Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
18.1 Introduction 1. Define nutrition. (p. 699) Nutrition is the study of the sources, actions, and interactions of nutrients. It refers to adequate nutrients. 2. Contrast nutrients and essential nutrients. (p. 699) Nutrients are chemicals supplied by the environment that an organism requires for survival. Essential nutrients required for health, and body cells cannot synthesize 3. Contrast leptin and ghrelin as they affect appetite control. (p. 700) Leptin Ghrelin suppresses appetite by inhibiting release of neuropeptide Y enhances appetite by stimulating the release of neuropeptide Y
18.2 18.4 Carbohydrate Proteins 7. Explain why a temporary drop in blood glucose concentration may impair nervous system functioning. (p. 701) The neurons depend upon a continuous supply of glucose for survival. Any decrease in the normal amount required will have an effect on the persons neurological state. 10. Define triglyceride. (p. 702) The most common dietary fat 14. Review the major functions of cholesterol. (p. 703) Used to produce bile salts. Provides structural material for cell and organelle membranes. It furnishes starting materials for adrenal cortex hormone production and synthesis of certain sex hormones. 17. Distinguish between essential and nonessential amino acids. (p. 705) Essential amino acids nonessential amino acid those that must be obtained in the diet as the body one that the body can produce in sufficient quantities either cannot manufacture them in sufficient quantities or are unable to produce them at all 18. Explain why all of the essential amino acids must be present for growth. (p. 705) If one of the amino acids is missing, then protein synthesis cannot take place. Protein synthesis is the backbone for growth. 19. Distinguish between complete and incomplete proteins. (p. 705) Complete proteins Incomplete proteins contain adequate amounts of the essential amino acids Unable, by themselves, to maintain human tissues or to to maintain human body tissues and promote normal support normal growth and development. growth and development
20. Nitrogen balance is when the amount of nitrogen taken in is equal to the amount excreted. (p. 705) 21. Explain why a protein deficiency may accompany edema. (p. 706) Protein deficiency causes tissue wasting and also decreases the level of plasma proteins, which decreases the colloid osmotic pressure of the plasma. As a result, fluids collect in the tissues producing edema.
Obesity Properly defined as an excess of adipose tissue. It is also when an individual exceeds 20% of the desirable weight.
18.6 Vitamins 28. Match the vitamins with their general functions, and indicate if the vitamin is fat-soluble or water-soluble. Functions may be used more than once. (pp. 709-716) Fat-soluble vitamins and their functions include: 1. Vitamin Anecessary for (C) synthesis of visual pigments, mucoproteins and mucopolysaccharides as well as for normal (J) development of bones and teeth and the maintenance of epithelial cells. 11. Vitamin Dpromotes the absorption of calcium and phosphorus as well as promotes the (J) development of teeth and bones. 12. Vitamin Eprevents (A) oxidation of vitamin A and polyunsaturated fatty acids and may help maintain (I) stability of cell membranes. 13. Vitamin Kneeded for (D) synthesis of prothrombin, which functions in blood clotting. Water-soluble vitamins and their functions include: 2. Thiamine (Vitamin B1) (A)part of the coenzyme needed for oxidation of carbohydrates and in a coenzyme needed in (B) synthesis of ribose. 3. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)part of enzymes and coenzymes such as FAD, needed for oxidation of glucose and fatty acids as well as needed for (L) cellular growth.