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Description This experiment is about to use a buck converter with the given operating conditions and incorporate a MPP

algorithm to get the most from the available power from the PV panel. Concept behind this is the isolation characteristics of a PV panel. The MPP is achieved by calculating the measured voltage and current of the PV panel. An accurate MPPT is a real time computing device that calculates the current power and stores this data to compare the next calculated power to determine the operating points until it reaches the MPP. Isolation is changes with available sun light at particular time at day and isolation is measurement of power available from sunlight which is W/m2 as shown in Figure 1. Usually it works like at the present the operating point of MPPT is at 12V and 1A. The MPPT then calculates the current power, which is equal to 12V* 1.2A = 14.4W. It compares to the previous point which is the orange dot and the power equals 8V* 0.5A = 4W. Therefore the blue dot has a higher power than the orange dot. The MPPT should move to the right. The process continues until it reaches the MPP, i.e., the black dot, and stay at this point unless the isolation changes again.

Figure 1
To implement an accurate MPPT may require many components and often a micro-controller is used for collecting data, calculation and decision-making. However, we may still be able to use analogue circuits to implement a MPPT. A simple but inaccurate MPPT (normally called Constant Voltage method) is shown in Figure 2. Instead of measuring both current and voltage, only PV panel voltage is measured in this simple MPPT. The measured voltage VPV is compared with a fixed reference voltage Vref in an error amplifier.

The error amplifier is an inverting op-amp. A PWM generator then compares this amplified error signal to a sawtooth waveform to generate the duty cycle for the buck converter. This process will continue until VPV equals Vref.

OBSERVATION: (1) PWM Controller: Waveform Q 1:

Waveform Q2:

The above waveforms are PWM pulses from Q1 and Q2. Duty cycle is 20 % for Q1 and 80% for Q2. They are complementary with each other. (2) Half H bridge circuit: Waveform at Pin 5:

Waveform at Pin 7:

As observed Duty cycle remained the same as set in part 1 and the peak to peak voltage changed to 15 volt on both pin 5 and pin 7. (3) Output of H bridge:

At CN2B output, the peak to peak waveform voltage observed to be 12.1 volt just as assumed in pre lab work.

(4) Convertor Output:

The output voltage measured across resistance is 2.92 V. The ripple observed to be around 315 mV. (5) PV Panel:

AT 50 Degree inclination: Vin = 6.38 V Iin = 0.158 A Vout = 1.22 V Iout = 0.529 A

AT 40 Degree inclination: Vin = 6.38 V Vout = 1.15 V

Iin = 0.158 A

Iout = 0.52 A

AT 30 Degree inclination: Vin = 6.38 V Iin = 0.158 A At Shading: Vin = 6.38 V Iin = 0.158 A Vout = 1.05 V Iout = 0.45 A Vout = 1.08 V Iout = 0.48 A

At different conditions output voltage and output current is measured and voltage decreases at different inclination and at shading. Also decrease in current was also observed during shading. The maximum voltage was observed at 50 degree inclination. As it was at this inclination light was falling directly on it.

CALCULATIONS: AT 50 Degree inclination: Vin = 6.38 V Iin = 0.158 A Vout = 1.22 V Iout = 0.529 A

Where R2 is output resistance of buck convertor and R1 is input resistance.

Duty cycle = 0.238 and 0.761 as Q1 and Q2 are complementary. Efficiency:

Output Power:

AT 40 Degree inclination: Vin = 6.38 V Iin = 0.158 A Vout = 1.15 V Iout = 0.52 A

Where R2 is output resistance of buck convertor and R1 is input resistance.

Duty cycle = 0.234 and 0.765 as Q1 and Q2 are complementary. Efficiency:

Output Power:

APPENDIX:

The PV panel is BP SX-10 with specifications as shown in Appendix A is used. (Please see appendix A )

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