HMT

Rajendra Mane College of Engineering and Technology, AMBAV (Devrukh) - 415804
University of Mumbai Mechanical Engineering Sem-V (Rev) Winter 2010 N.B.:(1)Question no. 1 is compulsory. (2)Answer any four out of remaining six questions. (3)Make suitable assumptions if any. (4)Use of steam table is permitted. Q.No.1. Solve any five. a. Define thermal conductivity, thermal resistance and thermal conductance. What is the approximate range of thermal conductivity of solids, liquid and gases. Ans: Definations: (01+01+01+01 =04) 20 (10-WIN-MECH-V-REV-HMT)
Heat and Mass Transfer
.Thermal conductivity-the amount of energy conducted through a body of unit area and unit thickness in unit time when the difference in temperature between faces causing heat flow is unit temp. difference. The natation is- k and Unit is W/ m k or W/m C or W/mK, or J/msK, or Btu/hft F. .Thermal resistance- It is the ratio of temperature difference to the heat flow rate for conduction. The quantity dx/k.A is called thermal resistance. The notation is Rth and Unit is C/W. .Thermal conductance- The reciprocal of thermal resistance is called thermal conductance. The quantity is k A/dx and Unit is W/ C Approximate range of thermal conductivity of solids, liquids and gasesFor solids- k varies from o.oo3 to 2500 W/m k. For liquids- k varies from 0.2 to 0.5 W/m k. For gases- k varies from o.oo6 to 0.05 W/m k.
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Prepared by: Prof. V.K.Dongare

University of Mumbai Mechanical Engineering Sem-V (Rev) Winter 2010 (10-WIN-MECH-V-REV-HMT)
b. What are the various types of fins? Discuss some of the important applications of fins. Ans: Various types of fins1. uniform straight fin(02+02=04)
2. Tapered straight fin-
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3. annular fin-
4. Pin fins (spines)-
5. Fin tube heat exchanger-
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6) Splines: Applications of finsa. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. Economisers for steam power plant Convectors for steam and hot water applications Radiators for automobiles Air cooled engines Transformers and electronic equipment Small capacity compressors Electric motor bodies Cooling coils and condenser coils
c. Explain non-dimensional numbers used in convection heat transfer. Ans: Non- dimensional numbers in convection heat transferThere are following numbers used in convection heat transfer; 1. Nusselt number-It is ratio of heat flow rate by convection process under unit temp. difference to heat flow rate by conduction process under same temp. difference through stationary thickness of L meters. Nu = convection heat transfer strength/conduction heat transfer strength Nu = h x /k It is denoted by Nu.Is is measure of convective heat transfer coefficient. 2. Prandtl number- It is ratio of kinematic viscosity to thermal diffusivity. Pr= momentum diffusivity/thermal diffusivity Pr = / (01+01+01+01=04)
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It is denoted by Pr. It provides measure of the relative effectiveness of momentum and energy transport by diffusion. 3. Reynolds number-It is defined as ratio of inertia force to the viscous force. Re= inertia force/ viscous force Re = U x / It is denoted by Re. It is measure of relative predominance of inertia to viscous forces occuring in the flow. 4. Stanton number- It is ratio of heat transfer coefficient to the flow of heat per unit temp. rise due to velocity of fluid. St = h/.V.cp It is denoted by St.It is measure of correlating forced convection data. 5. Grashoff number- It is defined as ratio of product of inertia and buoyancy force to the square of viscous force. Gr = g. T. L3./2 It is denoted by Gr. It has the role in free convection similar to that played by Reynolds in forced convection.
d. Define and explain mass transfer processes. Ans: Mass transfer processes(01+01+02=04)
1. Mass transfer by DIFFUSION (molecular or eddy diffusion)Defination- The transport of water on microscopic level as result of diffusion from region of high concentration to region of low concentration in system or mixtures of liquids or gases is called molecular diffusion.When one of diffusing fluids is in turbulent motion, eddy diffusion takes place. Explanation- It occurs when substance diffuse through layer of stagnant fluid and may be due to concentration, temp. or pressure gradients. In gaseous mixtures, diffusion occurs due to random motion of molecules. 2. Mass transfer by CONVECTIONDefinition- It is transfer between a moving fluid and surface or between two relatively immiscible moving fluids.
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Explanation-It depends on the transport properties and on the dynamic (laminar or trbulent) characteristics of fluids. Eg. Evaporation of ether. 3. Mass transfer by CHANGE OF PHASEDefinition- It is the mass transfer due to simultaneous action of convection and diffusion. Explanation- It occurs whenever a change from one phase to another takes place. Eg. Hot gases escaping from chimney. Mixing of water vapour with air Boiling if water in open air.
e. Why does a cavity with a small hole behaves as black body? Thermal radiation strikes a surface, which has a reflectivity of 0.55 & a transmissivity, of 0.032.The absorbed flux as measured indirectly by heating effect works out to be 0.99 W/m2.Determine the rate of incident flux.
Given data: Reflectivity, = 0.55 Transmissivity, Absorbed flux = 95 W/m2 From conservation of energy principle, + 0.55 +
(02+02=04)
Absorbed flux = 95 W/m2= G G G +G =1
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University of Mumbai Mechanical Engineering Sem-V (Rev) Winter 2010 95 0.55 + 0.032 = 1 (10-WIN-MECH-V-REV-HMT)

G = 227.2727 W/m2 -------------------answer} 2 Rate of incident flux G = 227.2727 W/m Answer: The rate of incident flux = G= 227.2727 W/ m
2
f. What is mean by fouling factor? How does it affect the performance of heat exchanger? Fouling factor and its effect on H.E.(02+02=04)
Defination- The reciprocal of scale heat transfer coefficient (hs) is called fouling factor. It is denoted by Rf. Rf = 1/ hs m2 C /W.
The phenomenon of rust, scale, soot, dirt and deposits of ash formation is called fouling. Due to these deposits, thermal resistance is increased and eventually performance of heat exchanger lowers. Common failures in H.E. choking of tubes excessive heat transfer excessive temperatures lack of control of heat exchangers failure to clean tubes regularly increased product temp. over safe design limit unequal heating along length of tubes. unexpected radiations from surfaces.
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University of Mumbai Mechanical Engineering Sem-V (Rev) Winter 2010 (10-WIN-MECH-V-REV-HMT) 04 (01+03=04)

Q.No 2. a. Explain critical thickness of insulation & its importance. Critical thickness of insulation and its importance-
Defination- It is defined as the thickness upto which heat flow increases and after which it decreases. In case of cylinders and spheres, it is called as critical radius. ImportanceIn the physical sense, we arrive at two following conclusions as;
1. For cylindrical bodies with r1<rc, the heat transfer increases by adding insulation till r2=rc as shown.If insulation thickness further increased, then rate of heat loss will decrease from peak value to minimum but certain amount of insulation noted by r2 at b is added, hence heat loss rate still greater for cylinder.This happens when r1 is small and rc is large, hence thermal conductivity k is high of insulation(poor insulation). Eg. insulation of electric cables which should be a good insulator for current but poor for heat. 2. For cylindrical bodies with r1>rc, the heat transfer decreases by adding insulation. This happens when r1 is large and rc is small, hence a good insulating material with low k value used. Eg. Steam and refrigeration pipes. For insulation to be properly effective, the outer radius must be greater than or equal to critical radius.
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Dependence of heat loss on insulation thickness
Q.No. 2. Ans:
b. Write construction and working of heat pipe. Heat pipe-
06 (01+02+03=06)
Definition- A heat pipe is device that combines the high efficiencies of boiling and condensation. It is specifically names because it literally pipes heat from a hot region to a cold one.
Construction details-
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The heat pipe is constructed as shown in above figure. It is the pipe or a tube that can be bent or turned in any way that is convenient. Working of heat pipe The inside of the tube is lined with a layer of wicking material. The wick is wetted with an appropriate liquid. One end of the tube is exposed to a heat source that evaporates the liquid from the wick. The vapour then ows from the hot end of the tube to the cold end, where it is condensed. Capillary action moves the condensed liquid axially along the wick, back to the evaporator where it is again vaporized. Placing a heat pipe between a hot region and a cold one is thus similar to connecting the regions with a material of extremely high thermal conductivitypotentially orders of magnitude higher than any solid material. Such devices are used not only for achieving high heat transfer rates between a source and a sink but for a variety of less obvious purposes. They are used, for example, to level out temperatures in systems, since they function almost isothermally and oer very little thermal resistance.
Q.No. 2.
c. During heat treatment, cylindrical pieces of 25 mm diameter, 30 mm height & 30 C are placed in a furnace at 750 C with convection coefficient 80 W/m2.deg. Calculate time required to heat the pieces to 600 C.What will be the shortfall in temperature if the pieces are taken out from the furnace after 280 secs?Assume the following property values: density 7850 kg/m3, specific heat 480 J/kg k, conductivity 40 W/m-deg. 10 Given data: (05+05=10) D= 25 mm=0.025m, L= 30 mm = 0.030 m h = 80 W/m2 C = 7850 kg/m3 Cp= 480 J/kg k k = 40 W/m C ta= 30 C R= 12.5 mm= 0.0125m
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University of Mumbai Mechanical Engineering Sem-V (Rev) Winter 2010 ti = 750 C t = 600 C Characteristic length (Lc)= V/As = = 0.0125/2= 0.00625 m Biot Number (Bi) = h Lc/k = 0.0125 As Bi < 0.1, lumped parameter analysis can be applied here. The temp. variation given by; = exp = exp Solving for (10-WIN-MECH-V-REV-HMT)
----------------------answer i}
Shortfall in temperature ( = exp = exp Solving; t= 1893.87C
now shortfall in temperature of surface( 1893.87-600 C 1293.87C
t0 ti
-----------------------answer ii}
Answers:
1. Time required to heat the piece = 2. Shortfall in temperature = 1293.87 C
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Q.No. 3. a. Derive an expression for heat flow through a composite cylinder(2 layers)taking into account the film heat transfer coefficient on inside and outside surface of the cylinder. 08 Expression for heat flow through a composite cylinder (two layers) with film heat transfer coefficients(02+03+03=08) Consider flow of heat through composite cylinder as shown;
Ans:
Diagram:
Figure: Heat conduction through composite cylinder (2 layers) and thermal circuit
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University of Mumbai Mechanical Engineering Sem-V (Rev) Winter 2010 Let, Thf = Temp. of hot fluid flowing through inside cylinder, C Tcf = Temp. of cold fluid flowing through inside cylinder, C kA = Thermal conductivity of outside layer, W/m k kB = Thermal conductivity of outside layer, W/m k T1, T2, T3 = Temperatures at the points 1, 2, 3 C hhf , hcf = inside and outside heat transfer coefficients, W/m2 k L = Length of composite cylinder, m Heat transfer rate given by; Q = hhf. 2 r1. L. (Thf - T1) = hcf. 2 r3. L. (T3-Tcf ) Rearranging above equations; Thf - T1 = Q/ hhf. = r1. L. * Q/ (2) = * Q/ (3) T3-Tcf = Q/ hcf. 2 r3. L Adding (1), (2),(3),(4), we have; Q/ L - Tcf Q= = Thf --------------------- (4) --------------------------- --------------- (1) -----------------------= (10-WIN-MECH-V-REV-HMT)
This is the heat transfer rate for composite cylinder having two layers with heat transfer coefficients.
Q=
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Q.No. 3. b. The interior of a refrigerator has inside dimensions 60 cm x 45 cm base area and 120 cm high. The composite wall is made of two 3 mm mild steel sheets (k= 145 kJ/m-hr-deg)with 6 cm of glass wool (k= 0.188 kJ/m-hr-deg) insulation sandwitched between them. The average values of convective heat transfer coefficient at the interior and exterior wall are 40.8 and 52.3 kJ/m2-hr-deg respectively. i. Draw the thermal circuit. ii. Calculate the individual resistance of this composite wall & the resistance at the surface ,and the overall conductance. iii. For the air temp. inside the refrigerator at 6.5 C and outside of 25 C, determine the rate at which heat must be removed from the refrigerator.Also, calculate the temp. on the outer surface of the metal sheet. 12 Ans: Given data: (03+05+04=12) LA =LC= 3mm=0.003 m LB = 60 mm = 0.06m kA =kC =40.2778 W/m C kB = 0.0523 W/m C ho = 14.5278 W/m2C hi = 11.3334 W/m2C Total area through which heat is coming into refrigerator; A = 0.6 x 0.45 x 2 + 0.45 x 1.2 x 4 = 2.7 m2
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University of Mumbai Mechanical Engineering Sem-V (Rev) Winter 2010 i) Thermal circuit: (10-WIN-MECH-V-REV-HMT)
Figure: Heat conduction through composite wall with both fluids ii)1.Individual thermal resistances (Rth)Rth-A = LA/kA A = 0.00002758 C/W Rth-B = LB/kB A = 0.4248 C/W Rth-C = LC/kC A = 0.00002758 C/W 2. Surface resistances (inside and outside)Rth-inside = 1/(hi . A) =0.036 C/W Rth-outside = 1/(ho . A) = 0.0254 C/W Total/equivalent thermal resistance (R th-eq)Rth-eq = R th-outside + R th-A + R th-B + R th-C + R th-inside Rth-eq = 0.4828 C/W ------------------------ answer ii}
3.Total thermal conductance-
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University of Mumbai Mechanical Engineering Sem-V (Rev) Winter 2010 Thermal conductance = 1/R th-eq = 1/0.4828 = 2.0710 W/C
Cth = 2.0710 W/C
(10-WIN-MECH-V-REV-HMT)
-----------------------answer ii}
iii)Heat removal rate(Q) and temp. of outer surface(t1)for temp. inside refrigerator, ti = 6.5 C for temp. outside refrigerator, to = 25 C Heat flow Q =
Q= Q = 38.3181 W Q = 38.3181 W Temp. at outer surface of metal sheet (t1)Q = h A (25-t1) = 38.3181 W t 1 = 24.0232 C t 1 = 24.0232 C ---------------------answer iii} --------------------answer iii}
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University of Mumbai Mechanical Engineering Sem-V (Rev) Winter 2010 Q.No. 4. Ans: a. State and prove Kirchoffs law of radiation. Kirchhoffs law of radiation(10-WIN-MECH-V-REV-HMT) 06 (02+02+02=06)
Statement- It states that at any temp. the ratio of total emissive power E to the total absorptivity is constant for all substances which are in thermal equilibrium with their environment. Expression-
Let us consider, a large radiating body of surface area A which encloses a small body of surface area A1 as shown. Let the energy fall on unit surface of body at rate is Eb. A fraction will be absorbed by the small body. Thus, this energy absorbed by small body(1) is 1 A1 Eb, in which 1 is the absorptivity of the body. When thermal equilibrium attained, then the body (1) must be equal to the energy emitted, say E1 per unit surface. A1. E1= 1 A1 Eb ----- ------------ (1)
Now we remove body (1) and replaces body (2) having absorptivity 2. The radiant energy impinging on surface of body is again Eb. A2 .E2= 2 A2 Eb By considering generality of bodies, we obtain Eb = E1/ 1 = E2/ 2 = E/ Also as per definition of emissivity , we have, = E/Eb or Eb= E/ -----------------(4) ------------------ (3) ------------------ (2)
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University of Mumbai Mechanical Engineering Sem-V (Rev) Winter 2010 By comparing (3) and (4), we obtain, = ( is always smaller than 1.Therefore, emissive power E is always smaller than emissive power of black body at equal temperature.) (10-WIN-MECH-V-REV-HMT)
Q.No. 4.
b. An aluminum rod 2.5 cm in diam. And 10 cm long, protrudes from a wall which is maintained at 250C.The rod exposed to environment at 15C.The convection heat transfer coeff. Is 15 W/m2-k.Calculate heat lost by rod.Assume rod end is insulated.Take k for aluminium= 200 W/m-k.Also find fin efficiency and temp. at the end of fin. 08 Given data: d = 25 mm = 0.025 m l = 10 cm = 0.100 m ta = 15 C to = 250 C k = 200 W/m k h = 15 W/m2 C a) Heat loss by rod (Q)Q = k A m (to-ta) tanh (ml)-------------(1) m = (h.P/k.A)0.5 = (4.h/k.d)0.5 m = 3.4641 From equation (1); Q = 200 x ( Q = 26.6285 W ) x 3.4641 x (250-15)x tanh(3.464 x 0.100)
Ans:
Q = 26.6285 W b) Fin efficiency( = tanh (ml)/ml )-
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University of Mumbai Mechanical Engineering Sem-V (Rev) Winter 2010 = 0.96183 = 96.183 % = 96.183 % (10-WIN-MECH-V-REV-HMT)
c) Temperature at the edge of rod (tl)=
At x = l,
tl = 264.24 C
tl = 264.24 C
Answers: 1. Heat loss by rod (Q)= 26.6285 W 2. Fin efficiency( )= 96.183 % 3. Temperature at the edge of rod (tl) = 264.24 C
Q.No. 4.
c. State and explain Ficks law of diffusion mass transfer. Ficks law of diffusion mass transfer-
06
Statement- The molecular diffusion is governed by Ficks law of diffusion which is expressed as
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University of Mumbai Mechanical Engineering Sem-V (Rev) Winter 2010 NA = mA/A = -DAB dCA/ dx (10-WIN-MECH-V-REV-HMT) -----------------(1)

Where,mA = mass flow rate of species A by diffusion, kg/s A = area through which mass is flowing, m2 mA/A= mass flux of species A i.e. amount of species A that is transferred per unit time and per unit area perpendicular to the direction of transfer, kg/s-m2 DAB = diffusion coefficient or mass diffusivity for binary mixture of species A and B, m2/s. The ve sign indicates that diffusion takes place in the direction opposite to that of increasing concentration. ExplainationThe diffusion rate for species B is given by; NB = mB/A = -DBA DcB/ dx -----------------(2)
The diffusion coefficient (DBA or DAB) is dependent on the temperature, pressure and nature of the system.
Figure: Mass transfer by diffusion in binary gas mixture
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Figure: Concentration profile Ficks law of diffusion describes the mass transport due to concentration gradient. Important aspects of law: Based on experimental evidence and cant derived from first principles. Valid only for all matter irrespective of its state. The movement of diffusion substance in the direction of decreasing concentration. Diffusion coefficient D is dependent upon temp., pressure and nature of system component.
Q.No. 5.
a. With the help of dimensional analysis method prove that for forced convection:Nu= constant x (Re)m x (Pr)n. 08
Ans:
Dimensional analysis method for forced convectionNu = constant x (Re) m x (Pr) n Let us assume that heat transfer coeff. h in fully developed forced convection in tube is function of following variables; h = f (D,V, k, , , cp)or --------------(1) f1(h, D,V, , k, , cp)-------------(2)
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Sr. No. 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 Variables Heat transfer coefficient Fluid density Tube diameter Fluid velocity Fluid viscosity Specific heat Thermal conductivity Symbols h D V cP k Dimensions MT-3 ML-3 L LT-1 ML-1 T-1 L2T-2 MLT-3
-1 -1
-1
Total no. of variables = n=7 Fundamental dimensions in problem = m =4 (M, L, T, No. of dimensionless = n-m = 3
Equation (2) can be written as; f1 ( =0
Choosing h, D, V, as group of repeating variables with unknown exponents. Therefore, = ha1. b1 . Dc1. Vd1. = ha2. b2. Dc2. Vd2. cp = ha3. b3. Dc3. Vd3. k term: ML-1 T-1 = (MT-3
-1 a1
.(ML-3)b1 .(L)c1 .(LT-1)d1 .(ML-1 T-1) respectively, we get;
Equating exponents of M, L, T, a1= 0, b1= -1, c1= -1, d1= -1 = -1 . D-1. V-1.
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University of Mumbai Mechanical Engineering Sem-V (Rev) Winter 2010 = /D.V. -----------------(3) Similarly for term: = h-1. . V. cp = . V. cp/h ---------------(4) Since dimensions of h and k/D are same; = . V. cp. D/k----------------(4) term: = h-1. D-1.k = k/h D ---------------(5) According to theorem: (10-WIN-MECH-V-REV-HMT)
k/h D = Constant (/D.V.)m (. V. cp. D/k)n where m and n are constants. If m > n, then k/h D = Constant (/D.V.)n (. V. cp. D/k)n (/D.V.)m-n = Constant (/D.V.)m-n (. cp/k)n Or h.D/k = Constant (D.V./ )m (. cp/k)n or Nu = Constant (Re)m (Pr)n
Q.No. 5.
b. Prove that the total emissive power of black surface is times the intensity of radiation. Total emissive power of black surface (E) is times the intensity of radiation(I)-
06
Ans:
Intensity of radiation (I) is defined as the rate of energy leaving surface in given direction per unit solid angle per unit area of emitting surface normal to mean direction in space.
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Total emissive power (E) is defined as the total amount of radiation emitted by body per unit area and time. A Solid angle is defined as the portion of space inside sphere enclosed by conical surface with vertex of cone at the centre of sphere.
Figure: Spacial distribution of radiations emitted from surface
Figure: Illustration for evaluating area dA2
Figure shows a small body of area dA(emitter) emitting radiations in different directions. The collector subtends a solid angle dw when viewed from point on emitter.
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Let us consider, radiations from elementary area dA1 at centre of sphere as shown.Suppose this radiation absorbed by second elemental area dA2, a portion of hemispherical surface. The projected area of dA1 on plane perpendicular to line joining dA1 and dA2 = dA1 cos Solid angle substended by dA2 = dA2/r2 The intensity of radiation I=dQ1-2/(dA1*cos dA2/r2) --(1) where dQ1-2 is rate of heat transfer from dA1 to dA2. From figure, its evident that, dA2 = r d (r sin dA2 = r2 sin --- (2) from (1) and (2); dQ1-2 = I dA1 sin Total radiation through hemisphere given by; Q = I dA1 =2 = Q= - (3) Also, Q = E dA1 - (4) From (3) and (4); we have E dA1 ---------------------------------d ) -------------------------------
E=
------------------------------------------------------ proof}
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University of Mumbai Mechanical Engineering Sem-V (Rev) Winter 2010 Q.No. 5. (10-WIN-MECH-V-REV-HMT)

c. Air at 1 atm and 25C containing small quantities of iodine flows with velocity 5.25m/s inside a 3 cm diam. Tube.Determine mass transfer coefficients for iodine transfer from air stream to the weak surface.Assume following physical properties of air.D= 0.82 x 10 -5m2/s, = 15.5 x 10 -6 m2/s. 06
Given data: d= 30 mm = 0.030 m = 15.5 x 10 -6 m2/sec D = 0.82 x 10 -5 m2/sec U = 5.25 m/s Mass transfer coefficient of Iodine (hm)Schmidt Number (Sc) = /D = (15.5 x 10-6)/ (0.82 x 10-5) = 1.89
Reynolds Number (Re)= d U/ = 0.030 x 5.25/(15.5 x 10-6)= 10161.29 As Re > 2500, the flow is TURBULENT FLOW. Sherwood Number (Sh) = 0.023 (Re) 0.83 (Sc)0.44 Sh= 64.4374 Also, Sh = hm. d/D hm = Sh. D/d = (64.4374 x 0.82 x 10-5)/0.030 hm= 0.0176 m/s hm= 0.0176 m/s ----------------- answer}
Answer: Mass transfer coefficient for iodine = hm= 0.0176 m/s
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a. Derive the relationship between effectiveness and number of transfer units for parallel flow heat exchanger. 10
Ans:
Relationship between effectiveness ( ) and number of transfer units(NTU) for parallel flow heat exchanger Diagram:
Figure: Temperature distribution and floe arrangement for parallel flow heat exchanger The effectiveness of heat exchanger given by; = q / qmax The qmax is the maximum possible heat transfer. Its given by; qmax = Cmin (th1 tc2) Therefore; = Ch (th1-th2)/ Cmin (th1 tc1) or = Cc (tc2-tc1)/ Cmin (th1 tc1) Rate of heat transfer then given by;
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University of Mumbai Mechanical Engineering Sem-V (Rev) Winter 2010 q = * Cmin (th1 tc1) dQ= U dA(th tc) dQ= - Ch. dth= Cc. dtc From (2), we have; dth = - dQ/Ch and dtc = dQ/Cc -----------------(1) ------------------(2) (10-WIN-MECH-V-REV-HMT)
Substituting value of dQ in equation (1) and rearranging, we get d(th-tc)/(th-tc)= -U dA Upon integration; (th2-tc2)/(th1 tc1) = exp [ - (U A/Ch) {1+Ch/Cc} = Ch(th1-th2)/ Cmin(th1 tc1) = Cc(tc2-tc1)/Cmin(th1-tc1) Hence, th2 = th1 ( Cmin(th1-tc1)/ Ch) and tc2 = tc1+( Cmin(th1-tc1)/ Cc) Eliminating th2 and tc2 from (3) with help of (4),(5); = 1 - exp [ - (U A/Ch) {1+Ch/Cc}/{Cmin[(1/Ch)+(1/Cc)]} -----------------(6) -----------------(4) -----------------(5) -----------------(3)
If C h < C c, then Cmin= Ch and Cmax= Cc, equation (6) becomes; = 1 - exp [ - (U A/Cmin) {1+Cmin/Cmax}/{Cmin[(1/Cmin)+(1/Cmax)]} The NTU is given by: NTU = U A / Cmin The effectiveness can be shown as function of NTU as; (Cmin/Cmax)=R= capacity ratio Thus, effectiveness of parallel flow in terms of NTU is given by;
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b. Air at atm. Pressure and 20C flows with 6 m/s velocity through main trunck duct of air conditioning system. The duct is rectangular in c/s and measures 40 cm x 80 cm.Determine heat loss per meter length of duct corresponding to unit temp. difference. The relevant thermo-physical properties of air are: k= 0.026 W/m-deg, = 15 x 10 -6 m2/s, =7.7 x 10 -2 m2/hr,. Use Nu= 0.023 (Re)0.8 (Pr)0.4 10 Given data: ts = 20 C p = 1 atm. U = 6 m/s c/s of duct = 40 cm x 80 cm = 0.4 m x 0.8 m k = 0.026 W/m k = 15 x 10 -6 m2/s = 7.7 x 10 -2 m2/hr = 2.1389 x 10-5 m2/sec Nu = 0.023 (Re)0.8 (Pr)0.4 Re = inertia force / viscous force = U x / Re = U L /= 40,0000 Pr = / = 0.7012 Nu = 0.023 (400000)0.8 (.7012) 0.4 Nu = 604.9372 But, Nu = h*L/k = 604.9372 h = 604.9372 x 0.026 / 1 = 15.7293 W/m2 C Heat loss per meter length of duct of unit temperature difference ( i.e. Q=hA( ) = 1 C )-
Ans:
Q = 15.7293 X 2(0.4+0.8) X 1 X 1 Q/L = 37. 7503 W/m Q/L = 37. 7503 W/m ---------------- ---answer}
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University of Mumbai Mechanical Engineering Sem-V (Rev) Winter 2010 Answer: (10-WIN-MECH-V-REV-HMT)
Heat loss per meter length of duct of unit temperature difference = Q/L = 37. 7503 W/m
Q.No. 7.
a. What is condensation and when does it occur? Distinguish between mechanism of filmwise condensation and dropwise condensation. 04 Condensation and its occuranceCondensation- The condensation sets in, whenever saturation vapour comes in contact with surface whose temp. is lower than saturation temp. corresponding to vapour pressure. It is the reverse of boiling process. Occurance- This process occurs whenever saturation vapour comes in contact with surface whose temp. is lower than saturation temp. corresponding to vapour pressure. As the vapour condenses, the latent heat is liberated and there is flow of heat to the surface. The liquid condensate may get sub cooled by contact with the cooled surface and that may eventually cause more vapour to condensate on the exposed surface or upon the previously formed condensate. Difference between Film wise and Drop wise condensationFilm wise condensation: If the condensate tends to wet the surface and thereby forms a liquid film, then process is known as film condensation. The heat transferred from vapour to condensate formed on surface by convection and further from film to cooled surface by conduction. This combined mode of heat transfer reduces the rate of heat transfer and hence its heat transfer rates are lower. Drop wise condensation: In this, vapour condenses into small liquid droplets of various sizes and which fall down surface in random fashion. A large portion of surface exposed to vapour without an insulating film of condensate liquid, hence higher rates of heat transfer (order of 750 kW/m2) are achieved. Coefficient of heat transfer is 5 to 10 times larger than with film condensation. Yet this type is extremely difficult to maintain or achieve.
Ans:
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Figure: Film wise and drop wise condensation
Q.No. 7. Ans:
b. State advantages and limitations of dimensional analysis. Advantages and limitations of dimensional analysisAdvantages: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7)
04
Expresses the functional relationship between variables in dimensionless terms. Dimensionless parameters can be used to make certain deduction in the problems. Design curves can be developed from experimental data or direct solution of problem. It gives theoretical solution in simplified form. It provides partial solution to problems dealing with too complex mathematics. Results of one series of tests can be applied to large number of other similar problems. Useful tool in the analysis and correlation of experimental data. Limitations:
1) It does not give any clue regarding selection of variables. 2) No information given about internal mechanism of physical phenomenon. 3) Its not possible to get the information about the effect of one quantity upon the other physical quantities entered into the problem. 4) The complete information not provided by dimensional analysis.
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University of Mumbai Mechanical Engineering Sem-V (Rev) Winter 2010 Q.No. 7. c. Write short notes on any three of following: i. Various modes of heat transfer Various modes of heat transfer(10-WIN-MECH-V-REV-HMT) 12
Heat can be transferred to or from a material in three fundamental ways; conduction, convection, and/or radiation. Any and all of the three types of heat transfer can occur for a system, so one must be careful not to neglect any heat transferred during the process. Conduction- In conduction, heat is transferred from one part of a body to another part of that same body, or between bodies that are in contact with each other without any appreciable displacement of the particles within the body. Conduction will begin with Fouriers Law, which allows for equations to be derived for steady state uniaxial heat transfer. Example: In some polymer process, such as injection moulding, blow moulding, cast films, extrusion coating, and rotational moulding. Convection- In convection, heat is transferred from one point to another through a moving fluid, most likely a gas or liquid, as a result of the mixing of different portions of the fluid. There are two sub-segments of convection, natural and forced. In natural convection, the motion of the fluid is the inherent result of the density gradient that results from the temperature differential. In forced convection, the motion of the fluid is the result of some mechanical work, such as a blow or pump moving the fluid across the material. Example: A real (viscous) fluid passing over a stationary geometry. Radiation- In radiation, Heat is transferred through radiation from one body to another by means of wave motions through space. Example: applications. Furnaces, combustion chambers, nuclear explosions and space
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ii. Significance of dimensionless groups Significance of dimensionless groupsDimensionless groups are nothing but dimensionless numbers used in convective heat transfer. Their significance is as follows; a. Reynolds Number (Re): Its ratio of inertia force to viscous force. It signifies relative predominance of inertia to viscous forces occurring in the flow. The higher value of Re, greater will be inertia effect. Its important criteria for forced convection. b. Prandtl Number (Pr): Its ratio of kinematic viscosity to thermal diffusivity. Measure of effective ness of momentum and energy transport by diffusion. Its connecting link between velocity and temperature field. c. Nusselt Number (Nu): Its ratio of convective to the conduction heat transfer. Convenient measure of convective heat transfer coefficient. d. Stanton Number (St): Its ratio of heat transfer coefficient to heat flow per unit temp. rise due to velocity of fluids. It can be used only in correlating forced convection data.
iii. Lumped heat capacity analysis Lumped heat capacity analysisThe process in which thermal resistance assumed to be negligible in comparison with its resistance is called Newtonian heating or cooling process. The temp. in this process is considered to be uniform at given time. Such an analysis is called Lumped parameter analysis because whole solid whose energy at any time is function of temp. and total heat capacity treated as one lump.
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Figure: General system for unsteady state heat conduction Let us consider the body as shown in figure; -h As (T-Ta) = V c dt/d Where, = density of material, kg/m3 V= volume of body, m3 c= specific heat of body, J/kg k h= Unit surface conductance, W/m2 C T= temp. of body at any time, C As= surface area of body, m2 Ta=ambient temp., C = time, seconds Rearranging and integrating equation (1); Temperature excess is given by = T Ta ------------------ (1)
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University of Mumbai Mechanical Engineering Sem-V (Rev) Winter 2010 = - h As/ V c Or In (T-Ta) = -( h As/ V c ) + C1 ------------------ (3) (10-WIN-MECH-V-REV-HMT) ----------------- (2)
Putting boundary conditions as; At 0, T=Ti (initial surface temp.) C1 = In (Ti-Ta) Hence substitute this value in equation (3) In (T-Ta) = -( h As/ V c ) Or (T-Ta) / (Ti-Ta) = = exp [-(h As/ V c ) ] ------------------(4) + In (Ti-Ta) --------------(from 3)
Hence, temperature distribution given by;
(T-Ta) / (Ti-Ta) =
= exp [-(h As/ V c )
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Figure: Transient temperature response
iv. Shape factor and its properties Shape factor and its propertiesShape factor: It may be defined as the fraction of radiative energy that is diffused from one surface element and strikes the other surface directly with no intervening reflections. It is denoted by F. It is also known as configuration factor or view factor or surface factor. Properties of shape factor: 1) The shape factor is purely function of geometric parameters only. When two bodies exchanging radiant energy with each other, then relation given by; A1 F1-2 = A2 F2-1
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This is Reciprocity theorem and useful when one of the shape factors is unity. 2) 3) 4) 5) The shape factor of convex surface with respect to the enclosure F1-2 is unity. The shape factor of surface with respect to itself is F1-1. For flat or convex surface, shape factor with respect to itself is zero.(i.e., F1-1 =0) If two surfaces A1 and A2 are parallel and large, then F1-2 = F2-1 =1
6) If one of two surfaces divided into sub areas Ai1, Ai2,Ain, Then Ai Fi-j = Ain Fin-j 7) From principle of conservation, shape factor relationship given by: F1-1 + F1-2 + F1-3 + ------- + F1-4 = 1 =
Figure: Shape factor for aligned parallel plates
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Rajendra Mane College of Engineering and Technology, AMBAV (Devrukh) - 415804

Heat and Mass Transfer

Prepared by: Prof. V.K.Dongare

Rajendra Mane College of Engineering and Technology, AMBAV (Devrukh) - 415804

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Rajendra Mane College of Engineering and Technology, AMBAV (Devrukh) - 415804

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Rajendra Mane College of Engineering and Technology, AMBAV (Devrukh) - 415804

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Rajendra Mane College of Engineering and Technology, AMBAV (Devrukh) - 415804

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Rajendra Mane College of Engineering and Technology, AMBAV (Devrukh) - 415804

Heat and Mass Transfer

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Prepared by: Prof. V.K.Dongare

Rajendra Mane College of Engineering and Technology, AMBAV (Devrukh) - 415804

Heat and Mass Transfer

Prepared by: Prof. V.K.Dongare

Rajendra Mane College of Engineering and Technology, AMBAV (Devrukh) - 415804

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Rajendra Mane College of Engineering and Technology, AMBAV (Devrukh) - 415804

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Prepared by: Prof. V.K.Dongare

Rajendra Mane College of Engineering and Technology, AMBAV (Devrukh) - 415804

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Prepared by: Prof. V.K.Dongare

Rajendra Mane College of Engineering and Technology, AMBAV (Devrukh) - 415804

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Prepared by: Prof. V.K.Dongare

Rajendra Mane College of Engineering and Technology, AMBAV (Devrukh) - 415804

Heat and Mass Transfer

Prepared by: Prof. V.K.Dongare

Rajendra Mane College of Engineering and Technology, AMBAV (Devrukh) - 415804

Heat and Mass Transfer

Rajendra Mane College of Engineering and Technology, AMBAV (Devrukh) - 415804

Heat and Mass Transfer

Prepared by: Prof. V.K.Dongare

Rajendra Mane College of Engineering and Technology, AMBAV (Devrukh) - 415804

Heat and Mass Transfer

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Prepared by: Prof. V.K.Dongare

Rajendra Mane College of Engineering and Technology, AMBAV (Devrukh) - 415804

Heat and Mass Transfer

Prepared by: Prof. V.K.Dongare

Rajendra Mane College of Engineering and Technology, AMBAV (Devrukh) - 415804

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Prepared by: Prof. V.K.Dongare

Rajendra Mane College of Engineering and Technology, AMBAV (Devrukh) - 415804

Heat and Mass Transfer

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