such a way that reverse-engineering becomes much
more difficult.
Of course if you are writing web services then reverse-engineering is not
a problem as clients do not have access to your IL.
Is there built-in support for tracing/logging?

Yes, in the System.Diagnostics namespace. There are two main classes
that deal with tracing - Debug and Trace. They both work in a similar way
- the difference is that tracing from the Debug class only works in builds
that have the DEBUG symbol defined, whereas tracing from the Trace
class only works in builds that have the TRACE symbol defined.
Typically this means that you should use
System.Diagnostics.Trace.WriteLine for tracing that you want to work in
debug and release builds, and System.Diagnostics.Debug.WriteLine for
tracing that you want to work only in debug builds.
Can I redirect tracing to a file?
Yes. The Debug and Trace classes both have a Listeners property,
which is a collection of sinks that receive the tracing that you send via
Debug.WriteLine and Trace.WriteLine respectively. By default the
Listeners collection contains a single sink, which is an instance of the
DefaultTraceListener class.
This sends output to the Win32OutputDebugString() function and also

the System.Diagnostics.Debugger.Log() method.
This is useful when debugging, but if you're trying to trace a problem at

a customer site, redirecting the output to a file is more appropriate.
Fortunately, the TextWriterTraceListener class is provided for this
purpose.
*****What are the contents of assembly?

In general, a static assembly can consist of four elements:
The assembly manifest, which contains assembly metadata.
Type metadata.
Microsoft intermediate language (MSIL) code that implements the
types.
A set of resources.
What is GC (Garbage Collection) and how it works

One of the good features of the CLR is Garbage Collection, which runs
in the background collecting unused object references, freeing us from
having to ensure we always destroy them. In reality the time difference
between you releasing the object instance and it being garbage
collected is likely to be very small, since the GC is always running.
[The process of transitively tracing through all pointers to actively used

objects in order to locate all objects that can be referenced, and then
arranging to reuse any heap memory that was not found during this
trace. The common language runtime garbage collector also compacts
the memory that is in use to reduce the working space needed for the
heap.]
Heap:A portion of memory reserved for a program to use for the
temporary storage of data structures whose existence or size cannot be
determined until the program is running.
Differnce between Managed code and unmanaged code ?
Managed Code:
Code that runs under a "contract of cooperation" with the common

language runtime. Managed code must supply the metadata necessary
for the runtime to provide services such as memory management, cross-
language integration, code access security, and automatic lifetime
control of objects.
***All code based on Microsoft intermediate language (MSIL) executes

as managed code.
Un-Managed Code:
Code that is created without regard for the conventions and

requirements of the common language runtime. Unmanaged code
executes in the common language runtime environment with minimal
services (for example, no garbage collection, limited debugging, and so
on).
What is MSIL, IL, CTS and, CLR ?
MSIL: (Microsoft intermediate language)

When compiling to managed code, the compiler translates your source
code into Microsoft intermediate language (MSIL), which is a CPU-
independent set of instructions that can be efficiently converted to native
code. MSIL includes instructions for loading, storing, initializing, and
calling methods on objects, as well as instructions for arithmetic and
logical operations, control flow, direct memory access, exception
handling, and other operations. Before code can be executed, MSIL
must be converted to CPU-specific code, usually by a just-in-time (JIT)
compiler. Because the common language runtime supplies one or more
JIT compilers for each computer architecture it supports, the same set of
MSIL can be JIT-compiled and executed on any supported architecture.
When a compiler produces MSIL, it also produces metadata. Metadata
describes the types in your code, including the definition of
each type, the signatures of each type's members, the members that
your code references, and other data that the runtime uses at
execution time. The MSIL and metadata are contained in a portable

executable (PE) file that is based on and extends the published
Microsoft PE and Common Object File Format (COFF) used historically

for executable content. This file format, which accommodates
MSIL or native code as well as metadata, enables the operating system

to recognize common language runtime images. The
presence of metadata in the file along with the MSIL enables your code
to describe itself, which means that there is no need for type libraries or
Interface Definition Language (IDL). The runtime locates and extracts
the metadata from the file as needed during
execution.
IL: (Intermediate Language)

A language used as the output of a number of compilers and as the input
to a just-in-time (JIT) compiler. The common language
runtime includes a JIT compiler for converting MSIL to native code.
CTS: (Common Type System)

The specification that determines how the common language runtime
defines, uses, and manages types
CLR: (Common Language Runtime)

The engine at the core of managed code execution. The runtime
supplies managed code with services such as cross-language
integration, code access security, object lifetime management, and
debugging and profiling support.
What is Reference type and value type ?

Reference Type:
Reference types are allocated on the managed CLR heap, just like
object types.
A data type that is stored as a reference to the value's location. The
value of a reference type is the location of the sequence of bits
that represent the type's data. Reference types can be self-describing

types, pointer types, or interface types
Value Type:
Value types are allocated on the stack just like primitive types in
VBScript, VB6 and C/C++. Value types are not instantiated using new go
out of scope when the function they are defined within returns.
Value types in the CLR are defined as types that derive from
system.valueType.
A data type that fully describes a value by specifying the sequence of

bits that constitutes the value's representation. Type information for a
value type instance is not stored with the instance at run time, but it is
available in metadata. Value type instances can be treated as objects
using boxing.
What is Boxing and unboxing ?

Boxing:
The conversion of a value type instance to an object, which implies that
the instance will carry full type information at run time and will be
allocated in the heap. The Microsoft intermediate language (MSIL)
instruction set's box instruction converts a value type to an object by
making a copy of the value type and embedding it in a newly allocated
object.
Un-Boxing:
The conversion of an object instance to a value type.
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What is JIT and how is works ?

An acronym for "just-in-time," a phrase that describes an action that is
taken only when it becomes necessary, such as just-in-time compilation
or just-in-time object activation
What is portable executable (PE) ?

The file format used for executable programs and for files to be linked
together to form executable programs
What is strong name?

A name that consists of an assembly's identity—its simple text name,
version number, and culture information (if provided)—strengthened by a
public key and a digital signature generated over the assembly. Because
the assembly manifest
contains file hashes for all the files that constitute the assembly
implementation, it is sufficient to generate the digital signature over just
the one file in the assembly that contains the assembly manifest.
Assemblies with the same strong name are expected to be identical
What is global assembly cache?

A machine-wide code cache that stores assemblies specifically installed
to be shared by many applications on the computer. Applications
deployed in the global assembly cache must have a strong name.
****What is difference between constants, readonly and, static ?

Constants: The value can’t be changed
Read-only: The value will be initialized only once from the constructor of
the class.
Static: Value can be initialized once.
What is difference between shared and public?

An assembly that can be referenced by more than one application. An
assembly must be explicitly built to be shared by giving it a
cryptographically strong name.
What is namespace used for loading assemblies at run time and

name the methods?
System.Reflection
What are the types of authentication in .net?

We have three types of authentication:
1. Form authentication
2. Windows authentication
3. Passport
This has to be declared in web.config file.
What is the difference between a Struct and a Class ?

The struct type is suitable for representing lightweight objects such as
Point, Rectangle, and Color. Although it is possible to represent a point
as a class, a struct is more efficient in some scenarios. For example, if
you declare an array of 1000 Point objects,
you will allocate additional memory for referencing each object. In this
case, the struct is less expensive.
When you create a struct object using the new operator, it gets created
and the appropriate constructor is called. Unlike classes, structs can be
instantiated without using the new operator. If you do not use new, the
fields will remain unassigned and the object cannot be used until all of
the fields are initialized. It is an error to declare a default (parameterless)
constructor for a struct. A default constructor is always provided to
initialize the struct members to their default values.
It is an error to initialize an instance field in a struct.
There is no inheritance for structs as there is for classes. A struct cannot
inherit from another struct or class, and it cannot be the base of a class.
Structs, however, inherit from the base class Object.
A struct can implement interfaces, and it does that exactly as classes

do.
A struct is a value type, while a class is a reference type.
How big is the datatype int in .NET?

32 bits.
How big is the char?

16 bits (Unicode).
How do you initiate a string without escaping each backslash?

Put an @ sign in front of the double-quoted string.
What's the access level of the visibility type internal?

?Current application.
Explain encapsulation ?
The implementation is hidden, the interface is exposed.
What data type should you use if you want an 8-bit value that's
signed?
sbyte.
Speaking of Boolean data types, what's different between C# and

C/C++?
**There's no conversion between 0 and false, as well as any other
number and true, like in C/C++.
Where are the value-type variables allocated in the computer RAM?
Stack.
Where do the reference-type variables go in the RAM?

The references go on the stack, while the objects themselves go on the
heap.
What is the difference between the value-type variables and

reference-type variables in terms of garbage collection?
The value-type variables are not garbage-collected, they just fall off the
stack when they fall out of scope, the reference-type objects
are picked up by GC when their references go null.
How do you convert a string into an integer in .NET?

Int32.Parse(string)
How do you box a primitive data type variable?

Assign it to the object, pass an object.
Why do you need to box a primitive variable?

?To pass it by reference.
What's the difference between Java and .NET garbage collectors?

Sun left the implementation of a specific garbage collector up to the JRE
developer, so their performance varies widely, depending on whose JRE
you're using. Microsoft standardized on their garbage collection.
How do you enforce garbage collection in .NET?

System.GC.Collect();
What's different about namespace declaration when comparing that
to package declaration in Java?
No semicolon.
What's the difference between const and readonly?

You can initialize readonly variables to some runtime values. Let's say
your program uses current date and time as one of the values that won't
change. This way you declare public readonly string DateT = new
DateTime().ToString().
What happens when you encounter a continue statement inside the

for loop?
The code for the rest of the loop is ignored, the control is transferred
back to the beginning of the loop.
What's the advantage of using System.Text.StringBuilder over

System.String?
StringBuilder is more efficient in the cases, where a lot of manipulation is
done to the text. Strings are immutable, so each time it's being operated
on, a new instance is created.
**Can you store multiple data types in System.Array?

No.
What's the difference between the System.Array.CopyTo() and

System.Array.Clone()?
The first one performs a deep copy of the array, the second one is
shallow.
How can you sort the elements of the array in descending order?
By calling Sort() and then Reverse() methods.
What's the .NET datatype that allows the retrieval of data by a
unique key?
HashTable.
?What's class SortedList underneath?

A sorted HashTable.
Will finally block get executed if the exception had not occurred?
Yes.
Can multiple catch blocks be executed?

No, once the proper catch code fires off, the control is transferred to the
finally block (if there are any), and then whatever follows the finally
block.
?Why is it a bad idea to throw your own exceptions?

Well, if at that point you know that an error has occurred, then why not
write the proper code to handle that error instead of passing a new
Exception object to the catch block? Throwing your own exceptions
signifies some design flaws in the project.
**What's a delegate?
A delegate object encapsulates a reference to a method. In C++ they
were referred to as function pointers.
?What's a multicast delegate?

It's a delegate that points to and eventually fires off several methods.
How's the DLL Hell problem solved in .NET?
Assembly versioning allows the application to specify not only the library
it needs to run (which was available under Win32), but also the version
of the assembly.
What are the ways to deploy an assembly?

An MSI installer, a CAB archive, and XCOPY command.
**What's a satellite assembly?

When you write a multilingual or multi-cultural application in .NET, and
want to distribute the core application separately from the localized
modules, the localized assemblies that modify the core application are
called satellite assemblies.
What namespaces are necessary to create a localized application?

System.Globalization, System.Resources.
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What does assert() do?

In debug compilation, assert takes in a Boolean condition as a
parameter, and shows the error dialog if the condition is false. The
program proceeds without any interruption if the condition is true.
What's the difference between the Debug class and Trace class?
Documentation looks the same. Use Debug class for debug builds, use
Trace class for both debug and release builds.
Why are there five tracing levels in

System.Diagnostics.TraceSwitcher?
The tracing dumps can be quite verbose and for some applications that
are constantly running you run the risk of overloading the machine and
the hard drive there. Five levels range from None to Verbose, allowing to
fine-tune the tracing activities.
Where is the output of TextWriterTraceListener redirected?

To the Console or a text file depending on the parameter passed to the
constructor.
What namespaces are necessary to create a localized application?

System.Globalization, System.Resources.
What are three test cases you should go through in unit testing?
Positive test cases (correct data, correct output),
negative test cases (broken or missing data, proper handling),
exception test cases (exceptions are thrown and caught properly).
Can you change the value of a variable while debugging a C#

application?
Yes, if you are debugging via Visual Studio.NET, just go to Immediate
window.
? What's the implicit name of the parameter that gets passed into
the class' set method?
Value, and it's datatype depends on whatever variable we're changing.
How do you inherit from a class in C#?

Place a colon and then the name of the base class. Notice that it's
double colon in C++.
Does C# support multiple inheritance?
No, use interfaces instead.
When you inherit a protected class-level variable, who is it available

to?
Derived Classes.
****What's the top .NET class that everything is derived from?

System.Object.
How's method overriding different from overloading?

When overriding, you change the method behavior for a derived class.
Overloading simply involves having a method with the same name
within the class.
What does the keyword virtual mean in the method definition?

The method can be over-ridden.
Can you declare the override method static while the original
method is non-static?
No, you can't, the signature of the virtual method must remain the same,
only the keyword virtual is changed to keyword override.
Can you override private virtual methods?

No, moreover, you cannot access private methods in inherited classes,
have to be protected in the base class to allow any sort of access.
? Can you prevent your class from being inherited and becoming a
base class for some other classes?
Yes, that's what keyword sealed in the class definition is for. The
developer trying to derive from your class will get a message: cannot
inherit from Sealed class WhateverBaseClassName. It's the same
concept as final class in Java.
Can you allow class to be inherited, but prevent the method from
being over-ridden?
Yes, just leave the class public and make the method sealed.
Why can't you specify the accessibility modifier for methods inside
the interface?
They all must be public. Therefore, to prevent you from getting the false
impression that you have any freedom of choice, you are not allowed to
specify any accessibility, it's public by default.
Can you inherit multiple interfaces?

Yes, why not.
? And if they have conflicting method names?

It's up to you to implement the method inside your own class, so
implementation is left entirely up to you. This might cause a problem on
a higher-level scale if similarly named methods from different interfaces
expect different data, but as far as compiler cares you're okay.
*****What's the difference between an interface and abstract class?

In the interface all methods must be abstract, in the abstract class some
methods can be concrete. In the interface no accessibility modifiers are
allowed, which is ok in abstract classes.
How can you overload a method?

Different parameter data types, different number of parameters, different
order of parameters.
? If a base class has a bunch of overloaded constructors, and an
inherited class has another bunch of overloaded constructors, can
you enforce a call from an inherited constructor to an arbitrary
base constructor?
Yes, just place a colon, and then keyword base (parameter list to invoke
the appropriate constructor) in the overloaded constructor definition
inside the inherited class.
What's the difference between System.String and

System.StringBuilder classes?
System.String is immutable, System.StringBuilder was designed with the
purpose of having a mutable string where a variety of operations can be
performed.
Does C# support multiple-inheritance?

No, use interfaces instead.
When you inherit a protected class-level variable, who is it available

to?
The derived class.
?Are private class-level variables inherited?

Yes, but they are not accessible. Although they are not visible or
accessible via the class interface, they are inherited.
Describe the accessibility modifier "protected internal".

It is available to derived classes and classes within the same Assembly
(and naturally from the base class it's declared in).
What's the top .NET class that everything is derived from?

System.Object.
What's the advantage of using System.Text.StringBuilder over
System.String?
StringBuilder is more efficient in cases where there is a large amount of
string manipulation. Strings are immutable, so each time it's being
operated on, a new instance is created.
Can you store multiple data types in System.Array?

No.
What's the .NET class that allows the retrieval of a data element
using a unique key?
HashTable.
Will the finally block get executed if an exception has not

occurred?
Yes.
What's an abstract class?

A class that cannot be instantiated. An abstract class is a class that
must be inherited and have the methods overridden. An abstract class is
essentially a blueprint for a class without any implementation.
*****When do you absolutely have to declare a class as abstract?

1. When at least one of the methods in the class is abstract.
2. When the class itself is inherited from an abstract class, but not
all base abstract methods have been overridden.
****What's an interface?
It's an abstract class with public abstract methods all of which must be
implemented in the inherited classes.
Why can't you specify the accessibility modifier for methods inside
the interface?
They all must be public. Therefore, to prevent you from getting the false
impression that you have any freedom of choice,
you are not allowed to specify any accessibility, it's public by default.
What's the difference between an interface and abstract class?

In an interface class, all methods must be abstract. In an abstract class
some methods can be concrete. In an interface class, no accessibility
modifiers are allowed, which is ok in an abstract class.
How is method overriding different from method overloading?

When overriding a method, you change the behavior of the method for
the derived class. Overloading a method simply involves
having another method with the same name within the class.
Can you declare an override method to be static if the original

method is non-static?
No. The signature of the virtual method must remain the same, only the
keyword virtual is changed to keyword override.
Can you override private virtual methods?

No. Private methods are not accessible outside the class.
Can you write a class without specifying namespace? Which

namespace does it belong to by default?
Yes, you can, then the class belongs to global namespace which has no
name. For commercial products, naturally, you wouldn't want global
namespace.
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What is a formatter?
A formatter is an object that is responsible for encoding and serializing
data into messages on one end, and deserializing and decoding
messages into data on the other end.
Different b/w .NET & J2EE ?

Differences between J2EE and the .NET Platform
Vendor Neutrality
The .NET platform is not vendor neutral, it is tied to the Microsoft

operating systems. But neither are any of the J2EE implementations
Many companies buy into J2EE believing that it will give them vendor
neutrality. And, in fact, this is a stated goal of Sun's vision:
A wide variety of J2EE product configurations and implementations, all
of which meet the requirements of this specification, are possible. A
portable J2EE application will function correctly when successfully
deployed in any of these products. (ref : Java 2 Platform Enterprise
Edition Specification, v1.3, page 2-7 available at
http://java.sun.com/j2ee/)
Overall Maturity
Given that the .NET platform has a three year lead over J2EE, it should
be no surprise to learn that the .NET platform is far more mature than
the J2EE platform. Whereas we have high volume highly reliable web
sites using .NET technologies (NASDAQ and Dell being among many
examples)
Interoperability and Web Services
The .NET platform eCollaboration model is, as I have discussed at

length, based on the UDDI and SOAP standards. These standards are
widely supported by more than 100 companies. Microsoft, along with
IBM and Ariba, are the leaders in this area. Sun is a member of the
UDDI consortium and recognizes the importance of the UDDI standards.
In a recent press release, Sun's George Paolini, Vice President for the
Java Community Development, says:
"Sun has always worked to help establish and support open, standards-
based technologies that facilitate the growth of network-based
applications, and we see UDDI as an important project to establish a
registry framework for business-to-business e-commerce
But while Sun publicly says it believes in the UDDI standards, in reality,
Sun has done nothing whatsoever to incorporate any of the UDDI
standards into J2EE.
Scalability
Typical Comparision w.r.t Systems and their costs
J2EE
Company System Total Sys. Cost

Bull Escala T610 c/s 16,785
$1,980,179
IBM RS/6000 Enterprise Server F80 16,785
$2,026,681
Bull Escala EPC810 c/s 33,375
$3,037,499
IBM RS/6000 Enterprise Server M80 33,375
$3,097,055
Bull Escala EPC2450 110,403
$9,563,263
IBM IBM eServer pSeries 680 Model 7017-S85 110,403
$9,560,594
.NET platform systems
Company System Total Sys. Cost

Dell PowerEdge 4400 16,263
$273,487
Compaq ProLiant ML-570-6/700-3P 20,207
$201,717
Dell PowerEdge 6400 30,231
$334,626
IBM Netfinity 7600 c/s 32,377
$443,463
Compaq ProLiant 8500-X550-64P 161,720
$3,534,272
$3,546,582
$5,305,571
$5,305,571
Compaq ProLiant 8500-700-192P 505,303
$10,003,826
Framework Support
The .NET platform includes such an eCommerce framework called

Commerce Server. At this point, there is no equivalent vendor-neutral
framework in the J2EE space. With J2EE, you should assume that you
will be building your new eCommerce solution from scratch
Moreover, no matter what [J2EE] vendor you choose, if you expect a

component framework that will allow you to quickly field complete e-
business applications, you are in for a frustrating experience
Language
In the language arena, the choice is about as simple as it gets. J2EE

supports Java, and only Java. It will not support any other language in
the foreseeable future. The .NET platform supports every language
except Java (although it does support a language that is syntactically
and functionally equivalent to Java, C#). In fact, given the importance of
the .NET platform as a language independent vehicle, it is likely that any
language that comes out in the near future will include support for the
.NET platform.
Some companies are under the impression that J2EE supports other
languages. Although both IBM's WebSphere and BEA's WebLogic
support other languages, neither does it through their J2EE technology.
There are only two official ways in the J2EE platform to access other
languages, one through the Java Native Interface and the other through
CORBA interoperability. Sun recommends the later approach. As Sun's
Distinguished Scientist and Java Architect Rick Cattell said in a recent
interview.
Portability
The reason that operating system portability is a possibility with J2EE is

not so much because of any inherent portability of J2EE, as it is that
most of the J2EE vendors support multiple operating systems. Therefore
as long as one sticks with a given J2EE vendor and a given database
vendor, moving from one operating system to another should be
possible. This is probably the single most important benefit in favor of
J2EE over the .NET platform, which is limited to the Windows operating
system. It is worth noting, however, that Microsoft has submitted the
specifications for C# and a subset of the .NET Framework (called the
common language infrastructure) to ECMA, the group that standardizes
JavaScript.
J2EE offers an acceptable solution to ISVs when the product must be

marketed to non-Windows customers, particularly when the J2EE
platform itself can be bundled with the ISV's product as an integrated
offering.
If the primary customer base for the ISV is Windows customers, then
the .NET platform should be chosen. It will provide much better
performance at a much lower cost.
Client device independence
The major difference being that with Java, it is the presentation tier
programmer that determines the ultimate HTML that will be delivered to
the client, and with .NET, it is a Visual Studio.NET control.
This Java approach has three problems. First, it requires a lot of code on
the presentation tier, since every possible thin client system requires a
different code path. Second, it is very difficult to test the code with every
possible thin client system. Third, it is very difficult to add new thin clients
to an existing application, since to do so involves searching through, and
modifying a tremendous amount of presentation tier logic.
The .NET Framework approach is to write device independent code that

interacts with visual controls. It is the control, not the programmer, that is
responsible for determining what HTML to deliver, based on the
capabilities of the client device.. In the .NET Framework model, one can
forget that such a thing as HTML even exists! Contd ....
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Conclusion
Sun's J2EE vision is based on a family of specifications that can be

implemented by many vendors. It is open in the sense that any company
can license and implement the technology, but closed in the sense that it
is controlled by a single vendor, and a self contained architectural island
with very limited ability to interact outside of itself. One of J2EE's major
disadvantages is that the choice of the platform dictates the use of a
single programming language, and a programming language that is not
well suited for most businesses. One of J2EE's major advantages is that
most of the J2EE vendors do offer operating system portability.
Microsoft's .NET platform vision is a family of products rather than

specifications, with specifications used primarily to define points of
interoperability. The major disadvantage of this approach is that if is
limited to the Windows platform, so applications written for the .NET
platform can only be run on .NET platforms. Their are several important
advantages to the .NET platform:
* The cost of developing applications is much lower, since standard

business languages can be used and device independent presentation
tier logic can be written.
* The cost of running applications is much lower, since commodity

hardware platforms (at 1/5 the cost of their Unix counterparts) can be
used.
* The ability to scale up is much greater, with the proved ability to

support at least ten times the number of clients any J2EE platform has
shown itself able to support.
* Interoperability is much stronger, with industry standard eCollaboration

built into the platform.
*****What are the Main Features of .NET platform?
Features of .NET Platform are :-
Common Language Runtime

Explains the features and benefits of the common language runtime, a
run-time environment that manages the execution of code and provides
services that simplify the development process.
Assemblies
Defines the concept of assemblies, which are collections of types and
resources that form logical units of functionality. Assemblies are the
fundamental units of deployment, version control, reuse, activation
scoping, and security permissions.
Application Domains
Explains how to use application domains to provide isolation between
applications.
Runtime Hosts
Describes the runtime hosts supported by the .NET Framework,
including ASP.NET, Internet Explorer, and shell executables.
Common Type System

Identifies the types supported by the common language runtime.
Metadata and Self-Describing Components

Explains how the .NET Framework simplifies component interoperation
by allowing compilers to emit additional declarative information, or
metadata, into all modules and assemblies.
Cross-Language Interoperability
Explains how managed objects created in different programming
languages can interact with one another.
.NET Framework Security

Describes mechanisms for protecting resources and code from
unauthorized code and unauthorized users.
.NET Framework Class Library

Introduces the library of types provided by the .NET Framework, which
expedites and optimizes the development process and gives you access
to system functionality.
What is the use of JIT ?

JIT (Just - In - Time) is a compiler which converts MSIL code to Native
Code (ie.. CPU-specific code that runs on the same computer
architecture).
Because the common language runtime supplies a JIT compiler for each
supported CPU architecture, developers can write a set of MSIL that can
be JIT-compiled and run on computers with different architectures.
However, your managed code will run only on a specific operating
system if it calls platform-specific native APIs, or a platform-specific class
library.
JIT compilation takes into account the fact that some code might never
get called during execution. Rather than using time and memory to
convert all the MSIL in a portable executable (PE) file to native code, it
converts the MSIL as needed during execution and stores the resulting
native code so that it is accessible for subsequent calls. The loader
creates and attaches a stub to each of a type's methods when the type
is loaded. On the initial call to the method, the stub passes control to the
JIT compiler, which converts the MSIL for that method into native code
and modifies the stub to direct execution to the location of the native
code. Subsequent calls of the JIT-compiled method proceed directly to
the native code that was previously generated, reducing the time it takes
to JIT-compile and run the code.
What meant of assembly & global assembly cache (gac) & Meta
data.
Assembly :-- An assembly is the primary building block of a .NET based
application. It is a collection of functionality that is built, versioned, and
deployed as a single implementation unit (as one or more files). All
managed types and resources are marked either as accessible only
within their implementation unit, or as accessible by code outside that
unit. It overcomes the problem of 'dll Hell'.The .NET Framework uses
assemblies as the fundamental unit for several purposes:
Security
Type Identity
Reference Scope
•
Versioning
Deployment
Global Assembly Cache :-- Assemblies can be shared among multiple

applications on the machine by registering them in global Assembly
cache(GAC). GAC is a machine wide a local cache
of assemblies maintained by the .NET Framework. We can register the

assembly to global assembly cache by using gacutil command.
We can Navigate to the GAC directory, C:\winnt\Assembly in explore. In the

tools menu select the cache properties; in the windows displayed you can set the
memory limit in MB used by the GAC
MetaData :--Assemblies have Manifests. This Manifest contains Metadata

information of the Module/Assembly as well as it contains detailed Metadata of
other assemblies/modules references (exported). It's the Assembly Manifest
which differentiates between an Assembly and a Module.
?What are the mobile devices supported by .net platform
The Microsoft .NET Compact Framework is designed to run on mobile devices

such as mobile phones, Personal Digital
Assistants (PDAs), and embedded devices. The easiest way to develop and test
a Smart Device Application is to use an emulator.
These devices are divided into two main divisions:
1) Those that are directly supported by .NET (Pocket PCs, i-Mode phones, and
WAP devices)
2) Those that are not (Palm OS and J2ME-powered devices).
What is GUID , why we use it and where?
GUID :-- GUID is Short form of Globally Unique Identifier, a unique 128-bit
number that is produced by the Windows OS or by some Windows applications
to identify a particular component, application, file, database entry, and/or user.
For instance, a Web site may generate a GUID and assign it to a user's browser
to record and track the session. A GUID is also used in a Windows registry to
identify
COM DLLs. Knowing where to look in the registry and having the correct
GUID yields a lot information about a COM object (i.e., information in the type
library, its physical location, etc.). Windows also identifies user accounts by a
username (computer/domain and username) and assigns it a GUID. Some
database administrators even will use GUIDs as primary key values in
databases.
GUIDs can be created in a number of ways, but usually they are a combination
of a few unique settings based on specific point in t
ime (e.g., an IP address, network MAC address, clock date/time, etc.).
***Describe the difference between inline and code behind - which is best
in a loosely coupled solution
ASP.NET supports two modes of page development: Page logic code that is
written inside runat="server"> blocks within an .aspx file and dynamically
compiled the first time the page is requested on the server. Page logic code that
is written within an external class that is compiled prior to deployment on a
server and linked ""behind"" the .aspx file at run time.
***Whats MSIL, and why should my developers need an appreciation of it

if at all?
When compiling the source code to managed code, the compiler translates the
source into Microsoft intermediate language (MSIL). This is a CPU-independen
t set of instructions that can efficiently be converted to native code. Microsoft
intermediate language (MSIL) is a translation used as the output of a number of
compilers. It is the input to a just-in-time (JIT) compiler. The Common
Language Runtime includes a JIT compiler for the conversion of MSIL to native
code.
Before Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL) can be executed it, must be

converted by the .NET Framework just-in-time (JIT) compiler to native code.
This is CPU-specific code that runs on the same computer architecture as the
JIT compiler. Rather than using time and memory to convert all of the MSIL in
a portable executable (PE) file to native code. It converts the MSIL as needed
whilst executing, then caches the resulting native code so its accessible for any
subsequent calls.
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**How many .NET languages can a single .NET DLL contain?
One
What type of code (server or client) is found in a Code-Behind class?
Server
Whats an assembly?
*******Assemblies are the building blocks of .NET Framework applications;

they form the fundamental unit of deployment, version control, reuse, activation
scoping, and security permissions.
An assembly is a collection of types and resources that are built to work

together and form a logical unit of functionality. An assembly provides the
common language runtime with the information it needs to be aware of type
implementations. To the runtime, a type does not exist outside the context of an
assembly.
How many classes can a single .NET DLL contain?
Unlimited.
What is the difference between string and String ?
No difference
What is manifest?
It is the metadata that describes the assemblies.
What is metadata?
Metadata is machine-readable information about a resource, or ""data about

data."" Such information might include details on content, format, size, or other
characteristics of a datasource. In .NET, metadata includes type definitions,
version information, external assembly references, and other standardized
information.
What are the types of assemblies?
There are four types of assemblies in .NET:
Static assemblies : These are the .NET PE files that you create at compile time.
Dynamic assemblies : These are PE-formatted, in-memory assemblies that you

dynamically create at runtime using the classes in the System.Reflection.Emit
namespace.
Private assemblies : These are static assemblies used by a specific application.
Public or shared assemblies : These are static assemblies that must have a
unique shared name and can be used by any application.
An application uses a private assembly by referring to the assembly using a

static path or through an XML-based application configuration file. While the
CLR doesn't enforce versioning policies-checking whether the correct version is
used-for private assemblies, it ensures that an application uses the correct shared
assemblies with which the application was built. Thus, an application uses a
specific shared assembly by referring to the specific shared assembly, and the
CLR ensures that the correct version is loaded at runtime.
In .NET, an assembly is the smallest unit to which you can associate a version
number;
What are delegates?where are they used ?
A delegate defines a reference type that can be used to encapsulate a
method with a specific signature. A delegate instance encapsulates a static or an

instance method. Delegates are roughly similar to function pointers in C++;
however, delegates are type-safe and secure.
When do you use virutal keyword?.
When we need to override a method of the base class in the sub class, then we
give the virtual keyword in the base class method. This makes the method in the
base class to be overridable. Methods, properties, and indexers can be virtual,
which means that their implementation can be overridden in derived classes.
*****What are class access modifiers ?
Access modifiers are keywords used to specify the declared accessibility of a

member or a type. This section introduces the four access modifiers:
· Public - Access is not restricted.
· Protected - Access is limited to the containing class or types derived from the
containing class.
· Internal - Access is limited to the current assembly.
· Protected inertnal - Access is limited to the current assembly or types derived

· from the containing class.
· Private - Access is limited to the containing type.
What Is Boxing And Unboxing?
Boxing :- Boxing is an implicit conversion of a value type to the type object

type
Eg:-
Consider the following declaration of a value-type variable:
int i = 1
23;
object o = (object) i;
Boxing Conversion
UnBoxing :- Unboxing is an explicit conversion from the type object to a value

type
Eg:
int i = 123;
// A value type
object box = i;
// Boxing
int j = (int)box;
// Unboxing
What is Value type and refernce type in .Net?.
Value Type : A variable of a value type always contains a value of that type. The
assignment to a variable of a value type creates a copy of the assigned value,
while the assignment to a variable of a reference type creates a co
py of the reference but not of the referenced object.
The value types consist of two main categories:

* Stuct Type
* Enumeration Type
Reference Type :Variables of reference types, referred to as objects, store

references to the actual data. This section introduces the following keywords
used to declare reference types:
* Class
* Interface
* Delegate
This section also introduces the following built-in reference types:
* object
* string
****What is the difference between structures and enumeration?
Unlike classes, structs are value types and do not require heap allocation. A
variable of a struct type directly contains the data of the struct, whereas a
variable of a class type contains a reference to the data. They are derived from
System.ValueType class.
Enum->An enum type is a distinct type that declares a set of named constants.
They are strongly typed coanstants. They are unique types that allow to declare
symbolic names to integral values. Enums are value types, which means they
contain their own value,can't inherit or be inherited from and assignment copies
the value of one enum to another.
public enum Grade

{
A,
B,
What is namespaces?.
Namespace is a logical naming scheme for group related types.Some class types
that logically belong together they can be put into a common namespace. They
prevent namespace collisions and they provide scoping. They are imported as
"using" in C# or "Imports" in Visual Basic. It seems as if these directives
specify a particular assembly, but they don't. A namespace can span multiple
assemblies, and an assembly can define multiple namespaces. When the
compiler needs the definition for a class type, it tracks
through each of the different imported namespaces to the type name and
searches each referenced assembly until it is found.
Namespaces can be nested. This is very similar to packages in Java as far as

scoping is concerned.
How do you create shared assemblies?.
Just look through the definition of Assemblies..
*An Assembly is a logical unit of code
* Assembly physically exist as DLLs or EXEs
* One assembly can contain one or more files
* The constituent files can include any file types like image files, text files etc.
along with DLLs or EXEs
* When you compile your source code by default the exe/dll generated is
actually an assembly
* Unless your code is bundled as assembly it can not be used in any other
application
* When you talk about version of a component you are actually talking about
version of the assembly to which the component belongs.
* Every assembly file contains information about itself. This information is

called as Assembly Manifest.
Following steps are involved in creating shared assemblies :

* Create your DLL/EXE source code
* Generate unique assembly name using SN utility
* Sign your DLL/EXE with the private key by modifying AssemblyInfo file
* Compile your DLL/EXE
* Place the resultant DLL/EXE in global assembly cache using AL utility
What is global assembly cache?
Each computer where the common language runtime is installed has a machine-
wide code cache called the global assembly cache. The global assembly cache
stores assemblies specifically designated to be shared by several applications on
the computer.
There are several ways to deploy an assembly into the global assembly cache:
· Use an installer designed to work with the global assembly cache. This is the
preferred option for installing assemblies into the global assembly cache.
· Use a developer tool called the Global Assembly Cache tool
(Gacutil.exe), provided by the .NET Framework SDK.
· Use Windows Explorer to drag assemblies into the cache.

What is MSIL?.
When compiling to managed code, the compiler translates your source code into
Microsoft intermediate language (MSIL), which is
a CPU-independent set of instructions that can be efficiently converted to native

code. MSIL includes instructions for loading, storing, initializing, and calling
methods on objects, as well as instructions for arithmetic and logical operations,
control fl
ow, direct memory access, exception handling, and other operations. Before
code can be run, MSIL must be converted to CPU-specific code, usually by a
just-in-time (JIT) compiler. Because the common language runtime supplies one
or more JIT compilers for ea
ch computer architecture it supports, the same set of MSIL can be JIT-compiled

and run on any supported architecture.
When a compiler produces MSIL, it also produces metadata. Metadata describes

the types in your code, including the definition of each type
, the signatures of each type's members, the members that your code references,
and other data that the runtime uses at execution time. The MSIL and metadata
are contained in a portable executable (PE) file that is based on and extends the
published Micros
oft PE and common object file format (COFF) used historically for executable
content. This file format, which accommodates MSIL or native code as well as
metadata, enables the operating system to recognize common language runtime
images. The presence of me
tadata in the file along with the MSIL enables your code to describe itself,
which means that there is no need for type libraries or Interface Definition
Language (IDL). The runtime locates and extracts the metadata from the file as
needed during execution
What is Jit compilers?

?how many are available in clr?
Just-In-Time compiler- it converts the language that you write in .Net into
machine language that a computer can understand. there are tqo types of JITs
one is memory optimized & other is performace optimized.
What is tracing?Where it used.Explain few methods available
Tracing refers to collecting information about the application while it is

running. You use tracing information to troubleshoot an application.
Tracing allows us to observe and correct programming errors. Tracing enables

you to record information in various log files about the errors that might occur
at run time. You can analyze these log files to find the cause of the errors.
In .NET we have objects called Trace Listeners. A listener is an object that

receives the trace output and outputs it somewhere; that somewhere could be a
window in your development environment, a file on your hard drive, a Windows
Event log, a SQL Server or Oracle database, or any other customized data store.
The System.Diagnostics namespace provides the interfaces, classes,

enumerations and structures that are used for tracing The System.Diagnostics
namespace provides two classes named Trace and Debug that are used for
writing errors and application execution information in logs.
All Trace Listeners have the following functions. Functionality of these

functions is same except that the target media for the tracing output is
determined by the Trace Listener.
Method Name Result Fail
Outputs the specified text with
the Call Stack.

Write
Outputs the specified text.
WriteLine
Outputs the specified text and a carriage return.
Flush
Flushes the output buffer to the target media.
Close
Closes the output stream in order to not receive the tracing/debugging output.
<<
>>
How to set the debug mode?
Debug Mode for ASP.NET applications - To set ASP.NET
appplication in debugging mode, edit the application's web.config and assign

the "debug" attribute in < compilation > section to "true" as show below:
< configuration >
< system.web >
< compilation defaultLanguage="vb" debug="true" / >
....
...
..
</ configuration >
This case-sensitive attribute 'debug tells ASP.NET to generate symbols for

dynamically generated files and enables the debugger to attach to the ASP.NET
application. ASP.NET will detect this change automatically, without the need to
restart the server. Debug Mode for ASP.NET Webservices - Debugging an XML
Web service created with ASP.NET is similar to the debugging an ASP.NET
Web application.
What is the property available to check if the page posted or not?
The Page_Load event handler in

the page checks for IsPostBack property value, to ascertain whether the page is
posted. The Page.IsPostBack gets a value indicating whether the page is being
loaded in response to the client postback, or it is for the first time. The value of
Page.IsPostB
ack is True, if the page is being loaded in response to the client postback; while
its value is False, when the page is loaded for the first time. The
Page.IsPostBack property facilitates execution of certain routine in Page_Load,
only once (for e.g. in Pa
ge load, we need to set default value in controls, when page is loaded for the
first time. On post back, we check for true value for IsPostback value and then
invoke server-side code to
update data).
Which are the abstract classes available under system.xml namespace?
The System.XML namespace provides XML related processing ability in .NET

framework. XmlReader and XMLWriter are the two abstract classes at the core
of .NET Framework XML classes:
1. XmlReader provides a fast, forward-only, read-only cursor
for processing an XML document stream.
2. XmlWriter provides an interface for producing XML document streams that

conform to the W3C's XML standards.
Both XmlReader and XmlWriter are abstract base classes, which define the
functionality that all derived cl
asses must support.
Is it possible to use multipe inheritance in .net?
Multiple Inheritance is an ability to inherit from more than one base class i.e.
ability of a class to have more than one superclass, by inheriting from different
sources and thus combine separately-defined behaviors in a single class. There
are two types of multiple inheritance: multiple type/interface inheritance and
multiple implementation inheritance. C# & VB.NET supports only multiple
type/interface inheritance, i.e. you can derive an class/interface from multiple
interfaces. There is no support for multiple implementation inheritance in .NET.
That means a class can only derived from one class.
What are the derived classes from xmlReader and xmlWriter?
Both XmlReader and XmlWriter are abstract base classes, which define the
functionality that all derived classes must support.
There are three concrete implementations of XmlReader:
1.XmlTextReader
2.XmlNodeReader
3.XmlValidatingReader
There are two concrete implementations of XmlWriter:
1.XmlTextWriter
2.XmlNodeWriter
XmlTextReader and XmlTextWriter support reading data to/from text-based

stream, while XmlNodeReade
r and XmlNodeWriter are designed for working with in-memory DOM tree
structure. The custom readers and writers can also be developed to extend the
built-in functionality of XmlReader and XmlWriter.
What is managed and unmanaged code?

The .NET framework provides several core run-time services to the programs
that run within it - for example exception handling and security. For these
services to work, the code must provide a minimum level of information to the
runtime. i.e., code executing under the control of the CLR is called managed
code. For example, any code written in C# or Visual Basic .NET is managed
code.
Code that runs outside the CLR is referred to as "unmanaged code." COM
components, ActiveX components, and Win32 API functions are examples of
unmanaged code.
How you deploy .NET assemblies?
One way is simply use xcopy. others are use and the setup projects in .net. and
one more way is use of nontuch deployment.
What is Globalizationa and Localization ?
Globalization is the process of creating an application that meets the needs of

users from multiple cultures. It includes using the correct currency, date and
time format, calendar, writing direction, sorting rules, and other issues.
Accommodating these cultural differences in an application is called
localization.Using classes of System.Globalization namespace, you can set
application's current culture.
This can be achieved by using any of the following 3 approaches.
1.Detect and redirect
2. Run-time adjustment
3.Using Satellite assemblies.

Whate are Resource Files ? How are they used in .NET?
Resource files are the files containing data that is logically deployed with an
application.These files can contain data in a number of formats including
strings, images and persisted objects. It has the main advantage of If we store
data in these files then we don't need to compile these if the data get changed. In
.NET we basically require them storing culture specific informations by
localizing application's resources. You can deploy your resources using satellite
assemblies.
Difference between Dispose and Finallize method?
Finalize method is used to free the memory used by some unmanaged resources
like window handles (HWND). It's similar to the destructor syntax in C#. Th
e GC calls this method when it founds no more references to the object. But, In
some cases we may need release the memory used by the resources
explicitely.To release the memory explicitly we need to implement the Dispose
method of IDisposable interface.
What is encapsulation ?
Encapsulation is the ability to hide the internal workings of an object's behavior

and its data. For instance, let's say you have a object named Bike and this object
has a method named start(). When you create an instance of a Bike o
bject and call its start() method you are not worried about what happens to
accomplish this, you just want to make sure the state of the bike is changed to
'running' afterwards. This kind of behavior hiding is encapsulation and it makes
programming much easier.
How can you prevent your class to be inherated further?
By setting Sealed - Key word
public sealed class Planet

{
//code goes here
class Moon:Planet
{
//Not allowed as base class is sealed
What is GUID and why we need to use it and in what condition? How this
is created.
A GUID is a 128-bit integer (16 bytes) that can be used across all computers
and networks wherever a unique identifier is required. Such an identifier has a
very low probability of being duplicated.
Visual Studio .NET IDE has a utility under the tools menu to generate GUIDs.
Why do you need to serialize.?
We need to serialize the object,if you want to pass object from one
computer/application domain to another.Process of converting complex objects
into stream of bytes that can be persisted or transported.Namespace for
serialization is System.Runtime.Serialization.The ISerializable interface allows
you to make any class Serializable..NET framework features 2 serializing
method.
1.Binary Serialization 2.XML Serialization
What is inline schema, how does it works?
Schemas can be included inside of XML file is called Inline Schemas.This is

useful when it is inconvenient to physically seprate the schema and the XML
document.A schema is an XML document that defines the structure, constraints,
data types, and relationships of the elements that constitute the data contained
inside the XML document or in another XML document.Schema can be an
external file which uses the XSD or XDR extension called external schema.
Inline schema can take place even when validation is turned off.
Describe the advantages of writing a managed code application instead of

unmanaged one. What's involved in certain piece of code being managed?
"Advantage includes automatic garbage collection,memory

management,security,type checking,versioning Managed code is compiled for
the .NET run-time environment. It runs in the Common Language Runtime
(CLR), which is the heart of the .NET Framework. The CLR provides services
such as security,memory management, and cross-language integration. Managed
applications written to take advantage of the features of the CLR perform more
efficiently and safely, and take better advantage of developers existing expertise
in languages that support the .NET Framework.
Unmanaged code includes all code written before the .NET Framework was
introduced -this includes code written to use COM, native Win32, and Visual
Basic 6. Because it does not run inside the .NET environment, unmanaged code
cannot make use of any .NET managed facilities."
What are multicast delegates ? give me an example ?
Delegate that can have more than one element in its invocation List.
using System;
namespace SampleMultiCastDelegate
class MultiCast{public delegate string strMultiCast(string s);}
MainClass defines the static methods having same signature as delegate.
using System;
public class MainClass{
public MainClass(){}
public static string Jump(string s){
Console.WriteLine("Jump");
return String.Empty;
public static string Run(string s){
Console.WriteLine("Run");
return String.Empty;
public static string Walk(string s){
Console.WriteLine("Walk");
return String.Empty;}
}
The Main class:
using System;
using System.Threading;
public class MainMultiCastDelegate
{public static void Main(){
MultiCast.strMultiCast Run,Walk,Jump;
MultiCast.strMultiCast myDelegate;
///here mydelegate used the Combine method of System.MulticastDelegate
///and the delegates combine
myDelegate=(MultiCast.strMultiCast)System.Delegate.Combine(Run,Walk);
Can a nested object be used in Serialization ?

Yes. If a class
that is to be serialized contains references to objects of other classes, and if

those classes have been marked as serializable, then their objects are serialized
too.
Difference between int and int32 ?
Both are same. System.Int32 is a .NET class. Int is
an alias name for System.Int32.
Describe the difference between a Thread and a Process?
A Process is an instance of an running application. And a thread is the

Execution stream of the Process. A process can have multiple Thread.
When a process starts a specific memory area is allocated to it. When there is
multiple thread in a process, each thread gets a memory for storing the variables
in it and plus they can access to the global variables which is common for all the
thread. Eg.A Microsoft Word is a Application. When you open a word file,an
instance of the Word starts and a process is allocated to this instance which has
one thread.
*****What is the difference between an EXE and a DLL?
You can create an objects of Dll but not of the EXE.
Dll is an In-Process Component whereas EXE is an OUt-Process Component.
Exe is for single use whereas you can use Dll for multiple use.
Exe can be started as standalone where dll cannot be.
What is strong-typing versus weak-typing? Which is preferred? Why?
Strong typing implies that the types of variables involved in operations are
associated to the variable, checked at compile-time, and require explicit
conversion; weak typing implies that they are associated to the value, checked
at run-time, and are implicitly converted as required. (Which is preferred is a
disputable point, but I personally prefer strong typing because I like my errors
to be found as soon as possible.)
What is a PID? How is it useful when troubleshooting a system?
PID is the process Id of the application in Windows. Whenever a process starts

running in the Windows environment, it is associated with an individual process
Id or PID.
The
PID (Process ID) a unique number for each item on the Process Tab, Image
Name list. How do you get the PID to appear? In Task Manger, select the View
menu, then select columns and check PID (Process Identifier).
In Linux, PID is used to debug a process explicitly. However we cannot do this

in a windows environment.
Microsoft has launched a SDK called as Microsoft Operations Management

(MOM). This uses the PID to find out which dll
s have been loaded by a process in the memory. This is essentially helpful i
n situations where the Process which has a memory leak is to be traced to a

erring dll. Personally I have never used a PID, our Windows debugger does the
things required to find out.
WinForms FAQ :
What base class do all Web Forms inherit from?
System.
Windows.Forms.Form
What is the difference between Debug.Write and Trace.Write? When

should each be used?
The Debug.Write call won't be compiled when the DEBUGsymbol is not
defined (when doing a release build). Trace.Write calls will be compiled.
Debug.W
rite is for information you want only in debug builds, Trace.Write is for when
you want it in release build as well.
Difference between Anchor and Dock Properties?
Dock Property->Gets or sets which edge of the parent container a control is

docked to. A c
ontrol can be docked to one edge of its parent container or can be docked to all
edges and fill the parent container. For example, if you set this property to
DockStyle.Left, the left edge of the
control will be docked to the left edge of its parent contro
l. Additionally, the docked edge of
the control is resized to match that of its container
control.
Anchor Property->Gets or sets which edges of the control are anchored to the
edges of its container.
A control can be anchored to one or more edges of its

parent container. Anchoring a control to its parent ensures that the anchored
edges remain in the same position relative to the edges of the parent container
when the parent container is resized.
When would you use ErrorProvider control?
ErrorProvider co
ntrol is used in Windows Forms application. It is like Validation Control for

ASP.NET pages. ErrorProvider control is used to provide validations in
Windows forms and display user friendly messages to the user if the validation
fails.
E.g
If we went to v
alidate the textBox1 should be empty, then we can validate as below
1). You need to place the errorprovide control on the form
private void textBox1_Validating(object sender,

System.ComponentModel.CancelEventArgs e)
{
ValidateName();
private bool Valid
ateName()
bool bStatus = true;
if (textBox1.Text == "")
errorProvider1.SetError (textBox1,"Please enter your Name");
bStatus = false;
else
errorProvider1.SetError (textBox1,"");
return bStatus;
it check the textBox1 is empty . If it is empty, then
a message Please enter your name is displayed.
Can you write a class without specifying namespace? Which namespace

does it belong to by default??
Yes, you can, then the class belongs to global namespace which has no name.
For commercial products, natura
lly, you
wouldn't want global namespace.
?You are designing a GUI application with a windows and several widgets
on it. The user then resizes the app window and sees a lot of grey space,
while the widgets stay in place. What's the problem?
One should use anchoring for correct resizing. Otherwis
e the default property of a widget on a form is top-left, so it stays at

the same location when resized.
How can you save the desired properties of Windows Forms application?
.config files in .NET are supported through the API to allow storing and ret
rieving information. They are nothing more than simple XML files, sort of like
what .ini files were before for Win32 apps.
So how do you retrieve the customized properties of a .NET application

from XML .config file?
Initialize an instance of AppSettingsReader class. Call the GetValue method of

AppSettingsReader class, passing in the name of the property and the type
expected. Assign the result to the appropriate variable.
Can you automate this process?
In Visual Studio yes, use Dynamic Properties for automatic .config creation,
storage and retrieval.
? My progress bar freezes up and dialog window shows blank, when an

intensive background process takes over.
Yes, you should've multi-threaded your GUI, with taskbar and main form being
one thread, and the background process being the other.
What's the safest way to deploy a Windows Forms app?
Web deployment: the user always downloads the latest version of the code, the
program runs within security sandbox, properly written app will not require addi
tional security privileges.
Why is it not a good idea to insert code into InitializeComponent method

when working with Visual Studio?
The designer will likely through it away, most of the code inside
InitializeComponent is auto-generated.
****What's the difference between WindowsDefaultLocation and

WindowsDefaultBounds?
WindowsDefaultLocation tells the form to start up at a location selected by OS,

but with internally specified size.
WindowsDefaultBounds delegates both size and starting position choices
to the OS.
What's the difference between Move and LocationChanged? Resize and

SizeChanged?
Both methods do the same, Move and Resize are the names adopted from VB to
ease migration to C#.
?How would you create a non-rectangular window, let's say an ellipse?
Create a rectangular form, set the TransparencyKey property to the same value
as BackColor, which will effectively make the background of the form
transparent. Then set the FormBorderStyle to FormBorderStyle.None, which
will remove the contour and contents of the form.
How do you create a separator in the Menu Designer?
A hyphen '-' would do it. Also, an ampersand '&\' would underline the next
letter.
How's anchoring different from docking?
Anchoring treats the component as having the absol
ute size and adjusts its location relative to the parent form. Docking
treats
the component location as absolute and disregards the component size. So if a

status bar must always be at
the
bottom no matter what, use docking. If a button should be on the t
op right, but change its position with the form being
resized, use anchoring.
How do you trigger the Paint event in System.Drawing?

Invalidate the current form, the OS will take care of repainting. The Update
method forces the repaint.
?With these events, why wouldn't Microsoft combine Invalidate and Paint,
so that you wouldn't have to tell it to repaint, and then to force it to
repaint?
Painting is the slowest thing the OS does, so usually telling it to repaint, but not
forcing it allows for the process to take place in the background.
How can you assign an RGB color to a System.Drawing.Color object?
Call the static method FromArgb of this class and pass it the RGB values.
?What class does Icon derive from?
Isn't it just a Bitmap with a wrapper name around it? No, Icon lives in
System.Drawing namespace. It's not a Bitmap by default, and is treated
separately by .NET. However, you can use ToBitmap method to get a valid
Bitmap object from a valid Icon object.
Before in my VB app I would just load the icons from DLL. How can I load
the icons provided by .NET dynamically?
By using System.Drawing.SystemIcons class, for example

System.Drawing.SystemIcons.Warning produces an Icon with a warning sign in
it.
When displaying fonts, what's the difference between pixels, points and
ems?
A pixel is the lowest-resolution dot the computer monitor supports. Its size
depends on user's settings and monitor size.
A point is always 1/72 of an inch.
An em is the numberof pixels that it takes to display the letter M.
*****How do I debug an ASP.NET application that wasn't written with

Visual Studio.NET and that doesn't use code-behind?
Start the DbgClr debugger that comes with the .NET Framework SDK, open the
file containing the code you want to debug, and set your breakpoints. Start the
ASP.NET application. Go back to DbgClr, choose Debug Processes from the
Tools menu, and select aspnet_wp.exe from the list of processes. (If
aspnet_wp.exe doesn't appear in the list,check the "Show system processes"
box.) Click the Attach button to attach to aspnet_wp.exe and begin
debugging.Be sure to enable debugging in the ASPX file before debugging it
with DbgClr. You can enable tell ASP.NET to build debug executables by
placing a<%@ Page Debug="true" %>statement at the top of an ASPX file or a
<COMPILATION debug="true" />statement in a Web.config file.

Can a user browsing my Web site read my Web.config or Global.asax files?
No. The <HTTPHANDLERS>section of Machine.config, which holds the

master configuration settings for ASP.NET, contains entries that map ASAX
files, CONFIG files, and selected other file types to an HTTP handler named
HttpForbiddenHandler, which fails attempts to retrieve the associated file.
You can modify it by editing Machine.config or including an section in a local

Web.config file.
?What's the difference between Page.RegisterClientScriptBlock and

Page.RegisterStartupScript?
RegisterClientScriptBlock is for returning blocks of client-side script

containingfunctions. RegisterStartupScript is for returning blocks of client-
script not packaged in functions-in other words, code that's to execute when the
page is loaded.The latter positions script blocks near the end of the document so
elements on the page that the script interacts are loaded before the script
runs.<%@ Reference Control="MyControl.ascx" %>
<<
>>
******Is it necessary to lock application state before accessing it?
Only if you're performing a multistep update and want the update to be treated
as an atomicoperation. Here's an example:
Application.
Lock ();
Application["ItemsSold"] = (int) Application["ItemsSold"] + 1;
Application["ItemsLeft"] = (int) Application["ItemsLeft"] - 1;
Application.UnLock ();
By locking application state before updating it and unlocking it afterwards, you

ensure that another request being processed on another thread doesn't read
application state at exactly the wrong time and see an inconsistent view of it. If I
update session state, should I lock it, too?
Are concurrent accesses by multiple requests executing on multiple threads a

concern with session state?
Concurrent accesses aren't an issue with session state, for two reasons. One, it's
unlikely that two requests from the same user will overlap. Two, if they do
overlap,ASP.NET locks down session state during request processing so that
two threads can't touch it at once. Session state is locked down when the
HttpApplication instance that's processing the request fires an
AcquireRequestState event and unlocked when it fires a ReleaseRequestState
event.
Do ASP.NET forms authentication cookies provide any protection against

replay attacks? Do they, for example, include the client's IPaddress or anything
else that would distinguish the real client from an attacker?
No. If an authentication cookie is stolen, it can be used by an attacker. It's up to

you toprevent this from happening by using an encrypted communications
channel (HTTPS). Authentication cookies issued as session cookies, do,
however,include a time-out valid that limits their lifetime. So a stolen session
cookie can only be used in replay attacks as long as the ticket inside the cookie
is valid. The default time-out interval is 30 minutes.You can change that by
modifying the timeout attribute accompanying the <forms> element in
Machine.config or a local Web.config file. Persistent authentication cookies do
not time-out and therefore are a more serious security threat if stolen.
How do I send e-mail from an ASP.NET application?
MailMessage message = new MailMessage ();

message.From = <email>;
message.To = <email>;
message.Subject = "Scheduled Power Outage";
message.Body = "Our servers will be down tonight.";
SmtpMail.SmtpServer = "localhost";
SmtpMail.Send (message);
MailMessage and SmtpMail are classes defined in the .NET Framework Class
Library's System.Web.Mail namespace. Due to a security change made to
ASP.NET just before it shipped,you need to set SmtpMail's SmtpServer
property to "localhost" even though "localhost" is the default. In addition, you
must use the IIS configuration applet to enable localhost(127.0.0.1) to relay
messages through the local SMTP service.
What are VSDISCO files?
VSDISCO files are DISCO files that support dynamic discovery of Web
services. If you place the following VSDISCO file in a directory on your Web
server, for example, it returns references to all ASMX and DISCO files in the
host directory and any subdirectories not noted in <exclude> elements:
<?xml version="1.0" ?>
<dynamicDiscovery
xmlns="urn:schemas-dynamicdiscovery:disco.2000-03-17">
<exclude path="_vti_cnf" />
<exclude path="_vti_pvt" />
<exclude path="_vti_log" />
<exclude path="_vti_script" />
<exclude path="_vti_txt" />

</dynamicDiscovery>
How does dynamic discovery work?
ASP.NET maps the file name extension VSDISCO to an HTTP handler that
scans the host directory and subdirectories for ASMX and DISCO files and
returns a dynamically generated DISCO document. A client who requests a
VSDISCO file gets back what appears to be a static DISCO document.
Note that VSDISCO files are disabled in the release version of ASP.NET. You
can reenable them by uncommenting the line in the <httpHandlers> section of
Machine.config that maps *.vsdisco to
System.Web.Services.Discovery.DiscoveryRequestHandler and granting the
ASPNET user account permission to read the IIS metabase. However, Microsoft
is actively discouraging the use of VSDISCO files because they could represent
a threat to Web server security.
Is it possible to prevent a browser from caching an ASPX page?
Just call SetNoStore on the HttpCachePolicy object exposed through the

Response object's Cache property, as demonstrated here:
<%@ Page Language="C#" %>
<html><body>
<%
Response.Cache.SetNoStore ();
Response.Write (DateTime.Now.ToLongTimeString ());
%>
</body>
</html>
SetNoStore works by returning a Cache-Control: private, no-store header in the

HTTP response. In th
is example, it prevents caching of a Web page that shows the current time.
What does AspCompat="true" mean and when should I use it?
AspCompat is an aid in migrating ASP pages to ASPX pages. It defaults to false

but should be set to true in any ASPX file that creates apartment-threaded COM
objects--that is, COM objects registered ThreadingModel=Apartment. That
includes all COM objects written withVisual Basic 6.0. AspCompat should also
be set to true (regardless of threading model)
if the page creates COM objects that access intrinsic ASP objects such as
Request and Response. The following directive sets AspCompat to true:
<%@ Page AspCompat="true" %>
Setting AspCompat to true does two things. First, it makes intrinsic ASP objects
available to the COM components by placing unmanaged wrappers around the
equivalent ASP.NET objects. Second, it improves the performance of calls that
the page places to apartment- threaded COM objects by ensuring that the page
(actually, the thread that processes the request for the page) and the COM
objects it creates share an apartment. AspCompat="true" forces ASP.NET
request threads into single-threaded apartments (STAs). If those threads create
COM objects marked ThreadingModel=Apartment, then the objects are created
in the same STAs as the threads that created them. Without AspCompat="true,"
request threads run in a multithreaded apartment (MTA) and each call to an
STA-based COM object incurs a performance hit when it'smarshaled across
apartment boundaries.Do not set AspCompat to true if your page uses no COM
objects or if it uses COM objects that don't access ASP intrinsic objects and that
are registered ThreadingModel=Free or ThreadingModel=Both.
Explain the differences between Server-side and Client-side code?

Server side scripting means that all the script will be executed by the server and
interpreted as needed. ASP doesn't have some of the functionality like sockets,
uploading,etc. For these you have to make a custom components usually in VB
or VC++.
Client sidescripting means that the script will be executed immediately in the
browser such as form field validation, clock, email validation, etc. Client side
scripting is usually done inVBScript or JavaScript. Download time, browser
compatibility,and visible code - sinceJavaScript and VBScript code is included
in the HTML page, then anyone can see the code by viewing the page source.
Also a possible security hazards for the client computer.
What type of code (server or client) is found in a Code-Behind class?
C#
Should validation (did the user enter a real date) occur server-side or
client-side? Why?
Client-side validation because there is no need to request a server side date

when you could obtain a date from the client machine.
What are ASP.NET Web Forms? How is this technology different than
what is available though ASP?
Web Forms are the heart and soul of ASP.NET. Web Forms are the User
Interface (UI) elements that give your Web applications their look and feel. Web
Forms are similar to Windows Forms in that they provide properties, methods,
and events for the controls that are placed onto them. However, these UI
elements render themselves in the appropriate markup language required by the
request, e.g. HTML. If you use Microsoft Visual Studio .NET, you will also get
the familiar drag-and-drop interface used to create your UI for your Web
application.
***What is the difference between Server.Transfer and Response.Redirect?

Why would I choose one over the other?
In earlier versions of IIS, if we wanted to send a user to a new Web page, the
only option we had was Response.Redirect. While this method does accomplish
our goal, it has several important drawbacks. The biggest problem is that this
method causes each page to be treated as a separate transaction. Besides making
it difficult to maintain your transactional integrity, Response.Redirect introduces
some additional headaches. First, it prevents good encapsulation of code.
Second, you lose access to all of the properties in the Request object. Sure, there
are workarounds, but they're difficult. Finally, Response.Redirect necessitates a
round trip to the client, which, on high-volume sites, causes scalability
problems.As you might suspect, Server.Transfer fixes all of these problems. It
does this by performing the transfer on the server without requiring a roundtrip
to the client.
How can you provide an alternating color scheme in a Repeater control?
AlternatingItemTemplate Like the ItemTemplate element, but rendered for

every other row (alter
nating items) in the Repeater control. You can specify a different appearance for
the AlternatingItemTemplate element by setting its style properties.
Which template must you provide, in order to display data in a Repeater

control?
ItemTemplate
??What event handlers can I include in Global.asax?
Application_Start,Application_End, Application_AcquireRequestState,
Application_AuthenticateRequest, Application_AuthorizeRequest,
Application_BeginRequest, Application_Disposed,Application_EndRequest,
Application_Error, Application_PostRequestHandlerExecute,
Application_PreRequestHandlerExecute, Application_PreSendRequestContent,
Application_PreSendRequestHeaders, Application_ReleaseRequestState,
Application_ResolveRequestCache, Application_UpdateRequestCache,
Session_Start,Session_End
You can optionally include "On" in any of method names. For example, you can
name a BeginRequest event handler.Application_BeginRequest or
Application_OnBeginRequest.You can also include event handlers in
Global.asax for events fired
by custom HTTP modules.Note that not all of the event handlers make sense for
Web Services (they're designed for ASP.NET applications in general, whereas
.NET XML Web Services are specialized instances of an ASP.NET app). For
example, the Application_AuthenticateRequest and
Application_AuthorizeRequest events are designed to be used with ASP.NET
Forms authentication.
<<
>>
What is different b/w webconfig.xml & Machineconfig.xml
Web.config & machine.config both are configuration files.Web.config contains

settings specific to an application where as machine.config contains settings to a
computer. The Configuration system first searches settings in machine.config
file & then looks in application configuration files.Web.config, can appear in
multiple directories on an ASP.NET Web application server. Each Web.config
file applies configuration settings to its own directory and all child directories
below it. There is only Machine.config file on a web server.
If I'm developing an application that must accomodate multiple security levels

though secure login and my ASP.NET web appplication is spanned across three
web-servers (using round-robbin load balancing) what would be the best
approach to maintain login-in state for the users?
Use the state server or store the state in the database. This can be easily done
through simple setting change in the web.config.
<SESSIONSTATE
StateConnectionString="tcpip=127.0.0.1:42424"
sqlConnectionString="data source=127.0.0.1; user id=
sa; password="
cookieless="false"
timeout="30"
/>
You can specify mode as
stateserver
or
sqlserver
Where would you use an iHTTPModule, and what are the limitations of any
approach you might take in implementing one"One of ASP.NET's most useful
features is the extensibility of the HTTP pipeline, the path that data takes
between client and server. You can use them to extend your ASP.NET
applications by adding pre- and post-processing to each HTTP request coming
into your application. For example, if you wanted custom authentication
facilities for your application, the best technique would be to intercept the
request when it comes in and process the request in a custom HTTP module.
How do you turn off cookies for one page in your site?
Since no Page Level directive is present, I am afraid that cant be done.
How do you create a permanent cookie?
Permanent cookies are available until a specified expiration date, and are stored
on the hard disk.So Set the 'Expires' property any value greater than
DataTime.MinValue with respect to the current datetime. If u want the cookie
which never expires set its Expires property equal to DateTime.maxValue.
*****Which method do you use to redirect the user to another page

without performing a round trip to the client?
Server.Transfer and Server.Execute
What property do you have to set to tell the grid which page to go to when
using the Pager object?
CurrentPageIndex
*****Should validation (did the user enter a real date) occur server-side or
client-side? Why?
It should occur both at client-side and Server side.By using expression validator
control with the specified expression ie.. the regular expression provides the
facility of only validatating the date specified is in the correct format or not. But
for checking the date where it is the real data or not should be done at the server
side, by getting the system date ranges and checking the date whether it is in
between that range or not.
What does the "EnableViewState" property do? Why would I want it on or

off?
Enable ViewState turns on the automatic state management feature that enables
server controls to re-populate their values on a round trip without requiring you
to write any code. This feature is not free however, since the state of a control is
passed to and from the server in a hidden form field. You should be aware of
when ViewState is helping you and when it is not. For example, if you are
binding a control to data on every round trip, then you do not need the control to
maintain it's view state, since you will wipe out any re-populated data in any
case. ViewState is enabled for all server controls by default. To disable it, set the
EnableViewState property of the control to false.
What is the difference between Server.Transfer and Response.Redirect?

Why would I choose one over the other?
Server.Transfer() : client is shown as it is on the requesting page only, but the all
the content is of the requested page. Data can be persist accros the pages using
Context.Item collection, which is one of the best way to transfer data
from one page to another keeping the page state alive.
Response.Dedirect() :client know the physical location (page name and query
string as well). Context.Items loses the persisitance when nevigate to destination
page. In earlier versions of IIS, if we wanted to send a user to a new Web page,
the only option
we had was Response.Redirect. While this method does accomplish our goal, it
has several important drawbacks. The biggest problem is that this method
causes each page to be treated as a separate transaction. Besides making it
difficult to maintain your transactional integrity, Response.Redirect introduces
some additional headaches. First, it prevents good encapsulation of code.
Second, you lose access to all of the properties in the Request object. Sure, there
are workarounds, but they're difficult. Finally
, Response.Redirect necessitates a round trip to the client, which, on high-

volume sites, causes scalability problems. As you might suspect, Server.Transfer
fixes all of these problems. It does this by performing the transfer on the server
without requiring a roundtrip to the client.
Can you give an example of when it would be appropriate to use a web

service as opposed to a non-serviced .NET component?
Communicating through a Firewall
When building a distributed application with 100s/1000s of users spread over

multiple locations, there is always the problem of communicating between
client and server because of firewalls and proxy servers. Exposing your middle
tier components as Web Services and invoking the directly from a Windows UI
is a very valid option.
Application Integration
When integrating applications written in various languages and running on

disparate systems. Or even applications running on the same platform that have
been written by separate vendors.
Business-to-Business Integration
This is an enabler for B2B intergtation which allows one to expose vital
business processes to authorized supplier and customers. An example would be
exposing electronic ordering and invoicing, allowing customers to send you
purchase orders and suppliers to send you invoices electronically.
Software Reuse
This takes place at multiple levels. Code Reuse at the Source code level or
binary componet-based resuse. The limiting factor here is that you can reuse the
code but not the data behind it. Webservice overcome this limitation. A scenario
could be when you are building an app that aggregates the functionality of
serveral other Applicatons. Each of these functions could be performed by
individual apps, but there is value in perhaps combining the the multiple apps to
present a unifiend view in a Portal or Intranet.
When not to use Web Services: Single machine Applicatons

When the apps are running on the same machine and need to communicate with
each other use a native API. You also have the options of using component
technologies such as COM or .NET Componets as there is very little overhead.
Homogeneous Applications on a LAN If you have Win32 or Winforms apps that

want to communicate to their server counterpart. It is much more efficient to use
DCOM in the case of Win32 apps and .NET Remoting in the case of .NET Apps
Can you give an example of what might be best suited to place in the
Application_Start and Session_Start subroutines?
The Application_Start event is guaranteed to occur only once throughout the li
fetime of the application. It's a good place to initialize global variables. For
example, you might want to retrieve a list of products from a database table and
place the list in application state or the Cache object. SessionStateModule
exposes both Session_Start and Session_End events.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of viewstate?
The primary advantages of the ViewState feature in ASP.NET are:
1. Simplicity. There is no need to write possibly complex code to store form

data between page submissions.
2. Flexibility. It is possible to enable, configure, and disable ViewState on a

control-by-control basis, choosing to persist the values of some fields but not
others.
There are, however a few disadvantages that are worth pointing out:
1. Does nottrack across pages. ViewState information does not automatically

transfer from page to page. With the session approach, values can be stored in
the session and accessed from other pages. This is not possible with ViewState,
so storing data into the session must be done explicitly.
2. ViewState is not suitable for transferring data for back-end systems. That is,
data still has to be transferred to the back end using some form of data object.
Describe session handling in a webfarm, how does it work and what are the
limits?
ASP.NET Session supports storing of session data in 3 ways, i] in In-Process

( in the same memory that ASP.NET uses) , ii] out-of-process using Windows
NT Service )in separate memory from ASP.NET ) or iii] in SQL Server
(persistent storage). Both the Windows Service and SQL Server solution support
a webfarm scenario where all the web-servers can be configured to share
common session state store.
1. Windows Service :
We can start this service by Start | Control Panel | Administrative Tools |

Services | . In that we service names
ASP.NET State Service. We can start or stop service by manually or configure

to start automatically. Then we have to configure our web.config file
<CONFIGURATION><configuration>
<system.web>
<SessionState
mode =
“
StateServer
stateConnectionString =
tcpip=127.0.0.1:42424
stateNetworkTimeout =
10
sqlConnectionString=
data source = 127.0.0.1; uid=sa;pwd=

”
cookieless =
Flase
timeout=
20
/>
</system.web>
</configuration>
</SYSTEM.WEB>
</CONFIGURATION>
Here ASP.Net Session is directed to use Windows Service for state management
on local server (address : 127.0.0.1 is TCP/IP loop-back address). The default
port is 42424. we can configure to any port but for that we have to manually
edit the registry.
Follow these simple steps
- In a webfarm make sure you have the same config file in all your web servers.
- Also make sure your objects are serializable.
- For session state to be maintained across different web servers in the webfarm,
the application path of the web-site
in the IIS Metabase should be identical in all the web-servers in the webfarm.
<<
>>
Which template must you provide, in order to display data in a Repeater

control?
You have to use the ItemTemplate to Display data. Syntax is as follows,

< ItemTemplate >
< div class =
rItem
>
< img src=
images/<%# Container.DataItem(
ImageURL
)%>
hspace=
10
”
/>
< b > <% # Container.DataItem(
Title
)%>
< /div >
< ItemTemplate >
How can you provide an alternating color scheme in a Repeater control?
Using the AlternatintItemTemplate
***What property must you set, and what method must you call in your
code, in order to bind the data from some data source to the Repeater
control?
Set the DataMember property to the name of the table to bind to. (If this
property is not set, by default the first table in the dataset is used.)
DataBind method, to bind data from a source to a server control. This method is
commonly used after retrieving a data set through a database query.
***What method do you use to explicitly kill a user s session?
You can dump (Kill) the session yourself by calling the meth
od Session.Abandon.
ASP.NET automatically deletes a user's Session object, dumping its contents,

after it has been idle for a configurable timeout interval. This interval, in
minutes, is set in the <SESSIONSTATE>section of the web.config file. The
default
is 20 minutes.
How do you turn off cookies for one page in your site?
Use Cookie.Discard property, Gets or sets the discard flag set by the server.
When true, this property instructs the client application not to save the Cookie
on the user's hard disk when a session ends.
Which two properties are on every validation control?
We have two common properties for every validation controls
1. Control to Validate,
2. Error Message.
What tags do you need to add within the asp:datagrid tags to bind columns
manually?
< asp:DataGrid id="dgCart" AutoGenerateColumns="False" CellPadding="4"

Width="448px" runat="server"
>
< Columns >
< asp:ButtonColumn HeaderText="SELECT" Text="SELECT"

CommandName="select" >< /asp:ButtonColumn >
< asp:BoundColumn DataField="ProductI
d" HeaderText="Product ID" >< /asp:BoundColumn >
< asp:BoundColumn DataField="ProductName" HeaderText="Product Name"

>< /asp:BoundColumn >
< asp:BoundColumn DataField="UnitPrice" HeaderText="UnitPrice" ><

/asp:BoundColumn >
< /Columns >
< /asp:DataGrid >
How do you create a permanent cookie?

Permanent cookies are the ones that are most useful. Permanent cookies are
available until a specified expiration date, and are stored on the hard disk. The
location of cookies differs with each browser, but this does
t matter, as this is all handled by your browser and the server. If you want to
create a permanent cookie called Name with a value of Nigel, which expires in
one month, you
d use the following code
Response.Cookies ("Name") = "Nigel"
Response.Cookies ("N
ame"). Expires = DateAdd ("m", 1, Now ())
What tag do you use to add a hyperlink column to the DataGrid?
< asp:HyperLinkColumn > </ asp:HyperLinkColumn>
Which method do you use to redirect the user to another page without
performing a round trip to the client?
Server.transfer
What is the transport protocol you use to call a Web service SOAP ?
HTTP Protocol
Explain role based security ?

Role Based Security lets you identify groups of users to allow or deny based on
their role in the organization.In Windows
NT and Windows XP, roles map to names used to identify user groups.
Windows defines several built-in groups, including Administrators, Users, and
Guests.To allow or deny access to certain groups of users, add the
<ROLES>element to the authorization list in your Web application's Web.config
file.e.g.
<AUTHORIZATION>< authorization >
< allow roles="Domain Name\Administrators" / >
< !-- Allow Administrators in domain. -- >
< deny users="*"/ >
< !-- Deny anyone else. -- >
</authorization >
How do you register JavaScript for webcontrols ?
You can register javascript for controls using <CONTROL -name>Attribtues.

Add(scriptname,scripttext) method.
?When do you set "<IDENTITY impersonate="true" />" ?
Identity is a webconfig declaration under System.web, which helps to control

the application Identity of the web applicaton. Which can be at any
level(Machine,Site,application,subdirectory,or page), attribute impersonate with
"true" as value specifies that client impersonation is used
*****What are different templates available in Repeater,DataList and

Datagrid ?
Templates enable one to apply complicated formatting to each of the items

displayed by a control.Repeater control supports five types of templates.
HeaderTemplate controls how the header of the repeater control is formatted.

ItemTemplate controls the formatting of each item displayed.
AlternatingItemTemplate controls how alternate items are formatted and
the SeparatorTemplate displays a separator between each item displyed.
FooterTemplate is used for controlling how the footer of the repeater control is
formatted.
The DataList and Datagrid supports two templates in addition to the above
five.SelectedItem Template controls how a selected item is formatted and
EditItemTemplate controls how an item selected for editing is formatted.
What is ViewState ? and how it is managed ?
ASP.NET ViewState is a new kind of state service that developers can use to
track UI state on a per-user basis. Internally it uses an an old Web programming
trick-roundtripping state in a hidden form field and bakes it right into the page-
processing framework.It needs less code to write and maintain state in your
Web-based forms.
What is web.config file ?
Web.config file is the configuration file for the Asp.net web application. There
is one web.config file for one asp.net application which configures the
particular application. Web.config file is written in XML with specific tags
having specific meanings.It includes databa which includes connections,Session
States,Error Handling,Security etc.
For example :
< configuration >
< appSettings >
< add key="ConnectionString"

value="server=localhost;uid=sa;pwd=;database=MyDB" / >
< /appSettings >
< /configuration >

What is advantage of viewstate and what are benefits?
When a form is submitted in classic ASP, all form values are cleared. Suppose
you have submitted a form with a lot of information and the server comes back
with an error. You will have to go back to the form and correct the information.
You click the back button, and what happens.......ALL form values are
CLEARED, and you will have to start all over again! The site did not maintain
your ViewState.With ASP .NET, the form reappears in the browser window
together with all form values.This is because ASP .NET maintains your
ViewState. The ViewState indicates the status of the page when submitted to the
server.
What tags do you need to add within the asp:datagrid tags to bind columns
manually?
Set AutoGenerateColumns Property to false on the datagrid tag and then use
Column tag and an ASP:databound tag
< asp:DataGrid runat="server" id="ManualColumnBinding"

AutoGenerateColumns="False" >
< Columns >
< asp:BoundColumn HeaderText="Column1" DataField="Column1"/ >
< asp:BoundColumn HeaderText="Column2" DataField="Column2"/ >
< /Columns >
< /asp:DataGrid >
<asp:DataGrid id=ManualColumnBinding runat="server"

AutoGenerateColumns="False">
<COLUMNS>
<asp:BoundColumn HeaderText="Column2"
DataField="Column2"></asp:BoundColumn>
</asp:DataGrid>
Which property on a Combo Box do you set with a column name, prior to
setting the DataSource, to display data in the combo box?
DataTextField and
DataValueField
Which control would you use if you needed to make sure the values in two
different controls matched?
CompareValidator is used to ensure that two fields are identical.
What is validationsummary server control?where it is used?.
The ValidationSummary control allows you to summarize the error messages

from all validation controls on a Web page in a single location. The summary
can be displayed as a list, a bulleted list, or a single paragraph, based on the val
ue of the DisplayMode property. The error message displayed in the

ValidationSummary control for each validation control on the page is specified
by the ErrorMessage property of each validation control. If the ErrorMessage
property of the validation control is not set, no error message is displayed in the
ValidationSummary control for that validation control. You can also specify a
custom title in the heading section of the ValidationSummary control by setting
the HeaderText property.
You can control whether the ValidationSummary control is displayed or hidden

by setting the ShowSummary property. The summary can also be displayed in a
message box by setting the ShowMessageBox property to true.
?What is the sequence of operation takes place when a page is loaded?
BeginTranaction
- only if the request is transacted
Init
- every time a page is processed
LoadViewState
- Only on postback
ProcessPostData1
- Only on postback
Load
- every time
ProcessData2
- Only on Postback
RaiseChangedEvent
- Only on Postback
RaisePostBackEvent
- Only on Postback
PreRender
- everytime
BuildTraceTree
- only if tracing is enabled
SaveViewState
- every time
Render
- Everytime
End Transaction
- only if the request is transacted
Trace.EndRequest
- only when tracing is
enabled
UnloadRecursive
- Every request
Difference between asp and asp.net?.
"ASP (Active Server Pages) and ASP.NET are both server side technologies for
building web sites and web applications,
ASP.NET is Managed compiled code - asp is interpreted. And
ASP.net is fully Object oriented. ASP.NET has been entirely re-architected to

provide a highly productive programming experience based on the .NET
Framework, and a robust infrastructure for building reliable and scalable web
applications."
Name the validation control available in asp.net?.
RequiredField,
RangeValidator,
RegularExpression,
Custom validator,
compare Validator
What are the various ways of securing a web site that could prevent from
hacking etc .. ?
1) Authentication/Authorization
2) Encryption/Decryption
3) Maintaining web servers outside the corporate firewall. etc.,
?What is the difference between in-proc and out-of-proc?
An inproc is one which runs in the same process area as that of the client giving
tha advantage of speed but the disadvantage of stability becoz if it crashes it
takes the client application also with it.Outproc is one which works outside the
clients memory thus giving stability to the client, but we have to compromise a
bit on speed.
<<
>>
When you’re running a component within ASP.NET, what process is it

running within on Windows XP? Windows 2000? Windows 2003?
On Windows 2003 (IIS 6.0) running in native mode, the component is running
within the w3wp.exe process associated with the application pool which has
been configured for the web application containing the component.
On Windows 2003 in IIS 5.0 emulation mode, 2000, or XP, it's running within
the IIS helper process whose name I do not remember, it being quite a while
since I last used IIS 5.0.
?What does aspnet_regiis -i do ?
Aspnet_regiis.exe is The ASP.NET IIS Registration tool allows an administrator

or installation program to easily update the script maps for an ASP.NET
application to point to the ASP.NET ISAPI version associated with the tool. The
tool can also be used to display the status of all installed versions of ASP. NET,
register the ASP.NET version coupled with the tool, create client-script
directories, and perform other configuration operations.
When multiple versions of the .NET Framework are executing side-by-side on a
single computer, the ASP.NET ISAPI version mapped to an ASP.NET
application determines which version of the common language runtime is used
for the application.
The tool can be launched with a set of optional parameters. Option "i" Installs
the version of ASP.NET associated with Aspnet_regiis.exe and updates the
script maps at the IIS metabase root and below. Note that only applications that
are currently mapped to an earlier version of ASP.NET are affected
What is a PostBack?
The process in which a Web page sends data back to the same
page on the server.
What is ViewState? How is it encoded? Is it encrypted? Who uses

ViewState?
ViewState is the mechanism ASP.NET uses to keep track of server control state
values that don't otherwise post back as part of the HTTP form. ViewState
Maintains the UI State of a Page ViewState is base64-encoded. It is not
encrypted but it can be encrypted by setting EnableViewStatMAC="true" &
setting the machineKey validation type to 3DES.
If you want to NOT maintain the ViewState, include the directive <%@ Page
EnableViewState="false" % > at the top of an .aspx page or add the attribute
EnableViewState="false" to any control.
What is the < machinekey > element and what two ASP.NET technologies
is it used for?
Configures keys to use
for encryption and decryption of forms authentication cookie data and view
state data, and
for verification of out-of-process session state identification.
2 ASP.Net technique in which it is used are Encryption/Decryption &

Verification
?What three Session State providers are available in ASP.NET 1.1? What
are the pros and cons of each?
ASP.NET provides three distinct ways to store session data for your application:
in-process session state, out-of-process session state as a Windows service, and
out-of-process session state in a SQL Server database. Each has it advantages.
1.In-process session-state mode
Limitations:
* When using the in-process session-state mode, session-state data is lost if

aspnet_wp.exe or the application domain restarts.
* If you enable Web garden mode in the < processModel > element of the
application's Web.config file, do not use in-process session-state mode.
Otherwise, random data loss can occur.
Advantage:
* in-process session state is by far the fastest solution. If you are storing only
small amounts of volatile data in session state, it is recommended that you use
the in-process provider.
2. The State Server simply stores session state in memory when in out-of-proc
mode. In this mode the worker process talks directly to the State Server
3. SQL mode, session states are stored in a SQL Server database and the worker
process talks directly to SQL. The ASP.NET worker processes are then able to
take advantage of this simple storage service by serializing and saving (using
.NET serialization services) all objects within a client's Session collection at the
end of each Web request
Both these out-of-process solutions are useful primarily if you scale your
application across multiple processors or multiple computers, or where data
cannot be lost if a server or process is restarted.
What is the difference between HTTP-Post and HTTP-Get?

As their names imply, both HTTP GET and HTTP POST use HTTP as their
underlying protocol. Both of these methods encode request parameters as
name/value pairs in t
he HTTP request.
The GET method creates a query string and appends it to the script's URL on
the server that handles the request.
The POST method creates a name/value pairs that are passed in the body of the
HTTP request message.
Name and describe some HTTP Status Codes and what they express to the
requesting client.
When users try to access content on a server that is running Internet Information
Services (IIS) through HTTP or File Transfer Protocol (FTP), IIS returns a
numeric code that indicates the status of the request. This status code is
recorded in the IIS log, and it may also be displayed in the Web browser or FTP
client. The status code can indicate whether a particular request is successful or
unsuccessful and can also reveal the exact reason why a request is unsuccessful.
There are 5 groups ranging from 1xx - 5xx of http status codes exists.
101 - Switching protocols.
200 - OK. The client request has succeeded
302 - Object moved.
400 - Bad request.
500.13 - Web server is too busy.
Explain < @OutputCache% > and the usage of VaryByParam,

VaryByHeader.
OutputCache is used to control the caching policies of an ASP.NET page or user

control. To cache a page @OutputCache directive should be defined as follows
< %@ OutputCache Duration="100" VaryByParam="none" % >
VaryByParam: A semicolon-separated list of strings used to vary the output
cache. By default, these strings correspond to a query string value sent with
GET method attributes, or a parameter sent using the POST method.
When this attribute is set to multiple parameters, the output cache contains a
different version of the requested document for each specified parameter.
Possible values include none, *, and any valid query string or POST parameter
name.
VaryByHeader: A semicolon-separated list of HTTP headers used to vary the

output cache. When this attribute is set to multiple headers, the output cache
contains a different version of the requested document for each specified header.
<<
?What is the difference between repeater over datalist and datagrid?
The Repeater class is not derived from the WebControl class, like the DataGrid
and DataList. Therefore, the Repeater lacks the stylistic properties common to
both the DataGrid and DataList. What this boils down to is that if you want to
format the data displayed in the Repeater, you must do so in the HTML markup.
The Repeater control provides the maximum amount of flexibility over the
HTML produced.
Whereas the DataGrid wraps the DataSource contents in an HTML < table >,
and the DataList wraps the contents in either an HTML < table > or < span >
tags (depending on the DataList's RepeatLayout property), the Repeater adds
absolutely no HTML content other than what you explicitly specify in the
templates.
While using Repeater control, If we wanted to display the employee names in a

bold font we'd have to alter the "ItemTemplate" to include an HTML bold tag,
Whereas with the DataGrid or DataList, we could have made the text appear in
a bold font by setting the control's ItemStyle-Font-Bold property to True.
The Repeater's lack of stylistic properties can drastically add to the

development time metric. For example, imagine that you decide to use the
Repeater to display data that needs to be bold, centered, and displayed in a
particular font-face with a particular background color. While all this can be
specified using a few HTML tags, these tags will quickly clutter the Repeater's
templates. Such clutter makes it much harder to change the look at a later date.
Along with its increased development time, the Repeater also lacks any built-in
functionality to assist in supporting paging, editing, or editing of data. Due to
this lack of feature-support, the Repeater scores poorly on the usability scale.
However, The Repeater's performance is slightly better than that of the

DataList's, and is more noticeably better than that of the DataGrid's. Following
figure shows the number of requests per second the Repeater could handle
versus the DataGrid and DataList
Can we handle the error and redirect to some pages using web.config?
Yes, we can do this, but to handle errors, we must know the error codes; only
then we can take the user to a proper error message page, else it may confuse
the user.
CustomErrors Configuration section in web.config file:
The default configuration is:
< customErrors mode="RemoteOnly" defaultRedirect="Customerror.aspx" >
< error statusCode="404" redirect="Notfound.aspx" / >
< /customErrors >
If mode is set to Off, custom error messages will be disabled. Users will receive
detailed exception error messages.
If mode is set to On, custom error messages will be enabled.
If mode is set to RemoteOnly, then users will receive custom errors, but
usersaccessing the site locally will receive detailed error messages.
Add an < error > tag for each error you want to handle. The error tag will
redirect the user to the Notfound.aspx page when the site returns the 404 (Page
not found) error.
[Example]
There is a page MainForm.aspx
Private Sub Page_Load(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As

System.EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load
'Put user code to initialize the page here
Dim str As System.Text.StringBuilder
str.Append("hi")
' Error
Line as str is not instantiated
Response.Write(str.ToString)
End Sub
[Web.Config]
< customErrors mode="On" defaultRedirect="Error.aspx"/ >
' a simple redirect will take the user to Error.aspx [user defined] error file.
< customErrors mode="RemoteOnly" defa

ultRedirect="Customerror.aspx" >
< error statusCode="404" redirect="Notfound.aspx" / >
< /customErrors >
'This will take the user to NotFound.aspx defined in IIS.
How do you implement Paging in .Net?
The DataGrid provides the means to display a group of
records from the data source (for example, the first 10), and then navigate to the
"page" containing the next 10 records, and so on through the data.
Using Ado.Net we can explicit control over the number of records returned
from the data source, as well as how much data is to be cached locally in the
DataSet.
1.Using DataAdapter.fill method give the value of 'Maxrecords' parameter
(Note: - Don't use it because query will return all records but fill the dataset
based on value of 'maxrecords' parameter).
2.
For SQL server database, combines a WHERE clause and a ORDER BY clause
with TOP predicate.
3.If Data does not change often just cache records locally in DataSet and just
take some records from the DataSet to display.
What is the difference between Server.Transfer and Response.Redirect?
Server.Transfer() : client is shown as it is on the requesting page only, but the all
the content is of the requested page. Data can be persist across the pages using
Context.Item collection, which is one of the best way to
transfer data from one page to another keeping the page state alive.
Response.Dedirect() :client knows the physical location (page name and query
string as well). Context.Items loses the persistence when navigate to destination
page. In earlier versions o
f IIS, if we wanted to send a user to a new Web page, the only option we had
was Response.Redirect. While this method does accomplish our goal, it has
several important drawbacks. The biggest problem is that this method causes
each page to be treated as a
separate transaction. Besides making it difficult to maintain your transactional

integrity, Response.Redirect introduces some additional headaches. First, it
prevents good encapsulation of code. Second, you lose access to all of the
properties in the Reque
st object. Sure, there are workarounds, but they're difficult. Finally,

Response.Redirect necessitates a round trip to the client, which, on high-volume
sites, causes scalability problems. As you might suspect, Server.Transfer fixes
all of these problems.
It does this by performing the transfer on the server without requiring a

roundtrip to the client.
Response.Redirect sends a response to the client browser instructing it to

request the second page. This requires a round-trip to the client, and the client
initiates the Request for the second page. Server.Transfer transfers the process
to the second page without making a round-trip to the client. It also transfers the
HttpContext to the second page, enabling the second page access to all the
values in the H
ttpContext of the first page.

Can you create an app domain?
Yes, We can create user app domain by calling on of the following overload
static methods of the System.AppDomain class
1. Public static AppDomain CreateDomain(String friendlyName)
2. Public static AppDomain CreateDomain(String friendlyName, Evidence

securityInfo)

securityInfo, AppDomainSetup info)

securityInfo, String appBasePath, String appRelativeSearchPath, bool
shadowCopyFiles)
What are the various security methods which IIS Provides apart from
.NET ?
The various security methods which IIS provides are
a) Authentication Modes
b) IP Address and Domain Name Restriction
c) DNS Lookups DNS Lookups
d) The Network ID and Subnet Mask
e) SSL
What is Web Gardening? How would using it affect a design?

The Web Garden Model
The Web garden model is configurable through the section of the

machine.config file. Notice that the section is the only configuration section that
cannot be placed in an ap
plication-specific web.config file. This means that the Web garden mode applies
to all applications running on the machine. However, by using the node in the
machine.config source, you can adapt machine-wide settings on a per-
application basis.
Two attribu
tes in the section affect the Web garden model. They are webGarden and
cpuMask. The webGarden attribute takes a Boolean value that indicates whether
or not multiple worker processes (one per each affinitized CPU) have to be
used. The attribute is set to fa
lse by default. The cpuMask attribute stores a DWORD value whose binary
representation provides a bit mask for the CPUs that are eligible to run the
ASP.NET worker process. The default value is -1 (0xFFFFFF), which means
that all available CPUs can be used
. The contents of the cpuMask attribute is ignored when the webGarden attribute
is false. The cpuMask attribute also sets an upper bound to the number of copies
of aspnet_wp.exe that are running.
Web gardening enables multiple worker processes to run at th
e same time. However, you should note that all processes will have their own
copy of application state, in-process session state, ASP.NET cache, static data,
and all that is needed to run applications. When the Web garden mode is
enabled, the ASP.NET ISAPI
launches as many worker processes as there are CPUs, each a full clone of the
next (and each affinitized with the corresponding CPU). To balance the
workload, incoming requests are partitioned among running processes in a
round-robin manner. Worker proces
ses get recycled as in the single processor case. Note that ASP.NET inherits any
CPU usage restriction from the operating system and doesn't include any
custom semantics for doing this.
All in all, the Web garden model is not necessarily a big win for all
applications. The more stateful applications are, the more they risk to pay in
terms of real performance. Working data is stored in blocks of shared memory
so that any changes entered by a process are immediately visible to others.
However, for the time it
takes to service a request, working data is copied in the context of the process.
Each worker process, therefore, will handle its own copy of working data, and
the more stateful the application, the higher the cost in performance. In this
context, careful
and savvy application benchmarking is an absolute must.
Changes made to the section of the configuration file are effective only after IIS
is restarted. In IIS 6, Web gardening parameters are stored in the IIS metabase;
the webGarden and cpuMask attribut
es are ignored.
What is view state?.where it stored?.can we disable it?
The web is state-less protocol, so the page gets instantiated, executed, rendered
and then disposed on every round trip to the server. The developers code to add
"statefulness" to the
page by using Server-side storage for the state or posting the page to itself.
When require to persist and read the data in control on webform, developer had
to read the values and store them in hidden variable (in the form), which were
then used to restor
e the values. With advent of .NET framework, ASP.NET came up with

ViewState mechanism, which tracks the data values of server controls on
ASP.NET webform. In effect,ViewState can be viewed as "hidden variable
managed by ASP.NET framework!". When ASP.NET pa
ge is executed, data values from all server controls on page are collected and
encoded as single string, which then assigned to page's hidden atrribute
"< input type=hidden >", that is part of page sent to the client.
ViewState value is temporarily saved
in the client's browser.ViewState can be disabled for a single control, for an

entire page orfor an entire web application. The syntax is:
Disable ViewState for control (Datagrid in this example)
< asp:datagrid EnableViewState="false" ... / >
Disable ViewS
tate for a page, using Page directive
< %@ Page EnableViewState="False" ... % >
Disable ViewState for application through entry in web.config
< Pages EnableViewState="false" ... / >

WebServices And Windows Services
Next>>
Can you give an example of when it would be appropriate to use a web

service as opposed to non-serviced .NET component
Web service is one of main component in Service Oriented Architecture. You

could use web services when your clients and servers are running on
different networks and also different platforms. This provides a loosely coupled
system. And also if the client is behind the firewall it would be easy to use web
service since it runs on port 80 (by default) instead of having some thing else in
Service O
riented Architecture applications.
What is the standard you use to wrap up a call to a Web service
"SOAP.
"
What is the transport protocol you use to call a Web service SOAP
HTTP with SOAP
What does WSDL stand for?

"WSDL stands for Web Services Dsescription Langauge. There is WSDL.exe
that creates a .wsdl Files which defines how an XML Web service behaves and
instructs clients as to how to interact with the service.
eg: wsdl
http://LocalHost/WebServiceName.asmx
"
Where on the Internet would you look for Web Services?
www.uddi.org
What does WSDL stand for?
Web Services Description Language
True or False: To test a Web service you must create a windows application
or Web application to consume this service?
False.
What are the various ways of accessing a web service ?
1.Asynchronous Call
Application can make a call to the Webservice and then continue todo watever
oit
wants to do.When the
service is ready it will notify the application.Application
can use BEGIN and END method to make asynchronous call to the
webmethod.We can use
either a WaitHandle or a Delegate object when making asynchronous call.
The WaitHandle class share resources be
tween several objects. It provides several
methods which will wait for the resources to become available
The easiest and most powerful way to to implement an asynchronous call is

using a
delegate object. A delegate object wraps up a callback function. Th
e idea is to
pass a method in the invocation of the web method. When the webmethod has
finished
it will call this callback function to process the result
2.Synchronous Call
Application has to wait until execution has completed.

What are VSDISCO files?
VSDISCO files are DISCO files that support dynamic discovery of Web
services. If you place the following VSDISCO file in a directory on your Web
server, for example, it returns
references to all ASMX and DISCO files in the host directory and any su
bdirectories not noted in <EXCLUDE>elements:

<DYNAMICDISCOVERY
xmlns="urn:schemas-dynamicdiscovery:disco.2000-03-17">
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--
<EXCLUDE path="_vti_cnf" />
<EXCLUDE path="_vti_pvt"
/>
<EXCLUDE path="_vti_log" />
<EXCLUDE path="_vti_script" />

<EXCLUDE path="_vti_txt" />
</DYNAMICDISCOVERY>
How does dynamic discovery work?
ASP.NET maps the file name extension VSDISCO to an HTTP handler that
scans the host
directory and subdirectories for ASMX and DISCO files and returns a
dynamically generated DISCO document. A client who requests a VSDISC
O file gets back what appears to be a static DISCO document.
Note that VSDISCO files are disabled in the release version of ASP.NET. You
can reenable them by uncommenting the line
in the <HTTPHANDLERS>section of Machine.config that maps *.vsdisco to
Sys
tem.Web.Services.Discovery.DiscoveryRequestHandler and granting the

ASPNET
user account permission to read the IIS metabase. However, Microsoft is

actively discouraging the use of VSDISCO files because they could represent a
threat to Web server security.
Is it possible to prevent a browser from caching an ASPX page?
Just call SetNoStore on the HttpCachePolicy object exposed through the

Response object's Cache property, as demonstrated here:
<%@ Page Language="C#" %>

<%
Response.Cache.SetNoStore ();
Response.Write (DateTime.Now.ToLongTimeString ());
%>
SetNoStore works by returning a Cache-Control: private, no-store header in the
HTTP response. In thi
s example, it prevents caching of a Web page that shows the current time.
What does AspCompat="true" mean and when should I use it?
AspCompat is an aid in migrating ASP pages to ASPX pages. It defaults to false

but should be set to true in any ASPX file
that creates apartment-threaded COM objects--that is, COM objects registered

ThreadingModel=Apartment. That includes all COM objects written with
Visual Basic 6.0. AspCompat should also be set to true (regardless of threading
model)
if the page creates
COM objects that access intrinsic ASP objects such as Request and Response.
The following directive sets AspCompat to true:
<%@ Page AspCompat="true" %>
Setting AspCompat to true does two things. First, it makes intrinsic ASP objects
available
to the COM components by placing unmanaged wrappers around the equivalent

ASP.NET objects. Second, it improves the performance of calls that the page
places to apartment- threaded COM objects by ensuring that the page (actually,
the thread that process
es the
request for the page) and the COM objects it creates share an apartment.
AspCompat="true" forces ASP.NET request threads into single-threaded
apartments (STAs). If those threads create COM objects marked
ThreadingModel=Apartment, then the objects a
re created in the same STAs as the threads that created them. Without
AspCompat="true," request threads run in a multithreaded apartment (MTA)
and each call to an STA-based COM object incurs a performance hit when it's
marshaled across apartment boundarie
s.
Do not set AspCompat to true if your page uses no COM objects or if it uses
COM objects that don't access ASP intrinsic objects and that are registered
ThreadingModel=Free or
ThreadingModel=Both.
Can two different programming languages be mixed in a single ASMX file?
No.
What namespaces are imported by default in ASMX files?
The following namespaces are imported by default. Other namespaces must be

imported manually.· System,
System.Collections,System.ComponentModel,System.Data, System.Diagnosti
cs,System.Web,System.Web.Services
How do I provide information to the Web Service when the information is

required as a SOAP Header?
The key here is the Web Service proxy you created using wsdl.exe or through
Visual Studio .NET's Add Web Reference menu
option. If you happen to download a WSDL file for a Web Service that requires
a SOAP header, .NET will create a SoapHeader class in the proxy source file.
Using the previous example:
public class Service1 : System.Web.Services.Protocols.SoapHttp
ClientProtocol
{
public AuthToken AuthTokenValue;
[System.Xml.Serialization.XmlRootAttribute(Namespace="
http://tempuri.org/
", IsNullable=false)]
public class AuthToken : SoapHeader {
public string Token;

}}
In this case, when you create an instance of the proxy in your main application
file, you'll also create an instance of the AuthToken class and assign the string:
Service1 objSvc = new Service1();

processingobjSvc.AuthTokenValue = new AuthToken();
objSvc.AuthTokenValue.Token = <ACTUAL token value>;
Web Servicestring strResult = objSvc.MyBillableWebMethod();
What is WSDL?
WSDL is the Web Service Description Language, and it is implemented as a

specific XML vocabulary. While it's very much more complex than what can be
described here, there are two important aspects to WSDL with which you
should be aware. Fir
st, WSDL provides instructions to consumers of Web Services to describe the
layout and contents of the SOAP packets
the Web Service intends to issue. It's an interface description document, of sorts.
And second, it isn't intended that you
read and interp
ret the WSDL. Rather, WSDL should be processed by machine, typically to

generate proxy source code (.NET) or create dynamic proxies on the fly (the
SOAP Toolkit or Web Service Behavior).
What is a Windows Service and how does its lifecycle differ from a
"standard" EXE?
Windows service is a application that runs in the background. It is equivalent to

a NT service.
The executable created is not a Windows application, and hence you can't just
click and run it . it needs to be installed as a service, VB.Ne
t has a facility where we can add an installer to our program and then use a
utility to install the service. Where as this is not the case with standard exe
How can a win service developed in .NET be installed or used in Win98?
Windows service cannot be
installed on Win9x machines even though the .NET framework runs on

machine
Can you debug a Windows Service? How ?
Yes we can debug a Windows Service.
Attach the WinDbg debugger to a service after the service starts
This method is similar to the metho
d that you can use to attach a debugger to a process and then debug a process.
Use the process ID of the process that hosts the service that you want to debug
To determine the process ID (PID) of the process that hosts the service that you
want to
debug, use one of the following methods.

•
Method 1: Use the Task Manager
a.
Right-click the taskbar, and then click Task Manager. The Windows Task
Manager dialog box appears.
b.
Click the Processes tab of the Windows Task Manager dialog box.
c.
Under Image Name, click the image name of the process that hosts the service
that you want to debug. Note the process ID of this process as specified by the
value of the corresponding PID field.
Method 2: Use the Task List Utility (tlist.exe)
a.
Clic
k Start, and then click Run. The Run dialog box appears.
b.
In the Open box, type cmd, and then click OK.

c.
At the command prompt, change the directory path to reflect the location of the
tlist.exe file on your computer.
Note The tlist.exe file
is typically located in the following directory: C:\Program Files\Debugging

Tools for Windows
d.
At the command prompt, type tlist to list the image names and the process IDs
of all processes that are currently running on your computer.
Note Make
a note of the process ID of the process that hosts the service that you want to
debug.
At a command prompt, change the directory path to reflect the location of the
windbg.exe file on your computer.
Note If a command prompt is not open, follow st
eps a and b of Method 1. The windbg.exe file is typically located in the

following directory: C:\Program Files\Debugging Tools for Windows.
3
At the command prompt, type windbg
p ProcessID to attach the WinDbg debugger to the process that hosts the serv
ice that you want to debug.
Note ProcessID is a placeholder for the process ID of the process that hosts the
service that you want to debug.
Use the image name of the process that hosts the service that you want to debug
You can use this me
thod only if there is exactly one running instance of the process that hosts the
service that you want to run. To do this, follow these steps:
Click Start, and then click Run. The Run dialog box appears.
In the Open box, type cmd, and then click O
K to open a command prompt.

3
At the command prompt, change the directory path to reflect the location of the
windbg.exe file on your computer.
Note The windbg.exe file is typically located in the following directory:

C:\Program Files\Debugging To
ols for Windows.
At the command prompt, type windbg
–
pn ImageName to attach the WinDbg debugger to the process that hosts the
service that you want to debug.
NoteImageName is a placeholder for the image name of the process that hosts
the service
that you want to debug. The "-pn" command-line option specifies that the
ImageName command-line argument is the image name of a process.
back to the top
Start the WinDbg debugger and attach to the process that hosts the service that
you want to debug
1
Start Windows Explorer.
Locate the windbg.exe file on your computer.
Note The windbg.exe file is typically located in the following directory
: C:\Program Files\Debugging Tools for Windows

3
Run the windbg.exe file to start the WinDbg debugger.
On the File menu, click Attach to a Process to display the Attach to Process
dialog box.
Click to select the node that corresponds to the proce
ss that hosts the service that you want to debug, and then click OK.
6
In the dialog box that appears, click Yes to save base workspace information.
Notice that you can now debug the disassembled code of your service.
Configure a service to start with
the WinDbg debugger attached
You can use this method to debug services if you want to troubleshoot service-
startup-related problems.
Configure the "Image File Execution" options. To do this, use one of the
following methods:
•
Method 1: Use the
Global Flags Editor (gflags.exe)
a.
Start Windows Explorer.
b.
Locate the gflags.exe file on your computer.

Note The gflags.exe file is typically located in the following directory:
C:\Program Files\Debugging Tools for Windows.
c.
Run the gfl
ags.exe file to start the Global Flags Editor.
d.
In the Image File Name text box, type the image name of the process that hosts
the service that you want to debug. For example, if you want to debug a service
that is hosted by a process that has MyServic
e.exe as the image name, type MyService.exe.
e.
Under Destination, click to select the Image File Options option.

f.
Under Image Debugger Options, click to select the Debugger check box.
g.
In the Debugger text box, type the full path of the debugger
that you want to use. For example, if you want to use the WinDbg debugger to
debug a service, you can type a full path that is similar to the following:
C:\Program Files\Debugging Tools for Windows\windbg.exe
h.
Click Apply, and then click OK to quit th
e Global Flags Editor.

•
Method 2: Use Registry Editor
a.
Click Start, and then click Run. The Run dialog box appears.
b.
In the Open box, type regedit, and then click OK to start Registry Editor.
c.
Warning If you use Registry Editor incorrectly,

you may cause serious problems that may require you to reinstall your operating
system. Microsoft cannot guarantee that you can solve problems that result from
using Registry Editor incorrectly. Use Registry Editor at your own risk.
In Registry Edit
or, locate, and then right-click the following registry subkey:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows
NT\CurrentVersion\Image File Execution Options
d.
Point to New, and then click Key. In the left pane of Registry Editor, notice that
New Key
#1 (the name of a new registry subkey) is selected for editing.
e.
Type ImageName to replace New Key #1, and then press ENTER.
Note ImageName is a placeholder for the image name of the process that hosts
the service that you want to debug. For exa
mple, if you want to debug a service that is hosted by a process that has
MyService.exe as the image name, type MyService.exe.
f.
Right-click the registry subkey that you created in step e.
g.
Point to New, and then click String Value. In the right pan
e of Registry Editor, notice that New Value #1, the name of a new registry entry,
is selected for editing.
h.
Replace New Value #1 with Debugger, and then press ENTER.
i.
Right-click the Debugger registry entry that you created in step h, and then clic
k Modify. The Edit String dialog box appears.

j.
In the Value data text box, type DebuggerPath, and then click OK.
Note DebuggerPath is a placeholder for the full path of the debugger that you
want to use. For example, if you want to use the WinDb
g debugger to debug a service, you can type a full path that is similar to the
following: C:\Program Files\Debugging Tools for Windows\windbg.exe
For the debugger window to appear on your desktop, and to interact with the
debugger, make your service inte
ractive. If you do not make your service interactive, the debugger will start but
you cannot see it and you cannot issue commands. To make your service
interactive, use one of the following methods:
•
Method 1: Use the Services console
a.
Click Start
, and then point to Programs.
b.
On the Programs menu, point to Administrative Tools, and then click Services.
The Services console appears.
c.
In the right pane of the Services console, right-click ServiceName, and then
click Properties.
Note S
erviceName is a placeholder for the name of the service that you want to debug.
d.
On the Log On tab, click to select the Allow service to interact with desktop
check box under Local System account, and then click OK.
•
Method 2: Use Registry Editor
a.
In Registry Editor, locate, and then click the following registry subkey:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\ServiceNa
me
Note Replace ServiceName with the name of the service that you want to
debug. For example, if you want to de
bug a service named MyService, locate and then click the following registry
key:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\MyService
b.
Under the Name field in the right pane of Registry Editor, right-click Type, and
then click Modify. The
Edit DWORD Value dialog box appears.
c.
Change the text in the Value data text box to the result of the binary OR
operation with the binary value of the current text and the binary value,
0x00000100, as the two operands. The binary value, 0x00000100, cor
responds to the SERVICE_INTERACTIVE_PROCESS constant that is defined

in the WinNT.h header file on your computer. This constant specifies that a
service is interactive in nature.
3
When a service starts, the service communicates to the Service Control Mana
ger how long the service must have to start (the time-out period for the service).
If the Service Control Manager does not receive a "service started" notice from
the service within this time-out period, the Service Control Manager terminates
the process t
hat hosts the service. This time-out period is typically less than 30 seconds. If
you do not adjust this time-out period, the Service Control Manager ends the
process and the attached debugger while you are trying to debug. To adjust this
time-out period,
follow these steps:
a.
In Registry Editor, locate, and then right-click the following registry subkey:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control
b.
Point to New, and then click DWORD Value. In the right pane of Registry
Editor, notice tha
t New Value #1 (the name of a new registry entry) is selected for editing.
c.
Type ServicesPipeTimeout to replace New Value #1, and then press ENTER.
d.
Right-click the ServicesPipeTimeout registry entry that you created in step c,

and then click Modif
y. The Edit DWORD Value dialog box appears.
e.
In the Value data text box, type TimeoutPeriod, and then click OK
Note TimeoutPeriod is a placeholder for the value of the time-out period (in
milliseconds) that you want to set for the service. For e
xample, if you want to set the time-out period to 24 hours (86400000

milliseconds), type 86400000.
f.
Restart the computer. You must restart the computer for Service Control
Manager to apply this change.
Start your Windows service. To do this, follow

these steps:
a.
Click Start, and then point to Programs.
b.
On the Programs menu, point to Administrative Tools, and then click Services.
The Services console appears.
c.
In the right pane of the Services console, right-click ServiceName, and then c
lick Start.
Note ServiceName is a placeholder for the name of the service that you want to
debug.
Remoting FAQ's
What distributed process frameworks outside .NET do you know?
Distributed Computing Environment/Remote Procedure Calls (DEC/RPC),

Microsoft Distributed Component Object Model
(DCOM), Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA
), and Java Remote Method Invocation (RMI).
What are possible implementations of distributed applications in .NET?
.NET Remoting and ASP.NET Web Services. If we talk about the Framework
Class Library, noteworthy classes are in
System.Runtime.Remoting
and System.Web.Services.
When would you use .NET Remoting and when Web services?
Use remoting for more efficient exchange of information when you control both
ends of the application. Use Web services for
open-protocol-based information exchange when
you are just a client or a server with the other end belonging to someone else.
What's a proxy of the server object in .NET Remoting?
It's a fake copy of the server object that resides on the client side and behaves as
if it was the server. It handles
the
communication between real server object and the client object. This process is
also known as marshaling.
What are remotable objects in .NET Remoting?
Remotable objects are the objects that can be marshaled across the application
domains. You can
marshal by value, where
a deep copy of the object is created and then passed to the receiver. You can also
marshal by reference, where just a
reference to an existing object is passed.
What are channels in .NET Remoting?
Channels represent the objects
that transfer the other serialized objects from one application domain to another
and from
one computer to another, as well as one process to another on the same box. A
channel must exist before an object can be transferred.
What security measures exist for .NET Remoting in

System.Runtime.Remoting?
None. Security should be taken care of at the application level. Cryptography

and other security techniques can be applied
at application or server level.

What is a formatter?
A formatter is an object th
at is responsible for encoding and serializing data into messages on one end, and
deserializing
and decoding messages into data on the other end.
Choosing between HTTP and TCP for protocols and Binary and SOAP for
formatters, what are the trade-offs?
inary over TCP is the most effiecient, SOAP over HTTP is the most
interoperable.
What's SingleCall activation mode used for?
If the server object is instantiated for responding to just one single request, the
request should be made in SingleCall mode.
What's Singleton activation mode?
A single object is instantiated regardless of the number of clients accessing it.

Lifetime of this object is determined by
lifetime lease.
How do you define the lease of the object?
By implementing ILease interface wh
en writing the class code.
Can you configure a .NET Remoting object via XML file?
Yes, via machine.config and application level .config file (or web.config in
ASP.NET). Application-level XML settings take precedence over
machine.config.
How can you automatically generate interface for the remotable object in
.NET with Microsoft tools?
Use the Soapsuds tool.
What are CAO's i.e. Client Activated Objects ?
Client-activated objects are objects whose lifetimes are controlled by the calling
applicatio
n domain, just as they would be if the object were local to the client. With client
activation, a round trip to the server occurs when the client tries to create an
instance of the server object, and the client proxy is created using an object
reference (O
bjRef) obtained on return from the creation of the remote object on the server.
Each time a client creates an instance of a client-activated type, that instance
will service only that particular reference in that particular client until its lease
expires a
nd its memory is recycled. If a calling application domain creates two new

instances of the remote type, each of the client references will invoke only the
particular instance in the server application domain from which the reference
was returned.
In COM,
clients hold an object in memory by holding a reference to it. When the last
client releases its last reference, the object can delete itself. Client activation
provides the same client control over the server object's lifetime, but without the
complexity
of maintaining references or the constant pinging to confirm the continued

existence of the server or client. Instead, client-activated objects use lifetime
leases to determine how long they should continue to exist. When a client
creates a remote object,
it can specify a default length of time that the object should exist. If the remote
object reaches its default lifetime limit, it contacts the client to ask whether it
should continue to exist, and if so, for how much longer. If the client is not
currently
available, a default time is also specified for how long the server object should
wait while trying to contact the client before marking itself for garbage
collection. The client might even request an indefinite default lifetime,
effectively preventing th
e remote object from ever being recycled until the server application domain is
torn down. The difference between this and a server-activated indefinite lifetime
is that an indefinite server-activated object will serve all client requests for that
type, wh
ereas the client-activated instances serve only the client and the reference that
was responsible for their creation. For more information, see Lifetime Leases.
To create an instance of a client-activated type, clients either configure their

application programmatically (or using a configuration file) and call new (New
in Visual Basic), or they pass the remote object's configuration in a call to
Activator.CreateIn
stance. The following code example shows such a call, assuming a TcpChannel
has been registered to listen on port 8080.
How many processes can listen on a single TCP/IP port?
One.
What technology enables out-of-proc communication in .NET?
Most usually
Remoting;.NET remoting enables client applications to use objects in other

processes on the same computer or on any other computer available on its
network.While you could implement an out-of-proc component in any number
of other ways, someone using the t
erm almost always means Remoting.
How can objects in two diff. App Doimains communicate with each other?
.Net framework provides various ways to communicate with objects in different

app domains.
First is XML Web Service on internet, its good method beca
use it is built using HTTP protocol and SOAP formatting.

If the performance is the main concern then go for second option which is .Net
remoting because it gives you the option of using binary encoding and the
default TcpChannel, which offers the best int
erprocess communication performance
What is the difference between .Net Remoting and Web Services?
Although we can develop an application using both technologies, each of them

has its distinct advantages. Yes you can look at them in terms of performance bu
t you need to consider your need first. There are many other factors such
authentications, authorizing in process that need to be considered.
Point Remoting Webservices

If your application No Yes, Choose Web
needs Services because it is
interoperability with more flexible in that
other platforms or they are support
operating systems SOAP.
If performance is You should use the TCP No
the main channel and the binary
requirement with formatter
security
Complex Yes No
Programming
State Management Supports a range of state Its stateless service
management, depending management (does
on what object lifetime not inherently
scheme you choose correlate multiple calls
(single call or singleton from the same user)
call).
Transport Protocol It can access through TCP It can be access only
or HTTP channel. through HTTP
channel.
COM And COM+
What are different transaction options available for services components ?

There are 5 transactions types that can be used with COM+. Whenever an object
is registered with COM+ it has to abide either to these 5 transaction types.
Disabled
: - There is no transaction. COM+ does not provide transaction support for this
component.
Not Supported:
- Component does not support transactions. Hence even if the call
ing component in the hierarchy is transaction enabled this component will not
participate in the transaction.
Supported
: - Components with transaction type supported will be a part of the transaction

if the calling component has an active transaction.
If t
he calling component is not transaction enabled this component will not start a
new transaction.
Required
: - Components with this attribute require a transaction i.e. either the calling
should have a transaction in place else this component will start a ne
w transaction.
Required
New
: - Components enabled with this transaction type always require a new

transaction. Components with required new transaction type instantiate a new
transaction for themselves every time.
Can we use com Components in .net?.How ?.can we use .net components in
vb?.Explain how ?
COM components have different internal architecture from .NET components

hence they are not innately compatible. However .NET
framework supports invocation of unmanaged code from managed code (and

vice-versa
) through COM/.NET interoperability. .NET application communicates with a

COM component through a managed wrapper of the component called Runtime
Callable Wrapper (RCW); it acts as managed proxy to the unmanaged COM
component. When a method call is made to
COM object, it goes onto RCW and not the object itself. RCW manages the
lifetime management of the COM component. Implementation Steps -
Create Runtime Callable Wrapper out of COM component. Reference the

metadata assembly Dll in the project and use its methods & properties RCW can
be created using Type Library Importer utility or through VS.NET. Using
VS.NET, add reference through COM tab
to select the desired DLL. VS.NET automatically generates metadata assembly

putting the classes provided by that component into a namespace with the same
name as COM dll (XYZRCW.dll)
.NET components can be invoked by unmanaged code through COM Callable

Wra
pper (CCW) in COM/.NET interop. The unmanaged code will talk to this proxy,
which translates call to managed environment. We can use COM components in
.NET through COM/.NET interoperability. When managed code calls an
unmanaged component, behind the scene,
.NET creates proxy called COM Callable wrapper (CCW), which accepts
commands from a COM client, and forwards it to .NET component. There are
two prerequisites to creating .NET component, to be used in unmanaged code:
1. .NET class should be implement its

functionality through interface. First define interface in code, then have the
class to imlpement it. This way, it prevents breaking of COM client, if/when
.NET component changes.
2.Secondly, .NET class, which is to be visible to COM clients must be declar
ed public. The tools that create the CCW only define types based
on public classes. The same rule applies to methods, properties, and events that
will be used by COM clients.
Implementation Steps -
1. Generate type library of .NET component, using TLBExpor
ter utility. A type library is the COM equivalent of the metadata contained
within
a .NET assembly. Type libraries are generally contained in files with the
extension .tlb. A type library contains the necessary information to allow a
COM client to determin
e which classes are located in a particular server, as well as the methods,

properties, and events supported by those classes.
2. Secondly,
use Assembly Registration tool (regasm) to create the type library and register
it.
3. Lastly install .NET assembly
in GAC, so it is available as shared assembly.

What is Runtime Callable wrapper?.when it will created?.
The common language runtime exposes COM objects through a proxy called
the runtime callable wrapper (RCW). Although the RCW appears to be an
ordinary o
bject to .NET clients, its primary function is to marshal calls between a .NET
client and a COM object. This wrapper turns the COM interfaces exposed by
the COM component into .NET-compatible interfaces. For oleautomation
(attribute indicates that an inter
face is compatible with Automation) interfaces, the RCW can be generated

automatically from a type library. For non-oleautomation interfaces, it may be
necessary to develop a custom RCW which manually maps the types exposed
by the COM interface to .NET-com
patible types.
What is Com Callable wrapper?when it will created?
.NET components are accessed from COM via a COM Callable Wrapper
(CCW). This is similar to a RCW, but works in the opposite direction. Again, if
the wrapper cannot be automatically generated
by the .NET development tools, or if the automatic behaviour is not desirable, a

custom CCW can be developed. Also, for COM to 'see' the .NET component,
the .NET component must be registered in the registry.CCWs also manage the
object identity and object
lifetime of the managed objects they wrap.
What is a primary interop ?
A primary interop assembly is a collection of types that are deployed, versioned,

and configured as a single unit. However, unlike other managed assemblies, an
interop assembly contains
type definitions (not implementation) of types that have already been defined in
COM. These type definitions allow managed applications to bind to the COM
types at compile time and provide information to the common language runtime
about how the types sho
uld be marshaled at run time.
What are tlbimp and tlbexp tools used for ?
The Type Library Exporter generates a type library that describes the types
defined in a common language runtime assembly.
The Type Library Importer converts the type definitions fo
und within a COM type library into equivalent definitions in a common

language runtime assembly. The output of Tlbimp.exe is a binary file (an
assembly) that contains runtime metadata for the types defined within the
original type library.
What benefit do you get from using a Primary Interop Assembly (PIA)?
PIAs are important because they provide unique type identity. The PIA
distinguishes the official type definitions from counterfeit definitions provided
by other interop assemblies. Havin
g a single type identity ensures type compatibility between applications that

share the types defined in the PIA. Because the PIA is signed by its
publisher and labeled with the PrimaryInteropAssembly attribute, it can be

differentiated from other interop
assemblies that define the same types.
ADO.NET
Next>>
Explain what a diffgram is and its usage ?

A DiffGram is an XML format that is used to identify current and original versi
ons of data elements. The DataSet uses the DiffGram format to load and persist
its contents, and to serialize its contents for transport across a network
connection. When a DataSet is written as a DiffGram, it populates the DiffGram
with all the necessary
information to accurately recreate the contents, though not the schema, of the
DataSet, including column values from both the Original and Current row
versions, row error information, and row order.
When sending and retrieving a DataSet from an XML Web ser
vice, the DiffGram format is implicitly used. Additionally, when loading the
contents of a DataSet from XML using the ReadXml method, or when writing
the contents of a DataSet in XML using the WriteXml method, you can select
that the contents be read or wr
itten as a DiffGram.
The DiffGram format is divided into three sections: the current data, the original
(or "before") data, and an errors section, as shown in the following example.
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<diffgr:diffgram
xmlns:msdata="urn:schema
s-microsoft-com:xml-msdata"
xmlns:diffgr="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:xml-diffgram-v1"
xmlns:xsd="
http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema
">
<DataInstance>
</DataInstance>
<diffgr:b
efore>
</diffgr:before>
<diffgr:errors>
</diffgr:errors>
</diffgr:diffgram>
The DiffGram format consists of the following blocks of data:

<DataInstance>
The name of this element, DataInstance, is used for explanation purposes in this
documentation.
A DataInstance element represents a DataSet or a row of a DataTable. Instead of

DataInstance, the element would contain the name of the DataSet or DataTable.
This block of the DiffGram format contains the current data, whether it has been
modified or not.
An element, or row, that has been modified is identified with the

diffgr:hasChanges annotation.
<diffgr:before>
This block of the DiffGram format contains the original version of a row.
Elements in this block are matched to elements in the DataInstance
block using the diffgr:id annotation.
<diffgr:errors>
This block of the DiffGram format contains error information for a particular
row in the DataInstance block. Elements in this block are matched to elements
in the DataInstance block using the diffgr:i
d annotation.
Which method do you invoke on the DataAdapter control to load your

generated dataset with data?
You have to use the Fill method of the DataAdapter control and pass the dataset
object as an argument to load the generated data.
Can you edit data in the Repeater control?
NO.
Which are the different IsolationLevels ?
Following are the various IsolationLevels:
Serialized
Data read by a current transaction cannot be changed by another transaction

until the current transaction finishes. No new da
ta can be inserted that would affect the current transaction. This is the safest
isolation level and is the default.
Repeatable Read
Data read by a current transaction cannot be changed by another transaction

until the current transaction finishes. Any
type of new data can be inserted during a transaction.
Read Committed
A transaction cannot read data that is being modified by another transaction that
has not committed. This is the default isolation level in Microsoft® SQL Server.
Read Uncommitted
A transaction can read any data, even if it is being modified by another

transaction. This is the least safe isolation level but allows the highest
concurrency.
Any
Any isolation level is supported. This setting is most commonly used by

downstream components to avoid conflicts. This setting is useful because any
downstream component must be configured with an isolation level that is equal
to or less than the iso
lation level of its immediate upstream component. Therefore, a downstream

component that has its isolation level configured as Any always uses the same
isolation level that its immediate upstream component uses. If the root object in
a transaction has its
isolation level configured to Any, its isolation level becomes Serialized.
How xml files and be read and write using dataset?.
DataSet exposes method like ReadXml and WriteXml to read and write xml
What are the different rowversions available?
There are f
our types of Rowversions.
Current:
The current values for the row. This row version does not exist for rows with a
RowState of Deleted.
Default :
The row the default version for the current DataRowState. For a DataRowState
value of Added, Modified or Curre
nt, the default version is Current. For a DataRowState of Deleted, the version is
Original. For a DataRowState value of Detached, the version is Proposed.
Original:
The row contains its original values.
Proposed:
The proposed values for the row. This row v
ersion exists during an edit operation on a row, or for a row that is not part of a
DataRowCollection
Explain acid properties?.

The term ACID conveys the role transactions play in mission-critical
applications. Coined by transaction processing pioneers, AC
ID stands for atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability.
These properties ensure predictable behavior, reinforcing the role of transactions

as all-or-none propositions designed to reduce the management load when there
are many variables.
Atomicity
A transaction is a unit of work in which a series of operations occur between the

BEGIN TRANSACTION and END TRANSACTION statements of an
application. A transaction executes exactly once and is atomic
all the work is done or none of it is.
Operations asso
ciated with a transaction usually share a common intent and are interdependent.
By performing only a subset of these operations, the system could compromise
the overall intent of the transaction. Atomicity eliminates the chance of
processing a subset of op
erations.
Consistency
A transaction is a unit of integrity because it preserves the consistency of data,

transforming one consistent state of data into another consistent state of data.
Consistency requires that data bound by a transaction be semantically
preserved. Some of the responsibility for maintaining consistency falls to the

application developer who must make sure that all known integrity constraints
are enforced by the application. For example, in developing an application that
transfers money, yo
u should avoid arbitrarily moving decimal points during the transfer.

Isolation
A transaction is a unit of isolation
allowing concurrent transactions to behave as though each were the only

transaction running in the system.
Isolation requires that each t
ransaction appear to be the only transaction manipulating the data store, even
though other transactions may be running at the same time. A transaction should
never see the intermediate stages of another transaction.
Transactions attain the highest level o
f isolation when they are serializable. At this level, the results obtained from a
set of concurrent transactions are identical to the results obtained by running
each transaction serially. Because a high degree of isolation can limit the
number of concurr
ent transactions, some applications reduce the isolation level in exchange for
better throughput.
Durability
A transaction is also a unit of recovery. If a transaction succeeds, the system

guarantees that its updates will persist, even if the computer cras
hes immediately after the commit. Specialized logging allows the system's
restart procedure to complete unfinished operations, making the transaction
durable.
Whate are different types of Commands available with DataAdapter ?
The SqlDataAdapter has Select
Command, InsertCommand, DeleteCommand and UpdateCommand

What is a Dataset?
Datasets are the result of bringing together ADO and XML. A dataset contains
one or more data of tabular XML, known as DataTables, these data can be
treated separately, or can have relationships defined between them. Indeed these
relatio
nships give you ADO data SHAPING without needing to master the SHAPE
language, which many people are not comfortable with.
The dataset is a disconnected in-memory cache database. The dataset object

model looks like this:
Dataset
DataTableCollection
Dat
aTable
DataView
DataRowCollection
DataRow
DataColumnCollection
DataColumn
ChildRelations
ParentRelations
Constraints
PrimaryKey
DataRelationCollection
Let
s take a look at each of these:
DataTableCollection: As we say that a Da
taSet is an in-memory database. So it has this collection, which holds data from
multiple tables in a single DataSet object.
DataTable: In the DataTableCollection, we have DataTable objects, which

represents the individual tables of the dataset.
DataView:
The way we have views in database, same way we can have DataViews. We can
use these DataViews to do Sort, filter data.
DataRowCollection: Similar to DataTableCollection, to represent each row in

each Table we have DataRowCollection.
DataRow:
To represent
each and every row of the DataRowCollection, we have DataRows.
DataColumnCollection: Similar to DataTableCollection, to represent each

column in each Table we have DataColumnCollection.
DataColumn: To represent each and every Column of the DataColumnColle
ction, we have DataColumn.
PrimaryKey: Dataset defines Primary key for the table and the primary key
validation will take place without going to the database.
Constraints: We can define various constraints on the Tables, and can use
Dataset.Tables(0).enfor
ceConstraints. This will execute all the constraints, whenever we enter data in
DataTable.
DataRelationCollection: as we know that we can have more than 1 table in the

dataset, we can also define relationship between these tables using this
collection and
maintain a parent-child relationship.
Explain the ADO . Net Architecture ( .Net Data Provider)
ADO.Net is the data access model for .Net
based applications. It can be used to access relational database systems such as

SQL SERVER 2000, Oracle, and many oth
er data sources for which there is an OLD DB or ODBC provider. To a certain

extent, ADO.NET represents the latest evolution of ADO technology. However,
ADO.NET introduces some major changes and innovations that are aimed at the
loosely coupled and inherent
ly disconnected
nature of web applications.

A .Net Framework data provider is used to connecting to a database, executing
commands, and retrieving results. Those results are either processed directly, or
placed in an ADO.NET DataSet in order to be expose
d to the user in an ad-hoc manner, combined with data from multiple sources, or
remoted between tiers. The .NET Framework data provider is designed to be
lightweight, creating a minimal layer between the data source and your code,
increasing performance wi
thout sacrificing functionality.
Following are the 4 core objects of .Net Framework Data provider:
Connection: Establishes a connection to a specific data source
Command: Executes a command against a data source. Exposes

Parameters and can execute within the scope of a Transaction from a
Connection.
DataReader: Reads a forward-only, read-only stream of data from a data source.
DataAdapter: Populates a DataSet and resolves updates with the data

source.
The .NET Framework includes the .NET Framework Data P
rovider for SQL Server (for Microsoft SQL Server version 7.0 or later), the
.NET Framework Data Provider for OLE DB, and the .NET Framework Data
Provider for ODBC.
The .NET Framework Data Provider for SQL Server:
The .NET Framework Data Provider for SQL S
erver uses its own protocol to communicate with SQL Server. It is lightweight
and performs well because it is optimized to access a SQL Server directly
without adding an OLE DB or Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) layer. The
following illustration contrast
s the .NET Framework Data Provider for SQL Server with the .NET Framework
Data Provider for OLE DB. The .NET Framework Data Provider for OLE DB
communicates to an OLE DB data source through both the OLE DB Service
component, which provides connection pooli
ng and transaction services, and the OLE DB Provider for the data source
The .NET Framework Data Provider for OLE DB: The .NET Framework Data
Provider for OLE DB uses native OLE DB through COM interoperability to
enable data access. The .NET Framework Data Provider for OLE DB supports
both local and distributed transactions. Fo
r distributed transactions, the .NET Framework Data Provider for OLE DB, by
default, automatically enlists in a transaction and obtains transaction details
from Windows 2000 Component Services.
The .NET Framework Data Provider for ODBC: The .NET Framework
Data Provider for ODBC uses native ODBC Driver Manager (DM) through
COM interoperability to enable data access. The ODBC data provider supports
both local and distributed transactions. For distributed transactions, the ODBC
data provider, by default, autom
atically enlists in a transaction and obtains transaction details from Windows

2000 Component Services.
The .NET Framework Data Provider for Oracle: The .NET Framework Data
Provider for Oracle enables data access to Oracle data sources through Oracle
clien
t connectivity software. The data provider supports Oracle client software

version 8.1.7 and later. The data provider supports both local and distributed
transactions (the data provider automatically enlists in existing distributed
transactions, but does n
ot currently support the EnlistDistributedTransaction method).
The .NET Framework Data Provider for Oracle requires that Oracle client
software (version 8.1.7 or later) be installed on the system before you can use it
to connect to an Oracle data source.
.
NET Framework Data Provider for Oracle classes are located in the
System.Data.OracleClient namespace and are contained in the
System.Data.OracleClient.dll assembly. You will need to reference both the
System.Data.dll and the System.Data.OracleClient.dll wh
en compiling an application that uses the data provider.
Choosing a .NET Framework Data Provider
.NET Framework Data Provider for SQL Server: Recommended for middle-tier
applications using Microsoft SQL Server 7.0 or later. Recommended for single-
tier appl
ications using Microsoft Data Engine (MSDE) or Microsoft SQL Server 7.0 or
later.
Recommended over use of the OLE DB Provider for SQL Server (SQLOLEDB)
with the .NET Framework Data Provider for OLE DB. For Microsoft SQL
Server version 6.5 and earlier, you
must use the OLE DB Provider for SQL Server with the .NET Framework Data
Provider for OLE DB.
.NET Framework Data Provider for OLE DB: Recommended for middle-tier
applications using Microsoft SQL Server 6.5 or earlier, or any OLE DB
provider. For Microsoft
SQL Server 7.0 or later, the .NET Framework Data Provider for SQL Server is
recommended. Recommended for single-tier applications using Microsoft
Access databases. Use of a Microsoft Access database for a middle-tier
application is not recommended.
.NET F
ramework Data Provider for ODBC: Recommended for middle-tier applications

using ODBC data sources. Recommended for single-tier applications using
ODBC data sources.
.NET Framework Data Provider for Oracle: Recommended for middle-tier

applications using Ora
cle data sources. Recommended for single-tier applications using Oracle data
sources. Supports Oracle client software version 8.1.7 and later. The .NET
Framework Data Provider for Oracle classes are located in the
System.Data.OracleClient namespace and are
contained in the System.Data.OracleClient.dll assembly. You need to reference

both the System.Data.dll and the System.Data.OracleClient.dll when compiling
an application that uses the data provider.
Can you explain the difference between an ADO.NET Datase
t and an ADO Recordset?
Let
s take a look at the differences between ADO Recordset and ADO.Net DataSet:
1. Table Collection: ADO Recordset provides the ability to navigate through a

single table of information. That table would have been formed with a join
of multiple tables and returning columns from multiple tables. ADO.NET

DataSet is capable of holding instances of multiple tables. It has got a Table
Collection, which holds multiple tables in it. If the tables are having a relation,
then it can be manipu
lated on a Parent-Child relationship. It has the ability to support multiple tables

with keys, constraints and interconnected relationships. With this ability the
DataSet can be considered as a small, in-memory relational database cache.
2. Navigation: Navigation in ADO Recordset is based on the cursor mode. Even

though it is specified to be a client-side Recordset, still the navigation pointer
will move from one location to another on cursor model only. ADO.NET
DataSet is an entirely offl
ine, in-memory, and cache of data. All of its data is available all the time. At any
time, we can retrieve any row or column, constraints or relation simply by
accessing it either ordinarily or by retrieving it from a name-based collection.
3. Connectivity
Model: The ADO Recordset was originally designed without the ability to
operate in a disconnected environment. ADO.NET DataSet is specifically
designed to be a disconnected in-memory database. ADO.NET DataSet follows
a pure disconnected connectivity model
and this gives it much more scalability and versatility in the amount of things it
can do and how easily it can do that.
4. Marshalling and Serialization: In COM, through Marshalling, we can pass

data from 1 COM component to another component at any time.
Marshalling involves copying and processing data so that a complex type can
appear to the receiving component the same as it appeared to the sending
component. Marshalling is an expensive operation. ADO.NET Dataset and
DataTable components support Remotin
g in the form of XML serialization. Rather than doing expensive Marshalling, it

uses XML and sent data across boundaries.
5. Firewalls and DCOM and Remoting: Those who have worked with DCOM
know that how difficult it is to marshal a DCOM component across a
router. People generally came up with workarounds to solve this issue.

ADO.NET DataSet uses Remoting, through which a DataSet / DataTable
component can be serialized into XML, sent across the wire to a new
AppDomain, and then Desterilized back to a fully
functional DataSet. As the DataSet is completely disconnected, and it has no

dependency, we lose absolutely nothing by serializing and transferring it
through Remoting.
How do you handle data concurrency in .NET ?
One of the key features of the ADO.NET Da
taSet is that it can be a self-contained and disconnected data store. It can contain
the schema and data from several rowsets in DataTable objects as well as
information about how to relate the DataTable objects-all in memory. The
DataSet neither knows nor
cares where the data came from, nor does it need a link to an underlying data
source. Because it is data source agnostic you can pass the DataSet around
networks or even serialize it to XML and pass it across the Internet without
losing any of its feature
s. However, in a disconnected model, concurrency obviously becomes a much

bigger problem than it is in a connected model.
In this column, I'll explore how ADO.NET is equipped to detect and handle
concurrency violations. I'll begin by discussing scenarios i
n which concurrency violations can occur using the ADO.NET disconnected

model. Then I will walk through an ASP.NET application that handles
concurrency violations by giving the user the choice to overwrite the changes or
to refresh the out-of-sync data and
begin editing again. Because part of managing an optimistic concurrency model

can involve keeping a timestamp (rowversion) or another type of flag that
indicates when a row was last updated, I will show how to implement this type
of flag and how to mainta
in its value after each database update.
Is Your Glass Half Full?
There are three common techniques for managing what happens when users try
to modify the same data at the same time: pessimistic, optimistic, and last-in
wins. They each handle concurrency
issues differently.
The pessimistic approach says: "Nobody can cause a concurrency violation with
my data if I do not let them get at the data while I have it." This tactic prevents
concurrency in the first place but it limits scalability because it preven
ts all concurrent access. Pessimistic concurrency generally locks a row from the
time it is retrieved until the time updates are flushed to the database. Since this
requires a connection to remain open during the entire process, pessimistic
concurrency can
not successfully be implemented in a disconnected model like the ADO.NET

DataSet, which opens a connection only long enough to populate the DataSet
then releases and closes, so a database lock cannot be held.
Another technique for dealing with concurrency is the last-in wins approach.
This model is pretty straightforward and easy to implement-whatever data
modification was made last is what gets written to the database. To implement
this technique you only need
to put the primary key fields of the row in the UPDATE statement's WHERE
clause. No matter what is changed, the UPDATE statement will overwrite the
changes with its own changes since all it is looking for is the row that matches
the primary key values. Un
like the pessimistic model, the last-in wins approach allows users to read the
data while it is being edited on screen. However, problems can occur when
users try to modify the same data at the same time because users can overwrite
each other's changes wit
hout being notified of the collision. The last-in wins approach does not detect or
notify the user of violations because it does not care. However the optimistic
technique does detect violations.
Contd....
<<Prev
Next>>
In optimistic concurrency models, a row is only locked during the update to the
database. Therefore the data can be retrieved and updated
by other users at any time other than during the actual row update operation.
Optimistic concurrency allows the data to be read simultaneously by multiple
users and blocks other users less often than its pessimistic counterpart, making
it a good choice for
ADO.NET. In optimistic models, it is important to implement some type of

concurrency violation detection that will catch any additional attempt to modify
records that have already been modified but not committed. You can write your
code to handle the viol
ation by always rejecting and canceling the change request or by overwriting the
request based on some business rules. Another way to handle the concurrency
violation is to let the user decide what to do. The sample application that is
shown in Figure 1 il
lustrates some of the options that can be presented to the user in the event of a
concurrency violation.
Where Did My Changes Go?
When users are likely to overwrite each other's changes, control mechanisms
should be put in place. Otherwise, changes could b
e lost. If the technique you're using is the last-in wins approach, then these types
of overwrites are entirely possible.For example, imagine Julie wants to edit an
employee's last name to correct the spelling. She navigates to a screen which
loads the emp
loyee's information into a DataSet and has it presented to her in a Web page.
Meanwhile, Scott is notified that the same employee's phone extension has
changed. While Julie is correcting the employee's last name, Scott begins to
correct his extension. Juli
e saves her changes first and then Scott saves his.Assuming that the application
uses the last-in wins approach and updates the row using a SQL WHERE clause
containing only the primary key's value, and assuming a change to one column
requires the entire ro
w to be updated, neither Julie nor Scott may immediatelyrealize the concurrency

issue that just occurred. In this particular situation, Julie's changes were
overwritten by Scott's changes because he saved last, and the last name reverted
to the misspelled
version.
So as you can see, even though the users changed different fields, their changes
collided and caused Julie's changes to be lost. Without some sort of concurrency
detection and handling, these types of overwrites can occur and even go
unnoticed.Whe
n you run the sample application included in this column's download, you
should open two separate instances of Microsoft® Internet Explorer. When I
generated the conflict, I opened two instances to simulate two users with two
separate sessions so that a co
ncurrency violation would occur in the sample application. When you do this,
be careful not to use Ctrl+N because if you open one instance and then use the
Ctrl+N technique to open another instance, both windows will share the same
session.
Detecting Violations
The concurrency violation reported to the user in Figure 1 demonstrates what

can happen when multiple users edit the same data at the same time. In Figure
1, the user attempted to modify the first name to "Joe" but since someone else
had already modi
fied the last name to "Fuller III," a concurrency violation was detected and
reported. ADO.NET detects a concurrency violation when a DataSet containing
changed values is passed to a SqlDataAdapter's Update method and no rows are
actually modified. Simply
using the primary key (in this case the EmployeeID) in the UPDATE statement's
WHERE clause will not cause a violation to be detected because it still updates
the row (in fact, this technique has the same outcome as the last-in wins
technique). Instead, mor
e conditions must be specified in the WHERE clause in order for ADO.NET to

detect the violation.
The key here is to make the WHERE clause explicit enough so that it not only
checks the primary key but that it also checks for another appropriate condition.
One way to accomplish this is to pass in all modifiable fields to the WHERE
clause in addition to
the primary key. For example, the application shown in Figure 1 could have its
UPDATE statement look like the stored procedure that's shown in Figure 2.
Notice that in the code in Figure 2 nullable columns are also checked to see if
the value passed in is
NULL. This technique is not only messy but it can be difficult to maintain by
hand and it requires you to test for a significant number of WHERE conditions
just to update a row. This yields the desired result of only updating rows where
none of the values
have changed since the last time the user got the data, but there are other
techniques that do not require such a huge WHERE clause.
Another way to make sure that the row is only updated if it has not been
modified by another user since you got the data i
s to add a timestamp column to the table. The SQL Server(tm) TIMESTAMP

datatype automatically updates itself with a new value every time a value in its
row is modified. This makes it a very simple and convenient tool to help detect
concurrency violations.
A third technique is to use a DATETIME column in which to track changes to

its row. In my sample application I added a column called LastUpdateDateTime
to the Employees table.
ALTER TABLE Employees ADD LastUpdateDateTime DATETIME
There I update the value
of the LastUpdateDateTime field automatically in the UPDATE stored

procedure using the built-in SQL Server GETDATE function.
The binary TIMESTAMP column is simple to create and use since it

automatically regenerates its value each time its row is modified
, but since the DATETIME column technique is easier to display on screen and
demonstrate when the change was made, I chose it for my sample application.
Both of these are solid choices, but I prefer the TIMESTAMP technique since it
does not involve any add
itional code to update its value.
Retrieving Row Flags
One of the keys to implementing concurrency controls is to update the

timestamp or datetime field's value back into the DataSet. If the same user
wants to make more modifications, this updated value is
reflected in the DataSet so it can be used again. There are a few different ways
to do this. The fastest is using output parameters within the stored procedure.
(This should only return if @@ROWCOUNT equals 1.) The next fastest
involves selecting the row
again after the UPDATE within the stored procedure. The slowest involves
selecting the row from another SQL statement or stored procedure from the
SqlDataAdapter's RowUpdated event.
I prefer to use the output parameter technique since it is the fastest and
incurs the least overhead. Using the RowUpdated event works well, but it
requires me to make a second call from the application to the database. The
following code snippet adds an output parameter to the SqlCommand object that
is used to update the Employ
ee information:
oUpdCmd.Parameters.Add(new SqlParameter("@NewLastUpdateDateTime",
SqlDbType.DateTime, 8, ParameterDirection.Output,
false, 0, 0, "LastUpdateDateTime", DataRowVersion.Current, null));
oUpdCmd.UpdatedRowSource = UpdateRowSource.OutputP
arameters;
The output parameter has its sourcecolumn and sourceversion arguments set to
point the output parameter's return value back to the current value of the
LastUpdateDateTime column of the DataSet. This way the updated DATETIME
value is retrieved an
d can be returned to the user's .aspx page.
Contd....
Saving Changes
Now that the Employees table has the tracking field (LastUpdateDateTime) and
the stored procedure has been created to use both the primary key and the
tracking field in the WHERE clause
of the UPDATE statement, let's take a look at the role of ADO.NET. In order to
trap the event when the user changes the values in the textboxes, I created an
event handler for the TextChanged event for each TextBox control:
private void txtLastName_TextCh
anged(object sender, System.EventArgs e)

{
// Get the employee DataRow (there is only 1 row, otherwise I could
// do a Find)
dsEmployee.EmployeeRow oEmpRow =
(dsEmployee.EmployeeRow)oDsEmployee.Employee.Rows[0];
oEmpRow.LastName = txtLastName.Text;
// Save changes b
ack to Session
Session["oDsEmployee"] = oDsEmployee;
This event retrieves the row and sets the appropriate field's value from the
TextBox. (Another way of getting the changed values is to grab them when the
user clicks the Save button.) Each TextChan
ged event executes after the Page_Load event fires on a postback, so assuming
the user changed the first and last names, when the user clicks the Save button,
the events could fire in this order: Page_Load, txtFirstName_TextChanged,
txtLastName_TextChanged
, and btnSave_Click.
The Page_Load event grabs the row from the DataSet in the Session object; the
TextChanged events update the DataRow with the new values; and the
btnSave_Click event attempts to save the record to the database. The
btnSave_Click event c
alls the SaveEmployee method (shown in Figure 3) and passes it a bLastInWins
value of false since we want to attempt a standard save first. If the
SaveEmployee method detects that changes were made to the row (using the
HasChanges method on the DataSet, or
alternatively using the RowState property on the row), it creates an instance of

the Employee class and passes the DataSet to its SaveEmployee method. The
Employee class could live in a logical or physical middle tier. (I wanted to make
this a separate cl
ass so it would be easy to pull the code out and separate it from the presentation
logic.)
Notice that I did not use the GetChanges method to pull out only the modified
rows and pass them to the Employee object's Save method. I skipped this step
here sinc
e there is only one row. However, if there were multiple rows in the DataSet's
DataTable, it would be better to use the GetChanges method to create a DataSet
that contains only the modified rows.
If the save succeeds, the Employee.SaveEmployee method retur
ns a DataSet containing the modified row and its newly updated row version
flag (in this case, the LastUpdateDateTime field's value). This DataSet is then
merged into the original DataSet so that the LastUpdateDateTime field's value
can be updated in the o
riginal DataSet. This must be done because if the user wants to make more
changes she will need the current values from the database merged back into the
local DataSet and shown on screen. This includes the LastUpdateDateTime
value which is used in the WHE
RE clause. Without this field's current value, a false concurrency violation

would occur.
Reporting Violations
If a concurrency violation occurs, it will bubble up and be caught by the

exception handler shown in Figure 3 in the catch block for DBConcurrenc
yException. This block calls the FillConcurrencyValues method, which displays

both the original values in the DataSet that were attempted to be saved to the
database and the values currently in the database. This method is used merely to
show the user why
the violation occurred. Notice that the exDBC variable is passed to the
FillConcurrencyValues method. This instance of the special database
concurrency exception class (DBConcurrencyException) contains the row
where the violation occurred. When a concurren
cy violation occurs, the screen is updated to look like Figure 1.
The DataSet not only stores the schema and the current data, it also tracks
changes that have been made to its data. It knows which rows and columns have
been modified and it keeps track of
the before and after versions of these values. When accessing a column's value
via the DataRow's indexer, in addition to the column index you can also specify
a value using the DataRowVersion enumerator. For example, after a user
changes the value of the l
ast name of an employee, the following lines of C# code will retrieve the
original and current values stored in the LastName column:
string sLastName_Before = oEmpRow["LastName",

DataRowVersion.Original];
string sLastName_After = oEmpRow["LastName", DataR
owVersion.Current];
The FillConcurrencyValues method uses the row from the

DBConcurrencyException and gets a fresh copy of the same row from the
database. It then displays the values using the DataRowVersion enumerators to
show the original value of the row before the update
and the value in the database alongside the current values in the textboxes.
User's Choice
Once the user has been notified of the concurrency issue, you could leave it up
to her to decide how to handle it. Another alternative is to code a specific way to
d
eal with concurrency, such as always handling the exception to let the user
know (but refreshing the data from the database). In this sample application I let
the user decide what to do next. She can either cancel changes, cancel and
reload from the databa
se, save changes, or save anyway.
The option to cancel changes simply calls the RejectChanges method of the
DataSet and rebinds the DataSet to the controls in the ASP.NET page. The
RejectChanges method reverts the changes that the user made back to its ori
ginal state by setting all of the current field values to the original field values.
The option to cancel changes and reload the data from the database also rejects
the changes but additionally goes back to the database via the Employee class in
order to g
et a fresh copy of the data before rebinding to the control on the ASP.NET page.
The option to save changes attempts to save the changes but will fail if a
concurrency violation is encountered. Finally, I included a "save anyway"
option. This option takes
the values the user attempted to save and uses the last-in wins technique,
overwriting whatever is in the database. It does this by calling a different
command object associated with a stored procedure that only uses the primary
key field (EmployeeID) in t
he WHERE clause of the UPDATE statement. This technique should be used

with caution as it will overwrite the record.
If you want a more automatic way of dealing with the changes, you could get a
fresh copy from the database. Then overwrite just the fields
that the current user modified, such as the Extension field. That way, in the
example I used the proper LastName would not be overwritten. Use this with
caution as well, however, because if the same field was modified by both users,
you may want to just ba
ck out or ask the user what to do next. What is obvious here is that there are
several ways to deal with concurrency violations, each of which must be
carefully weighed before you decide on the one you will use in your application.
Wrapping It Up
Setting t
he SqlDataAdapter's ContinueUpdateOnError property tells the SqlDataAdapter
to either throw an exception when a concurrency violation occurs or to skip the
row that caused the violation and to continue with the remaining updates. By
setting this property t
o false (its default value), it will throw an exception when it encounters a

concurrency violation. This technique is ideal when only saving a single row or
when you are attempting to save multiple rows and want them all to commit or
all to fail.
I have sp
lit the topic of concurrency violation management into two parts. Next time I
will focus on what to do when multiple rows could cause concurrency
violations. I will also discuss how the DataViewRowState enumerators can be
used to show what changes have bee
n made to a DataSet.
How you will set the datarelation between two columns?
ADO.NET provides DataRelation object to set relation between two columns.It

helps to enforce the following
constraints,a unique constraint, which guarantees that a column in the t
able
contains no duplicates and a foreign-key constraint,which can be used to

maintain referential
integrity.A unique constraint is implemented either by simply setting the Unique

property of a data
column to true, or by adding an instance of the Unique
Constraint class to the DataRelation object's

ParentKeyConstraint. As part of the foreign-key constraint, you can specify
referential integrity
rules that are applied at three points,when a parent record is updated,when a

parent record is deleted and when
a change is accepted or rejected.
C# and VB.NET
Next>>
Explain the differences between Server-side and Client-side code?
Server side code executes on the server.For this to occur page has to be submi
tted or posted back.Events fired by the controls are executed on the server.Client
side code executes in the browser of the client without submitting the page.
e.g. In ASP.NET for webcontrols like asp:button the click event of the button is
executed on th
e server hence the event handler for the same in a part of the code-behind
(server-side code). Along the server-side code events one can also attach client
side events which are executed in the clients browser i.e. javascript events.
How does VB.NET/C# achieve polymorphism?

Polymorphism is also achieved through interfaces. Like abstract classes,
interfaces also describe the methods that a class needs to implement. The
difference between abstract classes and interfaces is that abstract classes always
act as
a base class of the related classes in the class hierarchy. For example, consider a
hierarchy-car and truck classes derived from four-wheeler class; the classes
two-wheeler and four-wheeler derived from an abstract class vehicle. So, the
class 'vehicle' i
s the base class in the class hierarchy. On the other hand dissimilar classes can
implement one interface. For example, there is an interface that compares two
objects. This interface can be implemented by the classes like box, person and
string, which are
unrelated to each other.
C# allows multiple interface inheritance. It means that a class can implement

more than one interface. The methods declared in an interface are implicitly
abstract. If a class implements an interface, it becomes mandatory for the
class to override all the methods declared in the interface, otherwise the derived
class would become abstract.
Can you explain what inheritance is and an example of when you might use it?
The savingaccount class has two data members-accno that stores acc
ount number, and trans that keeps track of the number of transactions. We can
create an object of savingaccount class as shown below.
savingaccount s = new savingaccount ( "Amar", 5600.00f ) ;
From the constructor of savingaccount class we have ca
lled the two-argument constructor of the account class using the base keyword
and passed the name and balance to this constructor using which the data
member's name and balance are initialised.
We can write our own definition of a method that already exist
s in a base class. This is called method overriding. We have overridden the

deposit( ) and withdraw( ) methods in the savingaccount class so that we can
make sure that each account maintains a minimum balance of Rs. 500 and the
total number of transactions
do not exceed 10. From these methods we have called the base class's methods
to update the balance using the base keyword. We have also overridden the
display( ) method to display additional information, i.e. account number.
Working of currentaccount clas
s is more or less similar to that of savingaccount class.
Using the derived class's object, if we call a method that is not overridden in the
derived class, the base class method gets executed. Using derived class's object
we can call base class's methods
, but the reverse is not allowed.
Unlike C++, C# does not support multiple inheritance. So, in C# every class has
exactly one base class.
Now, suppose we declare reference to the base class and store in it the address
of instance of derived class as shown
below.
account a1 = new
savingaccount ( "Amar", 5600.00f ) ;
account a2 = new currentaccount ( "MyCompany Pvt. Ltd.", 126000.00f) ;
Such a situation arises when we have to decide at run-time a method of which

class in a class hierarchy sho
uld get called. Using a1 and a2, suppose we call the method display( ), ideally
the method of derived class should get called. But it is the method of base class
that gets called. This is because the compiler considers the type of reference
(account in thi
s case) and resolves the method call. So, to call the proper method we must
make a small change in our program. We must use the virtual keyword while
defining the methods in base class as shown below.
public virtual void display( )
We must declare the methods as virtual if they are going to be overridden in

derived class. To override a virtual method in derived classes we must use the
override keyword as given below.
public ove
rride void display( )
Now it is ensured that when we call the methods using upcasted reference, it is
the derived class's method that would get called. Actually, when we declare a
virtual method, while calling it, the compiler considers the conten
ts of the reference rather than its type.
If we don't want to override base class's virtual method, we can declare it with
new modifier in derived class. The new modifier indicates that the method is
new to this class and is not an override of a base class
method.
How would you implement inheritance using VB.NET/C#?
When we set out to implement a class using inheritance, we must first start with
an existing class from which we will derive our new subclass. This existing
class, or base class, may be part of
the .NET system class library framework, it may be part of some other
application or .NET assembly, or we may create it as part of our existing
application. Once we have a base class, we can then implement one or more
subclasses based on that base class.
Each of our subclasses will automatically have all of the methods, properties,
and events of that base class ? including the implementation behind each
method, property, and event. Our subclass can add new methods, properties, and
events of its own - exten
ding the original interface with new functionality. Additionally, a subclass can
replace the methods and properties of the base class with its own new
implementation - effectively overriding the original behavior and replacing it

with new behaviors. Essen
tially inheritance is a way of merging functionality from an existing class into

our new subclass. Inheritance also defines rules for how these methods,
properties, and events can be merged. In VB.NET we can use implements
keyword for inheritance, while in
C# we can use the sign ( :: ) between subclass and baseclass.
How is a property designated as read-only?
In VB.NET:
Private mPropertyName as DataType
Public ReadOnly Property PropertyName() As DataType
Get Return mPropertyName

End Get
End Prop
erty
In C#
Private DataType mPropertyName;
public returntype PropertyName
get{
//property implementation goes here
return mPropertyName;
}
// Do not write the set implementati
on
What is hiding in CSharp ?
Hiding is also called as Shadowing. This is the concept of Overriding the

methods. It is a concept used in the Object Oriented Programming.
E.g.
public class ClassA {
public virtual void MethodA() {
Trace.WriteLine("Cla
ssA Method");
}
}
public class ClassB : ClassA {
public new void MethodA() {
Trace.WriteLine("SubClass ClassB Method");
public class TopLevel {
static void Main(string[] args) {
TextWriter tw = Console.Out;
Trace.Listeners.Add(new TextWriterT
raceListener(tw));
ClassA obj = new ClassB();
obj.MethodA(); // Outputs
Class A Method"
ClassB obj1 = new ClassB();
obj.MethodA(); // Outputs
SubClass ClassB Method
”
}
What is the difference between an XML "Fragment" and an XML

"Document."
An XML fragment is an XML document with no single top-level root element.

To put it simple it is a part (fragment) of a well-formed xml document. (node)
Where as a well-formed xml document must have only one root element.
What does it meant to say “the canonical” form of XML?
"The purpose of Canonical XML is to define a standard format for an XML

document. Canonical XML is a very strict XML syntax, which lets documents
in canonical XML be compared directly.
Using this strict syntax makes it easier to
see whether two XML documents are the same. For example, a section of text in
one document might read Black & White, whereas the same section of text
might read Black & White in another document, and even in another. If you
compare those three documents b
yte by byte, they'll be different. But if you write them all in canonical XML,
which specifies every aspect of the syntax you can use, these three documents
would all have the same version of this text (which would be Black & White)
and could be compared w
ithout problem.
This Comparison is especially critical when xml documents are digitally signed.
The digital signal may be interpreted in different way and the document may be
rejected.
Why is the XML InfoSet specification different from the Xml DOM? What
does the InfoSet attempt to solve?
"The XML Information Set (Infoset) defines a data model for XML. The Infoset
describes the abstract representation of an XML Document. Infoset is the
generalized representation of the XML Document, which is primarily meant to

act as a set of definitions used by XML technologies to formally describe what
parts of an XML document they operate upon.
The Document Object Model (DOM) is one technology for r
epresenting an XML Document in memory and to programmatically read,

modify and manipulate a xml document.
Infoset helps defining generalized standards on how to use XML that is not
dependent or tied to a particular XML specification or API. The Infoset te
lls us what part of XML Document should be considered as significant

information.
Contrast DTDs versus XSDs. What are their similarities and differences?
Which is preferred and why?
Document Type Definition (DTD) describes a model or set of rules for an
XML document. XML Schema Definition (XSD) also describes the structure of
an XML document but XSDs are much more powerful.
The disadvantage with the Document Type Definition is it doesn
t support data types beyond the basic 10 primitive types. It cannot p
roperly define the type of data contained by the tag.

An Xml Schema provides an Object Oriented approach to defining the format of
an xml document. The Xml schema support most basic programming types like
integer, byte, string, float etc., We can also def
ine complex types of our own which can be used to define a xml document.
Xml Schemas are always preferred over DTDs as a document can be more
precisely defined using the XML Schemas because of its rich support for data
representation.
Speaking of Boolean data types, what's different between C# and C/C++?
There's no conversion between 0 and false, as well as any other number and
true, like in C/C++.
How do you convert a string into an integer in .NET?
Int32.Parse(string)
Can you declare a C++ type destructor in C# like ~MyClass()?
Yes, but what's the point, since it will call Finalize(), and Finalize() has no
guarantees when the memory will be cleaned up,
plus, it introduces additional load on the garbage collector.
What's different about namespace declaration when comparing that to

package declaration in Java?
No semicolon.
What's the difference between const and readonly?
The readonly keyword is different from the const keyword. A const field can
only be initialized at the declaration of the field.
A readonly field can be initialized either at the declaration or in a constructor.
Therefore, readonly fields can have different values depending on the
constructor used. Also, while a const field is a compile-time constant, the
readonly field can be used
for runtime constants as in the following example:
public static readonly uint l1 = (uint) DateTime.Now.Ticks;
<<
What does \a character do?
On most systems, produces a rathe
r annoying beep.
Can you create enumerated data types in C#?
Yes.
What's different about switch statements in C#?
No fall-throughs allowed.
What happens when you encounter a continue statement inside the for
loop?
The code for the rest of the loop is
ignored, the control is transferred back to the beginning of the loop.
How can you sort the elements of the array in descending order?
By calling Sort() and then Reverse() methods.
Will finally block get executed if the exception had not occurred?
Yes
What's the C# equivalent of C++ catch (…), which was a catch-all

statement for any possible exception?
A catch block that catches the exception of type System.Exception. You can also
omit the parameter data type in this case and just write catch {}.
Can multiple catch blocks be executed?
No, once the proper catch code fires off, the control is transferred to the finally
block (if there are any), and then whatever follows the finally block.
Why is it a bad idea to throw your own exceptions?
Well, if at t
hat point you know that an error has occurred, then why not write the proper
code to handle that error instead of passing a new Exception object to the catch
block? Throwing your own exceptions signifies some design flaws in the
project.
What's the difference between // comments, /* */ comments and ///

comments?
Single-line, multi-line and XML documentation comments.
How do you generate documentation from the C# file commented properly

with a command-line compiler?
Compile it with a /do
c switch.
Can you change the value of a variable while debugging a C# application?
Yes, if you are debugging via Visual Studio.NET, just go to
immediate
window.
What's the implicit name of the parameter that gets passed into the class'
set method?
Valu
e, and it's datatype depends on whatever variable we're changing.
How do you inherit from a class in C#?
Place a colon and then the name of the base class. Notice that it's double colon
in C++.
Does C# support multiple inheritance?
No, use interfaces i
nstead.
So how do you retrieve the customized properties of a .NET application

from XML .config file? Can you automate this process?
Initialize an instance of AppSettingsReader class. Call the GetValue method of

AppSettingsReader class, passing in the na
me of the property and the type expected. Assign the result to the appropriate
variable. In Visual Studio yes, use Dynamic Properties for automatic .config
creation, storage and retrieval.
Why is it not a good idea to insert code into InitializeComponent method

when working with Visual Studio?
The designer will likely through it away, most of the code inside
InitializeComponent is auto-generated.
Where do you add an event handler?
It's the Attributesproperty, the Add function inside that property.

e.g. b
tnSubmit.Attributes.Add(""onMouseOver"",""someClientCode();"")
What are jagged array?
First lets us answer the question that what an array is?
The dictionary meaning of array is an orderly arrangement or sequential

arrangement of elements.
In computer sci
ence term:
An array is a data structure that contains a number of variables, which are

accessed through computed indices. The variables contained in an array, also
called the elements of the array, are all of the same type, and this type is called
the elem
ent type of the array.
An array has a rank that determines the number of indices associated with each
array element. The rank of an array is also referred to as the dimensions of the
array. An array with a rank of one is called a single-dimensional array.
An array with a rank greater than one is called a multi-dimensional array.

Specific sized multidimensional arrays are often referred to as two-dimensional
arrays, three-dimensional arrays, and so on.
Now let us answer What are jagged arrays?
A jagged arra
y is an array whose elements are arrays. The elements of jagged array can be of
different dimensions and sizes. A jagged array is sometimes called as
“
array-of-arrays
. It is called jagged because each of its rows is of different size so the final or
graph
ical representation is not a square.
When you create a jagged array you declare the number of rows in your array.
Each row will hold an array that will be on any length. Before filling the values
in the inner arrays you must declare them.
Jagged array dec
laration in C#:
For e.g. : int [] [] myJaggedArray = new int [3][];
Declaration of inner arrays:
myJaggedArray[0] = new int[5] ;
// First inner array will be of length 5.

// Second inner array will be of length 4.
// Third inner array will be of length 3.
Now to access third element of second row we write:
int value = myJaggedArray[1][2];
Note that while declaring the array the second dimension is not supplied
because this you wil
l declare later on in the code.
Jagged array are created out of single dimensional arrays so be careful while
using them. Don
t confuse it with multi-dimensional arrays because unlike them jagged arrays

are not rectangular arrays.
For more information on a
rrays:
http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-
us/csref/html/vclrfarrayspg.asp
What is a delegate, why should you use it and how do you call it ?
A delegate is a reference type that refers to a Shared method of a type or to an

instance method of an object. Delegate is like a function pointer in C and C++.
Pointers are used to store the address of a thing. Delegate l
ets some other code call your function without needing to know where your
function is actually located. All events in .NET actually use delegates in the
background to wire up events. Events are really just a modified form of a
delegate.
It should give you
an idea of some different areas in which delegates may be appropriate:
They enable callback functionality in multi-tier applications as demonstrated in

the examples above. <o:p></o:p>
The CacheItemRemoveCallback delegate can be used in ASP.NET to keep

cached information up to date. When the cached information is removed for any
reason, the associated callback is exercised and could contain a reload of the
cached information. <o:p></o:p>
Use delegates to facilitate asynchronous processing for methods that do not

offer asynchronous behavior.
Events use delegates so clients can give the application events to call when
the event is fired. Exposing custom events within your applications requires the
use of delegates.
How does the XmlSerializer work?

XmlSerializer in the .NET Framework is a great tool to convert Xml into
runtime
objects and vice versa
If you define integer variable and a object variable and a structure then
how those will be plotted in memory.
Integer , structure
System.ValueType
-- Allocated memory on stack , infact integer is primitive type recognized and al
located memory by compiler itself .
Infact , System.Int32 definition is as follows :
[C#]
[Serializable]
public struct Int32 : IComparable, IFormattable, IConvertible
So , it
s a struct by definition , which is the same case with various other value types
Object
–
Base class , that is by default reference type , so at runtime JIT compiler
allocates memory on the
Heap
Data structure .
Reference types are defined as class , derived directly or indirectly by

System.ReferenceType

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NET FrameWork FAQ's

When was .NET announced?

When was the first version of .NET released?

What platforms does the .NET Framework run on?

web server does run on XP Home.

What is the CLR?

What is the CTS?

What is the CLS?

What is the difference between Finalize and Dispose (Garbage

permanently leaking if the programmer fails to call Dispose.

What is Partial Assembly References?

Full Assembly reference: A full assembly reference includes the

language runtime or any assembly located in the global assembly cache.

Changes to which portion of version number indicates an

Examples of an incompatible change would be a change to the types of

Build. The Build number is typically used to distinguish between daily

Revision. Changes to the revision number are typically reserved for an

<< Prev Next >>

What is side-by-side execution? Can two application one using

***Why string are called Immutable data Type ?

***What does assert() method do?

Why are there five tracing levels in

***Where is the output of TextWriterTraceListener redirected?

How does assembly versioning work?

What is garbage collection?

Why doesn't the .NET runtime offer deterministic destruction?

The .NET garbage collector works by periodically running through a list

Is the lack of deterministic destruction in .NET a problem?

Some form of reference-counting or ownership-management mechanism

Deserialization is the opposite process of creating an object from a

Serialization / Deserialization is mostly used

to transport objects (e.g. during remoting), or

to persist objects (e.g. to a file or database).

Does the .NET Framework have in-built support for serialization?

uses XmlSerializer for Web Services, and

uses SoapFormatter/BinaryFormatter for remoting. Both are available for

attribute, which can be used to specify the XML element name to be

Why is XmlSerializer so slow?

Why do I get errors when I try to serialize a Hashtable?

What are attributes?

Who defines the CAS code groups?

1. All code: Nothing

How do I define my own code group?

'Zone - Internet' group, like this:

1.3. Zone - Internet: Internet

<< Prev Next >>

How do I change the permission set for a code group?

Can I look at the IL for an assembly?

Can source code be reverse-engineered from IL?

How can I stop my code being reverse-engineered from IL?

Is there built-in support for tracing/logging?

This sends output to the Win32OutputDebugString() function and also

This is useful when debugging, but if you're trying to trace a problem at

*****What are the contents of assembly?

What is GC (Garbage Collection) and how it works

[The process of transitively tracing through all pointers to actively used

Differnce between Managed code and unmanaged code ?

Code that runs under a "contract of cooperation" with the common

***All code based on Microsoft intermediate language (MSIL) executes

Code that is created without regard for the conventions and

What is MSIL, IL, CTS and, CLR ?

MSIL: (Microsoft intermediate language)