Sociology 111—Intro To Sociology

Midterm #1 Review Sheet

1. Functionalist: stratiffication stability August Comte Emile Durktheon
france society changing all the time look for stability suicide study
Structure: specific role to play people socialize into roles promote stability
of society. Society is separate ebtity from the people like the human body
the arms do not work alone every part work together. Why people murder
each other? A person do not have acces to the cultural goal so they go
through another way Macroanalisis no care for individuo
Norms pay for things if we go to the store. Promote stability
Industrial Revolution kids became assets not lieability
2. Conflict: a theorical framework in wich society is viewed as composed of
groups that are competing for scarce resources.
Karl Marx socialistic proletariado burguesia competing for limited
resourse
A triangle with a person in the top and in the base there are a lot because they
think burguesia debe governar y el ploretariado quiere justicia
Doctor – patients
Economy rich people levels between struggle all the time
Oposite of funcionalism conflic Vs stability
3. Symbolic Interactionism: a theorical perspective in which society is
viewed as composed of symbols that people use to establish meaning,
develop their views of the world, and communicate with one another.
share SYMBOLS gestures, lengusge micro face-to-face interaction
Values we place on symbols poppy here cute poppy filipins jummy
George Herbert Mead
Web of signification
Roles changes in man and women
Divorce rates b/c changes the roles women are more independent and
they not need men anymore
Who are the main theorists associated with these theories?
How would the different perspectives interpret different social problems?

Tabu?strong social prohibition Strange discosting none wants to takl about it

Norm is a rule that is socialy enforced
Pina butter and jelly?
Moray robing a store negative sanction drug abuse sexual promiscuity
Sanction how reward a behavior consecuence of braking the law
Manifest function school to learn socialize
Latent function a specific way to dress unintended consecuence side effect
Looking Glass-self we imagine how people look at us if someone look at me
wrong I change my behavioor
Role strange
Role cnflict
Zimbardo prisioners experiment change roles
Chopcok experiment
Ethno metodology comon sens understandig and we interpret the world that
way
Ethnocentrisim usimg your own believes and society to judge another socity
Cultural shook
CHAPTER 1 THE SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
What is the sociological perspective? Understanding human behavior by placing
it within its broader social context
What is society? people who share a culture and a territory
What is social location? The group memebership that people have because of
their location in history and society
What is the significance? (C. Wright Mills)
Know the sociological perspectives and the significant people within each.
How did they contribute to sociology today?
What are some examples of the different theoretical perspectives and
explanations within our society?

Micro v Macro levels of analysis

1an examination of small-scale patterns of society
2 an examination of large-scale petterns of society

Understand the parts of the research model

What is a population? The target group to be studied

What is the independent variable? a factor that causes a change in another variable, called
dependent variable
The dependent variable? a factor that is change by and independent variable
What is the significance of globalization in sociology? Globalization is the
extensive interconnections among nations due to the expamsion of capitalism

CHAPTER 2 CULTURE
Define culture. The lenguage, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors and even
material objects that are passed from one generation to the next
What is its significance?
Material culture v. nonmaterial culture
Significance of encountering a different culture
• Culture shock: the disorientation that people experience when they come in
contact with a fundamentally different culture and can no longer depend on
their taken-forgranted assumptions about life.
• Ethnocentrism: the use of one’s own culture as a yardstick for judging the
ways of their individuals or societies, generally leading to a negative
evaluation of their values, norms, and behaviors.
Understand cultural relativism not judging a culture but trying to understand in
on its own terms.
Understand symbols something to wich people attach meanings and then use to
communicate with others
symbolic culture another term for nonmaterial culture

Significance of language a system of symbols that can be combined in and

infinite number of ways and can represent not only oblects but also absatract
thoughts
Gestures the way in wich people use their body to communicate with one
another

Know the difference between…

• Values: the standars by wich people define what is desirable on undesirable,
good or bad, beautifual or ugly
• Norms: expectations, or rules of behavior, that reflect and enforce values
• Sanction positive: a reward or positive reaction for following norms, ranging
from a smile to a prize
• Negative: an expression of disapproval for braking a norm, ranging from a
mild, informal reaction to a formal reaction such as a prision sentence or and
execution.
• Folkways: norm that are not strictly enforced
• Mores: norms that are strictly enforced because they are thought essential to
core values or the well-being of the group.

What is a subculture? The values and related behaviors of a group that

dostinguish its members from the larger culture; a world within a world
How is a counterculture different? A group whose values, beliefs, and related
behaviors place its members in opposition to the broader culture.
Understand values in society
• Implications; potential conflicts

How does technology affect culture?

CHAPTER 3 SOCIALIZATION
What is a social environment? The entire human enviroment, including direct contact
with others
How does it affect children?

What are the theories on socialization of the self and mind?

• Cooley—Looking Glass Self: refer to the process by wich our self develops through
internalazing others’ interactions to us
• Mead—Role Taking; significant others, generalized others: putting oneself in
someone else’s shoes; understanding how someone else feels and think and thus
anticipainting how that person will act
• Piaget—Development of reasoning:

Personality, Morality, Emotions: understand their significance in socialization.

Socialization of gender
• Gender messages in the family
• Gender messages in the mass media
• Gender messages from peers

Agents of socialization: what affects our socialization?

CHAPTER 4 SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND SOCIAL INTERACTION

Macro v. Micro Sociology. Significance with social structure? Macro; analysis of social
life that focuses on broad features of society such as social class and the relationships of
groups to ono another; usually used by funcionalists and conflict theorists
Micro: analysis of social life that focuses on social interaction; typically used by
symbolic interactionists
What is social structure?the framework that sorrounds us, consisting of the relationshipa
of people and groups to one another, which gives direction to and sets limits on behavior
Social Class? According to Weber, a large group of people who rank close to one another
in wealth, power, and prestige; according to Marx, one of two groups: capitalists who
own the means of production or workers who sell their labor
Social Status?
• Ascribed v. Achieved status
• Status symbols
• Master status
• Status inconsistency
Roles
• Role strain v. role conflict
• Role performance
• Do we tend to become the roles we play?

Groups; what makes a group?

What is a social institution? Sociological significance?

Macrosociology: understand the Conflict and Functionalist perspectives

What holds society together?

• Mechanical and organic solidarity
• Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft

Microsociology: understand the symbolic interactionist perspective

Understand dramaturgy and its implications in sociology

What is impression management?
What is face-saving behavior?

What is ethnomethodology?
What are background assumptions?

What is a social construction of reality?

CHAPTER 5 SOCIETIES TO SOCIAL NETWORKS

Understand the evolution of societies

What is the significance of the transformation? How did they affect normal social
institutions, like the family?

Understand the different groups within society

Aggregate

Primary Groups v Secondary Groups. What are the differences? Think of primary and
secondary groups in your life.

What is the purpose of groups?

What is a reference group?

What social networks exist?

How do group dynamics affect the individual? Group size and relationships?

Peer pressure
What are the implications of the Milgram experiment?

What is groupthink? Is it dangerous?