VELAMMAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Surapet, Chennai 600 066.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Laboratory Instruction Manual

FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY LABORATORY

Prepared By

R. SUDHARSANAN, A.M.I.E., M.E., (Ph.D.)

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR - II, Department of Civil Engineering, Velammal Engineering College, Chennai 66.

113352

FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY LAB

(Common to Mechanical & Production) LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

0032

1. Determination of the Coefficient of discharge of given Orifice meter. 2. Determination of the Coefficient of discharge of given Venturi meter. 3. Calculation of the rate of flow using Rota meter. 4. Determination of friction factor for a given set of pipes. 5. Conducting experiments and drawing the characteristic curves of centrifugal pump / submergible pump 6. Conducting experiments and drawing the characteristic curves of reciprocating pump. 7. Conducting experiments and drawing the characteristic curves of Gear pump. 8. Conducting experiments and drawing the characteristic curves of Pelton wheel. 9. Conducting experiments and drawing the characteristics curves of Francis turbine. 10. Conducting experiments and drawing the characteristic curves of Kaplan turbine.

LIST OF EQUIPMENT (for a batch of 30 students) 1. Orifice meter setup 2. Venturi meter setup 3. Rotameter setup 4. Pipe Flow analysis setup 5. Centrifugal pump/submergible pump setup 6. Reciprocating pump setup 7. Gear pump setup 8. Pelton wheel setup 9. Francis turbine setup 10. Kaplan turbine setup Quantity: one each. Total Number of Periods: P=45

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) Flow through Venturimeter Flow through Orifice meter Frictional Losses in Pipe Performance Study of Centrifugal Pump Performance Study of Reciprocating Pump Performance Study of Gear Pump Impact of Jet on Flat Vane Performance Study on Pelton Wheel Turbine Performance Study on Francis Turbine

10) Performance Study on Kaplan Turbine 11) Flow through Rotometer 12) Flow through Pitot Tube

FLOW THROUGH VENTURIMETER

Objective To determine the co-efficient of discharge of the given Venturimeter MODEL CALCULATION Venturimeter size = d1 X d2 = Drop in head across the meter = H = (h1~h2)[ (S2/S1) 1 ] Inlet area, a1 = d12 /4 Throat area a2 = d22 /4 Theoretical discharge Qthe. = a1a2 (2gH) / (a12-a22) Qact. = l x b x h / t Cd = Qact. / Qthe. GRAPH TO BE DRAWN Q a Vs H Find Qa and H from Graph. \ Qact / H = Cd a1a2 (2g) / (a12-a22) Cd = ? RESULT Co-efficient of discharge of Venturimeter (By analytical method) = Co-efficient of discharge of Venturimeter (By graphical method) = H Qa (m3/s) (m3/s)

Qa Vs H

5 OBSERVATION TABLE Size of the collecting Tank = Venturimeter size = Dia. of the pipe d =

Sl. No.

Manometer reading (cm) Left (h1) Right (h2)

Drop in head across the meter (m) H H

Time for 10 cm rise in collecting tank t (sec)

Actual Discharge (m3/s) Qa

Theoretical Discharge (m3/s) Qt

Co-Efficient of Discharge Cd

1 2 3 4 5 6

FLOW THROUGH ORIFICE METER

Objective To determine the co-efficient of discharge of the given Orificemeter MODEL CALCULATION Diameter of Pipe = d1 = Size of Orifice meter = d2 = Drop in head across the meter = H = (h1~h2)[ (S2/S1) 1 ] Area of pipe, a1 = d12 /4 Area of Orifice, a2 = d22 /4 Theoretical discharge Qthe. = a1a2 (2gH) / (a12-a22) Qact. = l x b x h / t Cd = Qact. / Qthe. GRAPH TO BE DRAWN Q a Vs H Find Qa and H from Graph. \ Qact / H = Cd a1a2 (2g) / (a12-a22) Cd = ? H Qa Qa Vs H (m3/s) (m3/s)

RESULT Co-efficient of discharge of Orifice Meter (By analytical method) = Co-efficient of discharge of Orifice Meter (By graphical method) =

OBSERVATION TABLE Size of the collecting Tank = Size of Orifice Meter = Dia. of the pipe d =

Sl. No.

Manometer reading (cm) Left (h1) Right (h2)

Drop in head across the meter (m) H H

Time for 10 cm rise in collecting tank t (sec)

Actual Discharge (m3/s) Qa

Theoretical Discharge (m3/s) Qt

Co-Efficient of Discharge Cd

1 2 3 4 5 6

FRICTIONAL LOSSES IN PIPE

Objective To determine the coefficient of friction of the given pipe MODEL CALCULATION Diameter of pipe, d = Length of pipe between pressure tapings = L Manometer reading = h1~h2 Head loss due to friction = hf = (h1~h2)[ (S2/S1) 1 ] Qact. = l x b x h / t Velocity in the pipe, V = Q / A Find out V2 =? f = (hf x 2 x g x d) / (4 V2 L) GRAPH TO BE DRAWN hf hf Vs V
2

(m3/s) m/s

Find hf and V2 from graph. hf/ V2 = (4 f x L) / (2 x g x d) \f=? RESULT The coefficient of friction for the given pipe (by analytical method) f = The coefficient of friction for the given pipe (by graphical method) f = V2

9 OBSERVATION TABLE Size of the collecting Tank = Dia. of the pipe d = Drop in head across the meter H m H Time for 10 cm rise in collecting tank t sec Actual Discharge Qa m3/s Velocity Co-Efficient of Discharge Cd Length of pipe between pressure tapings = L =

Sl. No.

Manometer reading Left (h1) cm Right (h2) cm

V2

V m/s

1 2 3 4 5 6

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PERFORMANCE STUDY OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

Objective To study the performance characteristics of a Centrifugal Pump MODEL CALCULATION Diameter of Delivery Pipe, d = Elevation Head, h = Delivery Pressure, pd = kgf / cm2 m of water

Delivery Pressure Head, hd = pd/g

Time taken for 10 cm rise of water in collecting tank, t1 = Rate of Flow, Q = l x b x h / t Area of Delivery Pipe, Ad = Velocity of flow, Vd = Q/ Ad = Velocity Head, hv = Vd2 / 2g = Total head , H = hd + hv + h Specific weight of water, g = 9810 Output Power, Po = g Q H m of water (N/m3) (m3/s)

(Watts)

Energy meter constant, K = 1.6 Number of Revolutions, n = 10 Time taken for 10 revolutions of energy meter, t2 = Input Power, Pi = n / (K t2) = (Output/Input) * 100

11 Specific Speed, Ns = Specific speed for multistage pump Ns = NQ H Where Q = Designed discharge in m3/s n = Number of stages N = Speed of impeller (rpm) H = Total Head (m) GRAPH TO BE DRAWN (i) (ii) (iii) Head Vs efficiency Head Vs Discharge Head Vs Input H RESULT (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) Maximum efficiency Corresponding discharge Corresponding total head Corresponding input Specific speed = = = = = h, Q, Po
3/4

Po Vs H h Vs H Q Vs H

12 OBSERVATION TABLE Diameter of Delivery Pipe, d = Elevation Head, h = Size of the collecting Tank = Speed of the impeller, N = rpm

Number of Revolutions, n = 10 Energy meter constant, K = 1.6

Discharge S. No. Delivery Pressure

Energy Head Gained Pressure Velocity Head Head hd J/N hv J/N Total Head H J/N Output Fluid Power

Input Electric Power (t2) Input Power Pi Watts

Efficiency

t1

Rate of Flow Q m3/s

pd Kg/cm2 1 2 3 4 5 6

Sec

Po Watts

Sec

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PERFORMANCE STUDY OF RECIPROCATING PUMP

Objective To study the performance characteristics of a Reciprocating Pump MODEL CALCULATION Diameter of Delivery Pipe, d = Delivery Pressure, pd = kgf / cm2 m of water Datum Head, h =

Delivery Pressure Head, hd =pd/g

Time taken for 10 cm rise of water in collecting tank, t1 = Rate of Flow, Q = l x b x h / t = Area of Delivery Pipe, Ad = Velocity of flow, Vd = Q/ Ad = Total head, H = hd + hv + h Specific weight of water, g = 9810 Output Power, Po = g Q H Velocity Head, hv = Vd2 / 2g = m of water (N/m3) (m3/s)

(Watts)

Time taken for 10 revolutions of energy meter, t2 = Energy meter constant, K = 1.6 Number of Revolutions, n = 10 Input Power, Pi = n / (K t2) = (Output/Input) * 100 GRAPH TO BE DRAWN (i) Head Vs efficiency (ii) Head Vs Discharge (iii) Head Vs Input RESULT (i) Maximum efficiency (ii) Corresponding discharge (iii) Corresponding total head (iv) Corresponding input h, Q, Pi

Vs H Pi Vs H Q Vs H

H = = = =

14 OBSERVATION TABLE Diameter of Delivery Pipe, d = Datum Head, h = Size of the collecting Tank = Discharge S. No. Delivery Pressure Energy Head Gained Pressure Velocity Head Head hd J/N hv J/N Total Head H J/N Output Fluid Power Vacuum pressure = Number of Revolutions, n = 10 Energy meter constant, K = 1.6 Input Electric Power Time t2 Sec Input Power Pi Watts Efficiency

Time t1 Sec

Rate of Flow Q m3/s

pd Kg/cm2 1 2 3 4 5 6

Po Watts

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PERFORMANCE STUDY OF GEAR PUMP

Objective To study the performance characteristics of a Gear Pump MODEL CALCULATION Diameter of Delivery Pipe, d = Specific Gravity of Oil, S = 0.78 Specific weight of Oil, go = S*gw = 0.78 * 9810 (N/m3) Delivery Pressure, pd = kgf / cm2 m of Oil Elevation Head, h =

Delivery Pressure Head, hd =pd/go

Time taken for 10 cm rise of Oil in collecting tank, t1 = Rate of Flow, Q = l x b x h / t = Area of Delivery Pipe, Ad = Velocity Head, hv = Vd2 / 2g = Total head, H = hd + hv + h Output Power, Po = go Q H (Watts) m of Oil (m3/s) Velocity of flow, Vd = Q/ Ad =

Energy meter constant, K = 200 Number of Revolution, n = 1 Time taken for 1 revolution of energy meter, t2 = Input Power, Pi = 1000n / (K t2) = (Output/Input) * 100 GRAPH TO BE DRAWN (i) Head Vs Efficiency (ii) Head Vs Discharge (iii) Head Vs Input RESULT (i) Maximum efficiency (ii) Corresponding discharge (iii) Corresponding total head (iv) Corresponding input h, Q, Pi (Watts) Vs H Pi Vs H Q Vs H

= = = =

16 OBSERVATION TABLE Diameter of Delivery Pipe, d = Elevation Head, h = Size of the collecting Tank = Discharge S. No. Delivery Pressure Energy Head Gained Pressure Velocity Head Head hd J/N hv J/N Total Head H J/N Output Fluid Power Number of Revolution, n = 1 Energy meter constant, K = 200 Input Electric Power Time t2 Sec Input Power Pi Watts Efficiency

Time t1 Sec

Rate of Flow Q m3/s

pd Kg/cm2 1 2 3 4 5 6

Po Watts

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IMPACT OF JET ON FLAT VANE

Objective To determine the coefficient of impact of jet on a flat plate

MODEL CALCULATION Diameter of Nozzle, d = Area of Nozzle, a = Initial Weight, W1 = Actual Force, Fa = (W1 W2) x 9.81 (N)

Time taken for x cm of rise of water in collecting tank = t = The value of x can be taken as 5 cm or 10 cm. Discharge, Q = (l * b * x) / t Where , l & b dimensions of collecting tank x height of rise of water in collecting tank t time taken for x cm of rise of water in collecting tank Velocity of Jet, V = Q/a = (m/s) Theoretical Force, Ft = a V2 Coefficient of Impact of Jet, C.I. = (m3/s)

RESULT The coefficient of impact of jet on flat plate is

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OBSERVATION TABLE Initial Weight, W1 = (kg) Diameter of Nozzle, d = Area of Nozzle, a = Time taken for x cm of water rise t Sec

Area of Collecting Tank = Initial Weight W1 Kg 1 2 3 4 5 6

S. No.

Final Weight W2 Kg

Actual Force Fa N

Discharge Q m3/s

Velocity of Jet V m/s

Theoretical Coefficient Force of Impact Ft N C.I.

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PERFORMANCE STUDY ON PELTON WHEEL TURBINE

Objective To determine the characteristics curves of the Pelton wheel by varying the speed. MODEL CALCULATION Venturimeter size 65 mm x 39 mm h = (h1~h2)[ (S2/S1) 1 ] Discharge Q = a1a2 (2gh)/(a12-a22) Net load, W = W1~ W2 ( Kgf ) Head, H = Ps / gHg Input Power, Pi = gw Q H R = Brake Drum / 2 = D/2 = 0.15 m Torque, T = 9.81 W R Output Power, Po = (2NT) / 60 Efficiency, = (Po/Pi) x 100 N P Specific Speed, Ns = H 5/4 GRAPH TO BE DRAWN (i) (ii) (iii) RESULT (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) Maximum overall efficiency Corresponding speed Corresponding Output Specific speed Runway speed = = = = = Speed Vs Efficiency Speed Vs Output Speed Vs Discharge
h Vs N

(m3/s)

h, Po

Po Vs

Speed

Runaway speed

20 OBSERVATION TABLE Supply pressure gauge reading, Ps = .. kg/cm2 Supply head = 40 m Break drum size D = 0.3 m diameter

Opening

Sl. No.

Speed rpm

Manometer Reading h1 cm h2 cm h m of water

Discharge Q m3/s

Load on Break Drum W1 W2 Kgf Kgf

Net Load W Kgf

Input Output Efficiency Torque Power Power Pi Watts T N-m Po Watts %

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Full 8

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PERFORMANCE STUDY ON FRANCIS TURBINE

Objective To determine the characteristics curves of the Francis Turbine at a rate speed of 1200 rpm by varying the supply head. MODEL CALCULATION Total supply head, H = (Pressure Head Draft Head) Venturimeter size 130 mm x 78 mm h = (h1~h2)[ (S2/S1) 1 ] Discharge Q = a1a2 (2gh)/(a12-a22) Net load, W = W1~ W2 ( Kgf ) Input Power, Pi = gw Q H R = Brake Drum / 2 = D/2 = 0.15 m Torque, T = 9.81 W R Output Power, Po = (2NT) / 60
N P

(m3/s)

h Vs H

Specific Speed Ns =

H 5/4

h, Output

P Vs H

GRAPH TO BE DRAWN (i) (ii) RESULT (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Maximum efficiency = Corresponding Head = Corresponding Output = Minimum head required to run the turbine at 1200 rpm = Head Vs Efficiency Head Vs Output
Total Head
Minimum head required to run the turbine

22 OBSERVATION TABLE Guide Vane opening = 10/12 Speed of the runner = 1200 rpm Brake drum size D = 0.3 m diameter

Supply Sl. No.

Draft Tube

Total Head H m

Manometer Reading h1 h2 h m of water

Dis charge Q m3/s

Load On Break Drum W1 Kgf W2 Kgf

Input Output Effici Net Torque Power ency Load Power W Kgf Pi Watts T N-m Po Watts %

Pressure Head Pressure Head Kgf/cm2 1 2 3 4 5 6 m Kgf/cm2 m

cm cm

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PERFORMANCE STUDY ON KAPLAN TURBINE

Objective To study the performance characteristics of a Kaplan Turbine under constant head condition MODEL CALCULATION Venturimeter size 100 mm x 60 mm Pressure gauge reading for venturimeter, p1 = h =(p1 p2)/ gw = Discharge Q = a1a2 (2gh)/(a12-a22) Head at the turbine, H = 6 m Input Power, Pi = gw Q H Speed of the turbine, N = Torque, T = (T 1 - T2 +T0) * 9.81 (watts) rpm (N) Diameter of Brake Drum, D = 0.192 m (m3/s) kg/cm2 p2 = kg/cm2

T1 = Load applied on the hanger (kg) T2 = Spring balance (kg) T0 = Weight of the hanger = 0.75 kg Output Power, Po = (DNT) / 60 Efficiency, = (Po/Pi)x 100 N P Specific Speed Ns = H 5/4 GRAPH TO BE DRAWN (i) (ii) RESULT (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Speed Vs Efficiency Speed Vs Output Maximum overall efficiency Corresponding speed Corresponding Output Specific speed = = = = h, Po
Po Vs N h Vs N

24 OBSERVATION TABLE Pressure gauge reading for venturimeter, p1 = Diameter of Brake Drum, D = 0.192 m kg/cm2 p2 = kg/cm2

Sl. No.

Speed of the Turbine N Rpm

Load Applied T1 Kg

Spring Load T2 Kg

Net load on the Break Drum T N

Input Power Pi Watts

Output Power Po Watts

Efficiency %

1 2 3 4 5 6

Flow Through Rotometer

Objective To understand the measurement of flow of a liquid and functioning of the rotometer. OBSERVATION TABLE Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 RESULT Thus the measurement of flow of a liquid is calibrated and the functioning of a rotometer is understood. Indicated Flow (lpm) Measured Flow (lpm)

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FLOW THROUGH PITOT TUBE

Objective To determine the co-efficient of discharge of the given Pitot tube MODEL CALCULATION Diameter of Orifice, do =

Head of aircolumn in Orifice, Hao = (w/a) (Hwo/100) = Head of aircolumn in Pitot Tube, Hap = (w/a) (Hwp/100) = w - density of water (kg/m3) a - density of air (kg/m3) Area of Orifice Ao = (/4) do2 = Air flow rate in pipe, Q = 0.6 Ao `(2gHao) Actual velocity of air from Orifice, Vo = (Q/Ao) = (m3/s) (m/s) (m/s)

Theoretical Velocity of air from Pitot Tube, Vp = `(2gHap) = Coefficient of velocity of Pitot Tube, Cv = Vo/Vp =

RESULT Co-efficient of velocity of Pitot Tube, Cv (By analytical method) =

27 OBSERVATION TABLE Dia. of the Orifice, do = Head of Head of aircolumn aircolumn in pitot in Orifice tube m of air m of air Actual Actual Velocity of Coefficient velocity of air Velocity of air (Pitot) (Orifice) Pitot Tube m/s m/s

Sl. No.

Head of watercolumn in Orifice cm of Water

Head of watercolumn in pitot tube cm of Water

Air flow rate in pipe m3/s

Hwo
1 2 3 4 5 6

Hwp

Hao

Hap

Qa

Vo

Vp

Cv

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