CORNELL

UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

FINE ARTS LIBRARY

DT 62.T6P44

Cornell University Library

Dendereh, 1898

3 1924 020 367 383

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book

is in

the Cornell University Library.

There are no known copyright

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text.

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DENDEREH.

ARCHED PASSAGE OF ADU

I.,

VI.

DYNASTY.

DENDEREH
1898
BY

W. M.

FLINDERS PETRIE,

D.C.L.,

LL.D., Ph.D.

KDWABDS PROFESSOR OF EGYPTOLOGY, UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON

VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE ROYAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE, LONDON

MEMBER OP THE IMPERIAL GERMAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE CORRESPONDING MEMBER SOCIETY OF ANTHROPOLOGY, BERLIN MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF NORTHERN ANTIQUARIES

With Chapters by
F.

Ll.

GRIFFITH,
and

M.A., F.S.A.,
F.Z.S.

Dr.

GLADSTONE,

F.R.S.,

OLDFIELD THOMAS,

SEVENTEENTH MEMOIE OP

THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND

FUBLISHEB BY OIWEB OF TEE COMMITTEE

LONDON
SOLD AT

The offices OF THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND,

AND AT
59,

37,

Gkeat Russell Street, W.C.

Charing Cross Road, W.C.

Temple Street, Boston, Mass., U.S.A.

CO., Paternoster House,
Co., 13,

AND BY
B.

KEGAN

PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER &

15, Piccadilly,

QUARITOH,

W.

ASHBR &

Bedeord Street, Covbni Garden, W.C.

EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND.

Iprc8iaeitt.

SIE

JOHN EVANS,

K.C.B.,

D.C.L.,

LL.D..

F.R.S.

IDlcesipreelOente.

Sir

Maunde-Thompson, K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D.

E.

The Rev. W.
(U.S.A.).

C.

Winslow,

D.D D.C.L

Lt.-Genbbal Sir Francis Grenfell, G.C.M.G.,

G.C.B.

The Hon. Chas.

L.

Hutchinson (U.S.A.).

Prof. G. Maspero, D.C.L. (Franco).

Tde Rev.

Prof. A. H. Satoe, M.A., LL.D.

Esq., L.H.D.,

Prof. Ad. Ebman, Ph.D. (Germany).

Charles Dudley Warner,

(U.S.A.).

LL.D.

Josiah Mullens, Esq. (Australia).

M. Charges Hkntsch

(Switzerland).

Ibon, ttreasurere.

H. A. Grueber, Esq., F.S.A.

F. C. Foster, Esq. (Boston, U.S.A.).

1bon. Seccetartee.
J.
S.

Cotton, Esq., M.A.

The Rev. W.

C.

Winslow, D.D., D.C.L.

(Boston, U.S.A.).

/Ifteinbers of

Committee.

T.

H. Baylis, Esq., M.A.,

Q.C.,

V.D.

Francis
Prof.

Miss M. Brodrick, Ph.D.

(for Boston).

Wm. W. M.

Percival, Esq., M.A., F.S.A.

Flinders Petrie, D.C.L., LL.D.

SoMERS Clarke,

Esq., F.S.A.

(for Chicago).

W. E. Crum, Esq., M.A. Arthur John Evans, Esq., M.A.,

P. Ll. Griffith, Esq.,

F. G.

Hilton Price,

Esq., F.S.A.
(for

F.S.A,

Mrs. Cornelius Stevenson, Sc.D.

sylvania).

Penn-

M.A., F.S.A.

Mrs. F. Ll. Griffith.

T.

Mrs. Tirard.

Farmer Hall, Esq. John Horniman, Esq., M.P.

The Rev. H.

G. Tomkins, M.A.

F. G.

Ken YON,

Esq., M.A., Litt.D.

Emanuel M. Underdown, Esq., Q.C. Sir Hermann Weber, M.D.

E.

Mrs. McClure.

Towry Whyte,

Esq., F.S.A.

The Ret. W. MaoGheqor, M.A.

A. S.

Major-Genbral

Sir

Charles

W.

Wilson,

Murray,

Esq., LL.D., F.S.A.

K.C.B., K.C.M.G., F.R.S.

Tub Marquis op Northampton.

CONTENTS.
SECT.

INTRODUCTION.
1

The

place and the workers

2. Description of the site

3. Problems to be studied

4.

Arrangement

of publication

CHAPTER
5.

I.

Tombs of the Old KmonoM

Group
of Suten'en'abu
6. Prince 7.

Mena
others
I.
.

Meru and

8. Prince

9. Prince
I

0. Prince
.

Adu Adu Adu

11,

III.

I I

Pepyseshem'nefer, Senna

CHAPTER
12. Classification of styles 13.

II.

Tombs of VIIth-XIth Dynasties.

CONTENTS.
PAGB
SECT.

PAGE

CHAPTER

VII.

51. PL VIII.
52. 53. 34
34
34
Pis. IX.,
PI.

Merra
X.

47

Bronzes, Glass, and Coixs

Sen-nezsu

48
49
.')1

XL

Beba, &c
Antefa, &c

39. Bronzes of XlXtli Dynastv

40. Later bronzes

54.

Pis.

XII.-XIV.

55. PL XV.

Khnumerdu

.51

Glass cylinders

42. Glass mosaics

56. Forms of hiei-oglyphs 57. Pis. XXIII. v., XXV.

tions

53
Later inscrip-

43. Finds of coins 44. Rate and waste

36 37

of coinage

......
B,

58.

Pis.

XXV.A,

XXVI.A,
.

B.
.

Demotic
.

inscriptions

54
56

CHAPTER
The
By

VIII.

59.

Pis.

XXXVIL,

A to

K.

Coffin of

Beb

Insceiptions.

F. LI. Griffith, M.A., F.S.A.

45. Character of the inscriptions 46. Beliefs about the dead 47. Formulae 48. Pis. I.-IV. Seten'en'abu and Mena 49. Pis. V.-VI. Adu, &c. 50. Pi. VII. Pepyseshem'nefer

40

....

40
41
4l>

60. Report on Animals. Thomas, F.Z.S 6L Report on Metals.

stone,

By By

Oldfield

59
Dr. Glad61

F.R.S

45

47

Description of Plates

63

INDEX

67

LIST OF PLATES.

PLATE

PLATE

Frontispiece.
I.

Brick arch of

Adu

1.

XVI.
XVII.

Pottery,

IVth-VIth Dynasties.

Mena,

false

door.

Pottery,

Vllth-XIth Dynasties. Xlth-XIIth Dynasties.

IT.

Suten'en'abu and

Mena

panels.

XVIII.

Pottery,

III.

Mena, inscribed

coffin.

XIX.

Pottery dishes of offerings.

Mirrors, alabaster vases, &c.
Statuettes, pottery, &c.

IV.

Mena,

list

of offerings.

XX.
XXI.
XXII.

V.
VI.

Adu

I.,

fresco painting.

Adu
A.diXL

I.

and

Ada

II.,

cornices and

Copper
&c.

models,

beads,

ivories,

slabs.

VII.

II.,

Senna, and Resa panels.

slabs.

XXIII.

Blue

glazed

pottery,

XVIIIth

VIII.

Merra, lintel inscription and

Sen"nezsu, false door.

Dynasty.

IX.

XXIV.

Bronze
Later

vases.

X.
XI.
XII.

Sen'nezsu, &c., slabs.

XXV.
slabs.

steles,

dog mummies, &c.

Beba and Hentsen, &c.,

Antefa,

XXVI.
XXVII.
XXVIII.
to

Ptolemaic amulets.

Antefaqer,

and

Mentu-

Plan of Dendereh cemetery.

Plans of mastabas.

liotep, slabs.

XIII.

Copies of inscriptions.

XIV.

Copies of inscriptions.

XXXV.
and other

XV.

Khnumerdu
copies.

inscription,

XXXVI.
XXXVII.

Plan of animal catacombs.

Inscribed coffin of

Beb

(part).

DENDEEEH.
INTB,ODUCTION.
1
.

Dendereh
and

is
;

to

most persons only the

popular
visited

name

of a temple

one of the largest, best

preserved,

most

examples

of

Egyptian

architecture,
tourist,

and

admired
every

by every
steamer.

a stopping-place of

ward as far as Hu. The first year our time was fully occupied at Dendereh itself, and the second year we extended our work along the desert to Hu. Our party was happily composed. I had the
advantage of the help of Mr. Arthur Mace,

The

large volumes in which Mariette

published the inscriptions, which had been un-

who was keenly

did.

interested in the work,

all

and

covered by his direction, might be thought to

most painstaking and thorough in

joined

that he

exhaust what was to be done for Dendereh.

Tn the latter half of our time

we were
to

But
is

beside the temple there was a town, which

by Mr. David Maclver, who came

yet untouched,

except by native diggers.

And
town,

the inhabitants of this town were buried

in a large

cemetery on the desert behind the

which
work.
dealers

had

never

been

touched

by
few

Egypt mainly for anthropometric work, but had been well fitted for archaeology by working with Mr. Alfred Maudslay on Central American remains, and by familiarity with continental
museums.
These gentlemen,

scientific

With

the usual reckless wastelast

who

wei"e

both

fulness,

were allowed in the

;

Oxford men, have continued their work in the

following year with good success.
also joined

years

to

try

plundering there

but happily
as

We

were

their ventures

were not
rifled

fruitful,

they re-

by Mr.

N".

de

Gr.

Davies, Avho

came

opened already

tombs, and did not search

mainly to practise on copying, and who did

several large pieces of such

for the external sculptures.

work with accuracy

time to clearing the
all

cemetery of a nome
in

capital,

as yet un-

beside

which he gave much

opened

modern

times,

was

therefore

cemetery of Ptolemaic times, and

labels,

the steles,
fr"om his

promising

site for historical study.

was known
possibility

to be ancient,

The town and there was the

and amulets
;

of that age

come

ground

while later on he excavated

many

of

of

its

proving to be prehistoric;
questions to be solved, and a
results.
I

the eastern-most inastabas.

My

wife was with

there were
fair

many

me
also

all

the

time,

helping in the

surveying,

prospect of

therefore applied,

cataloguing, and marking of the objects, and

on behalf of the Egypt Exploration Fund, for permission to excavate at Dendereh, and west-

drawing

all

the tomb plans here published.

And

at the last, Mr. Chas.

Rosher was on the

B

DENDEEEH.
ground a week
oi'

two before

1 left,

and con-

dark age through both in sculpture and pottery^

tinued work there afterwards for the American

and the value of

this present

work

is

essentially

Exploration Society, during which he found

the clearing up of a period which has been as yet practically unknown.

4.

some more tombs. The cemetery extends from the back of 2. the temple enclosure, up a gentle slope of desert
for about a third of a mile, to a

Some mention should be made

been
the
excellent

of the

form in which the present results are published.

It

boundary bank
xxvii.).
Its

has

custom
It

of

the

Avhich

encloses
is

it

(see

map,

pi.

Exploration
discovered

Fund
during

to publish every inscription

its

length

undefined, but covers about two-thirds

"Within that area of about a hundred
ai-e

work.

would be a

of a mile.
acres there

misfortune were this custom to be dropped, as

six or eight large mastabas of

may be

seen by the lack of information about

brick

still

standing as high mounds, eighteen or

discoveries

made by

the

other

nationalities
is

twenty large mastabas denuded down to the ground, about fifty small mastabas, and many
dozens of tomb-pits without remains of building

working in Egypt, from

issued

whom

the student

thankful to get some fragments of their results

from various sources some years

after

around

all

of the

IVth
is

to the

Xlth Dynasty.

discovery.

He who

gives quickly gives twice,

fully

Toward the west end

that

a Ptolemaic cemetery
;

and he who publishes

double.

and soon discovers

with hundreds of burials

and some others of

in
site,

Yet, Avith the best intention, the

Fund

age as secondary burials

the

older

was faced

with, a difficulty in the great quantity

mastabas.

And

all

over the

especially

of inscriptions

from Dendereh, of which most

;

near the back of the temple enclosure, are great

were formulae and repetitions

of material in

in fact, the sort

numbers of shallow graves of Roman age. Thus the main periods of activity at Dendereh
seem
age.
to

which has lain

for a generation past

museum magazines

undescribed and uncatalocality exactly

it

have been from the Vlth to the Xlth

prehistoric there

logued.

Coming from a
for

known,

Dynasty, and the Ptolemaic and early

Of the

is

Roman and forming nothing of much value

;

part of a long series,

was of

comparison

yet of interest

the flourishing 511th Dynasty scarcely a single

only to original students, and not to the public

in general.

tomb, and none of importance

three re-used tombs
:

of the brilliant

To spend

as

much

as

would have

XVIIlth and busy XlXth Dynasty only two or

;

issued the whole of this material in an edition

of
for
fifty

of the

XXVIth Dynasty

2000 copies would have crippled the Fund

further

two or three steles and of the prolific age of Christian and Coptic remains scarcely a trace. We had therefore here a good oppor3.
tunity of lighting one of the dark periods of

research

and,

as

probably not

people would ever want or use the whole

it

material,
so large

would have been mere waste

edition.

to issue

an

Egyptian history, the

jDeriod of ^vhich scarcely

is

The course which has

subscribers, all material
interest
;

therefore been followed

any remains were yet known, from the fall of the Vlth Dynasty to the rise of the Xllth. In this cemetery we have many noble buildings
of the age of the Pepys, a great mass of sculp-

to publish in the usual edition, issued to all

which can be of general

and to publish this in the best form,

with photographic plates freely used, so as to

ture leading on from that style until

we meet

show the important subject of

unquestionably.
issue

style fully

and
the

with the names of Antef and Mentuhotep, and

then not a single chip of working, nor a single

And

then to complete

of all the

minor material in a smaller

These additional plates
such as
ii.A,

name, of the
followed.

already
first

well-known
time

ages that
trace that

edition of 250 copies.

For the

we can

are all

marked by

letters,

vii.A,

INTEODUCTION.
xi.A,
xi.B,
is

xi.c,

&c.

Hence

it

is

clear
it

when
be to

examples of each
inferior

style,

when not mixed with

to

reference

made

in the text, Avhether

fragments.

And

the student

who

plates in the volume, or to additional plates.

desires to be exhaustive, every morsel of in-

Those who wish for the additional plates can have them on application at a small cost, just to
cover the expense of printing.

scription

is

accessible.

This course has saved

in cost, without

some two hundred pounds

is

it

And

they can
inter-

hoped

sacrificing
in

any of the usefulness of

present volume are

be had either separately, or

else

bound

the publication.

leaved with the plates of the volume, as desired.

The
tional

plates

the

14

To any ordinary reader

readily

the half will be greater

photographic, and 24 lithographic.

plates,
Avith

The addi-

than the whole, as comparison can be more

lettered

numbers, are 12

made between

the striking and

best

photographic, and 28 lithographic.

DENDEKEH.

CHAPTEE

I.

TOMBS OF THE OLD KINGDOM.

5.

The

earliest

tombs found

in the cemetery-

gravel, forming a block of about 65

28

feet.

form a small group, almost exactly behind the

temple, in the centre of the cemetery (see map,
pi.

There are two wells cut in the rock, which is of limestone, covered with ten to twenty feet of
coarse rolled gravel from the

xxvii.,

"Abu-suten," or more correctly to

Hammamat

valley.

be read as Suten*en'abu).
pi. xxviii., "

The arrangement

The larger well

the south side.

is

lined

by a brick wall down

of the group can be followed in the plan on

Neither of the chambers below

Dyn."

Group of mastabas of III. or IV. These tombs have, it will be observed,

later the

contained anything, except masses of bones of

cows from
Hathor.

late burials of the sacred cattle of

the old square wells leading to the sepulchre,

On

the east face of the mastaba

is

such as belong to the lYth Dynasty

small false door of brick at the north end, which

is

wells lengthen out north to south, to allow of

usually the wife's doorway

and a large

false

long sarcophagi being lowered

and

later

still,

door of stone at the south end, which was for

Suten"en-abu himself. The plan of the stonework

toward the Middle Kingdom, they are lengthened

Each mastaba has one or two panelled imitation doorways, commonly

from east to west.
called

"false

doors,"

on

the

east

face;

the

shown by line shading. It was plain, with finely worked surfaces, bearing some traces of outline drawing, showing that there was an
is

whole of these tomb plans are here drawn with

west side upwards. The well in each tomb leads

intention of sculpturing
at base of pi.
ii.

it.

For

this see

view

At

the back, filling the door

down
to

to a short passage turning southward

space,

was a figure of Suten'en'abu, and an

hand so as to reach the sepulchral chamber, which was placed behind the stone false door, where the offerings were made for In these, and all the plans here, the deceased.
left

elaborate carving of a
at the top of pi. face a wall has
it,
ii.

doorway below

it,

shown

Lastly, in front of the east

been built to enclose and protect

with a doorway in front, a doorway at each

the solid black

is

is

brickwork, the broken shade

end,

and a narrowing of the space, which formed

front

gravel

filling,

and the chambers and wells are

either the top one, that of

a small chamber just before the stone false door.

left

white.
earliest

The

doorway has been narrowed by a

is

The

tomb
the

is

block on the south side, which

a white space between
it

here

left

with

Suten'en'abu, or the right-hand one.

Probably

and the
of

earlier side.

Suten'en'abu

is

earliei",

as it

is

of a simpler

This system of building a front wall to enclose

the
eastern

type

the right-hand one having an enclosed

false

panelled face
all

the

mastaba

is

chamber before the stone

door, which

is

common
visitors

here on

scales.

Such a wall we
it

divided from the enclosure by a front wall.

Starting therefore with the mastaba of Suten"

usually termed the "fender," as

fended off

from approaching the tomb.

Only one

en"abu (top one on

pi. xxviii.),

we

see that it is

piece of pottery remained in this tomb, a large

ring- stand,

formed by massive brick

walls, filled in

with

ph

xvi. 1.

TOMBS OF THE OLD KINGDOM.

Looking now
(pi. ii.),

at this sculpture of Seten'en-abu

found;

both the front and the walls proving

we

see that it is

undoubtedly of very
figure

quite barren.

early style.

Hitherto

we have had no

The chamber below No. 470 contained two

the usual very thick ofFering-cups,

of

sculpture

of the
so

Memphis,

IVth Dynasty except from that the style of Upper Egypt is

the

early
14,

But here we see such resemblance to the earliest Memphite sculptures known that we can hardly date it to any other period. The
elaborately carved hieroglyphs, awkwardly sized and spaced, remind us of the panels of Hesy, or the tomb of Sokarkhabau. The elaboration of

unknown.

pi. xvi.

IVth Dynasty, 15, and a. small

the

as

at

known in Medum, see

The
before
;

vase, xvi. 29.

pit

327,

outside

small

mastaba

No. 470,

contained a contracted burial

it

and

from other burials since discovered,

likely that this

seems

was that
belongs.

of a low-caste servant

of the

man who was

it

buried in the small mas-

the false door pattern, with

Avork,
is

its

band

of diagonal

taba to which

The

smallest square

like the earliest

tombs in the Louvre.

is

mastaba, No. 472, belongs also to this age, as

The
like

stiffness

and clumsy pose of the figure

earliest

shown by the

pottery, pi. xvi. 15, 21, 26.

that

of the

mastabas

and the

Before leaving this group

a very interesting
in pi. xxi.,

we should
is

notice

general air of un-mannered largeness and boldness belong to the oldest works from Saqqara.
It
is

bowl which
as " III.

photographed
It lay

marked

Dyn."

on

therefore
to

akin

to

the work generally

the ground between the middle mastaba and

attributed

the

Ilird Dynasty (or even to

to

No. 470, a narrow space only two feet wide,

the

Ilnd Dynasty by some) rather than

which was
or two

filled

with clean, blown sand.

filled

Such

the age of Khufu.

the art of

This precious example of

is

a space must have been

of

Upper Egypt
this

now

in the British

the
it

up within a year building, by the sand-laden

as old to the
It is

Museum. Next after

winds

and

appeared never to have been

mastaba there seems

to

have

been built the northern one, to the right hand, Next, joining on to the end of the fender wall.
the one in front of Suten'en'abu, below
plan,
it

Hence this bowl is certainly as the mastabas, which seem to belong end of the IlIrd or early IVth Dynasty.
disturbed.

on the

much
in a

like the pieces

found by M. de Morgan

which was

shifted to one side, in order to

it

mastaba of the same age {Recherches sur

i.,

leave a passage-way between

and the previous

les Orif/iiies,

pi. xi.).

It differs entirely
is

from

mastaba.

Next, the smaller mastaba southward,

usual Egyptian pottery, and

tated from basket-work.

evidently imi-

hand (No. 470), the face of which is A flight of steps in line with that last named. leads down before it to a small chamber under
to the left
it

Its source is

probably

Libyan, being akin to the prehistoric black

incised pottery,

and

also to the incised bowls

but this

may more

probably belong to an

of the invaders of the

Xllth Dynasty.

older tomb,

over which No.

470 was

built.
;

6.
of

Then No. 327 was

built in front of this

and

The next important tomb is the mastaba Prince Mena, nearly a quarter of a mile
pi. xxvii.
;

probably No. 472 was about the same age. The northern mastaba contained no sculpture,
althouo-h
it is

west of Suten'en'abu (see map,

pi. xxviii.).

plan,

This

is

far

more elaborate

in plan
;

in

good condition, and

is

still

than the earlier mastabas just described

and

preserved some six feet high at the chamber. Only a slab, with a hoUoAv for offerings, was in
the chamber.

we
as

learn from the inscriptions that

it is

as late

Pepy

II.

The stone
is

false

door

is

here in a

The

surfaces are all well finished,

chamber, which

entered from the east front.

with

fine

smooth plastering.
before

In the middle

The large stone

in the

stele

was found

fallen

forward

mastaba,

Suten-cn-abu,

nothing

was

chamber from

its

niche in the brickwork.

DENDBEEH.
It is
pi.
i.

kept in Cairo, and photographed here

in

30 to 34 inches high.
of steps led

From

this court a flight

Down

each side Avas a narrow band of

ii.A,

up

to the I'oof of the mastaba, of

inscription, one given here at the base of pi.

Avhich ten

still

remained, and a continuation of

and over the large

roller,

stele

was a round drnm or

of pi.
false
ii.

the space Avhich would have held sixteen moi'e

steps
;

shown at the top front had twelve small

of that, fenced

The eastern
it

as eight steps

I'ise

58 inches, the tAventyThis suggests

doors along

six steps Avould rise

188 inches.

three south of the chamber door, and nine north

that the mastaba Avas about 16 feet high,

which

by a fender

Avail in front,

thus

seems very suitable to

Avidth of 52 feet.

its

length of 83 feet and

of the mastaba Avas

forming a corridor.

Each

of these false doors

it,

The bulk
Av^alls,

had a shown

roller or

drum over

two of which are

ii.A,

divided by cross

and

filled in Avith gravel.

in the middle of pi.

with the

in-

scription " Prince Mena."

And

over each

drum

The northern courtyard Avas also entirely filled with clean gravel, and seems therefore to have
been intentionally
filled

was a large panel

of sculptured stone in each

up, and

not merely

doorAvay with a figure of

Mena
pi.

of these five
ii.,

choked with debris

like the corridor.

were recovered, three given in

pi. ii.A.

and two in

Two

wells,

with their length from north to

These stones had

all fallen

down Avhen

south, descended to

two chambers on the south

here
called

the brickwork had

lying face
corridor.

decayed, and were found

of them.

One

is

the

"

Avell

of

down Above

in the dust Avhich filled the

all

offerings," as several large jars

it,

were found in
is

these twelve false doors the

of

but no sign of burial.

The other

mastaba had a stone cornice, the blocks

Avhich

" sepulchre," as a short passage led to a

marked chamber
were
all

had

likoAvise

fallen

into

the corridor.
is

lined with stone slabs,

which might rather be

The inscription on these blocks

arranged by Mr.
pi.
ii.A.

shown,

re-

called a built sarcophagus.

The
iii.

sides

Griffith, in the

upper half of
there

painted, and are copied on pi.

by Mr. Davies,

Beside

these

sculptures

was
and

who

spent some weeks mainly in recovering the

found in the corridor a slab of a

Avife

man

Avith his

design from the remaining traces, perished by efflorescence.

end, of the

much having
slabs,

Nebt-atef,

with incised

inscription,

The north, or entrance

pi. iii.),

therefore not from a portal panel.

this

Probably
Avas let
Av^as

chamber was closed by two

showed Mena with

the wall.

his wife,

and

painted as doors (top right hand,

the sacred eyes, one on each side. the
titles

with
are

into

Also in the corridor

an

Around

effaced inscription, reading both ways from a

of

Mena, who was director of the

I.)

middle
drums,

line,

probably from the inscription over

temples of the pyramids of Meryra (Pepy

the entrance door, shoAvn next below the small

pi.
ii.A.

and of Merenra.
of a

Along each

side is a painting
list

Another block from a

long-

doorway highly decorated, a

;

of offerings,

incised inscription (shoAvn at the left base of

pi.
ii.A.)

and draAvings of offerings

perished.

and

at

the south

Avas

found outside the north end of

end are other drawings of

offerings,

mostly
is

Mena's mastaba, and

or to Meru.
Avork.

may

belong either to that

The long

list

of 8

17 offerings

This completes the external stone-

repeated on a larger scale in

the stones Avere too

pi. iv.

Most of

much

scaled and injured to

Of the form of
feature
is

the

mastaba,

an

unusual

be Avorth removal

but the two door slabs were

the open court at the

north right

brought away, and are noAv at Chicago.

the small copper objects found here,

For

hand

end, the walls

1

of which have a slope of

see the

about

in 5.

It Avas entered

from a Avestern

account of the tomb of Meru,

sect. 7.

arched door, and had a bench running along the

north and east
sides,

23 to 24 inches Avide and

The access provided to the top by a staircase is curious. Similar

of the mastaba
access remains

TOMBS OF THE OLD KINGDOM.

in

the other large mastabas of Adu I. and Merra, and probably in that of Adu III. On
of the i-ounded weathered
thei-e

piece of jointed wire, were found just outside

the N.E. corner of the sarcophagus of Mena,

the top

mound
the

of
it,

under a pan inverted on the sand.

Scattered

Adu
many
last

I.

were,
of

when

first

went up
of

with the tools of Meru were glazed beads, white

pieces
;

offering

vessels

Old

(decomposed green?), and brown-black, imitating

flies
;

Kingdom

these had been left there since the

these,

with the >end piece of a

collar, are

offerings

were made over

five

thousand

strung together in this group,

pi. xxii.

years ago, disregarded

to be

by man, and too heavy

Immediately

in

front

of

Meru
pi. vii.

is

another

removed by wind and weather. It seems then that offerings were made on the tops of
mastabas, like the custom at Memphis in the

mastaba of Zauta-Resa, from which some tablets

and door drums are shown in

inscription

His wife's

(which continued on a weathered

wife,

same
there.

age.

Perhaps there was access to the

chip)

was "his

his

beloved,

the royal

Avell of offerings to

renew the food and drink

this access to the top

relative, priestess of

Hathor Lady of Dendereh,

of the

Yet any way,

unchecked
filling

was

Mer-rta."

The form

mastaba

is

evidently

not

left

later on,

but was definitely

gravel,

a copy of that of Meru.

closed

by

up the courtyard with

the
solid

At

the north of Zauta-Resa another mastaba

it,

and
7.

so

completing

block

of

the

joined

also of a Zauta.
left.

This was found by

mas tab a.
Adjoining the mastaba of

Mr. Rosher after I

All of these mastabas

Mena on
less

the

are

denuded

to only about a foot high,

and are
here

north was a slightly smaller and

elaborate

covered with sand.

letters to

In general I use

mastaba of Meru.

The name was only found

distinguish

between persons of the

is

by occurring on a roller drum from a doorway. The plan is in externals much the same as that of Mena, with nine doorways north of the entrance, and probably three to the south.

same name when

their order

uncertain

but

when

the

relative

order

is

known, Roman
TV.

numerals are used, as

Adu

I
is

II., III.,

In front of Zauta-Resa

a group of three

The

principal interest Avas the group of funeral

joined mastabas, only one of which has a name,

models in copper, and the beads, found lying on

the floor of the sepulchre (see
pi. xxii.),

Zauta (B)
is

see base of pi. xxviii.

as

The mastaba
;

together
are,

of the

same type

Zauta-Resa

only a
;

with a vase
apparently,

(xvi.

31).

These
for

models
the

mirror was found

a
little

in the

tomb

(pi.

xx. 3)
it

but
the

the
;

implements
altar
it,

funeral

tomb has been

built into

later,

ceremonies

the Iwtep

on a framework,
a hoe, and an axe,

smaller well behind

the

chamber being only

it,

four vases to stand upon

20 inches deep, with brickwork doming over

and a large fan-shaped cutting-tool at the top The head of the body had been of the group. to the north, but only the legs and a few
vertebrae remained.
too-ether in the
like xvi. 31
;

and a
behind
it
is

little
it.

false

door niche being built just

a scarab found in this tomb

From

probably of the Xllth Dynasty.

is

To

the

The

hotep and vases were

north of this mastaba

of an unfinished tomb.

part of the foundation

N.E. corner, with a small jar

The

bases of the walls

at the
;

N.W. was

a large jar of the

are laid out, but

it

has never been completed,

type xvi. 30
the knees
;

the small jar xvi. 31 was near

;

as the long sloping trench cut in the rock to

the axe on the shins

and the hoe

contain the built passage had no biickwork in

it,

and fan cutter together at the feet. As the body had been plundered, this may not have
been
the
original
distribution.

but only rubbish.

This trench

is

shown

in

outline

on the plan, sloping down from the

built across to convert the south

similar

north to about fifteen feet deep at the south.

cutting-tool, axe,

and hoe, together with a long

A wall was

it,

DENDEREH.
end into a well leading to the chambei', which
opens
the great stela.

Across the chamber

lies

a large

from
;

the

south

end.

This

was

all

flooring slab, Avith a little

for offerings,

tank sunk in the floor

it.

plundered

but a small side chamber on the

on the north of

Above

this

west of the ti'ench (dotted in the plan) contained an untouched burial of a

the

slab stood the stele in a recess,

it

but unhappily

woman, with

had

all

been broken up for stone, probably in

group of stone vases and mirror photoat the top of pi. xxi.,
left

Roman
shoAv

times,

and only a fragment served to

graphed

marked VI. Dyn.

a carved shell of

what

fine

work

it

had been.
this,

Another
offerings.

At

the upper

hand

is

chamber opens out west of

shallow well,

containing a
for

translucent diorite,

an alabaster vase in the

right.

40 inches

deep,

middle,

and a porphyry vase on the

diorite
shell
is

Beyond

this

a block of brickwork had been

Below the
diorite, a

small

bowl

of

built in, closing the connection

with

tAvo other

copper mirror in the middle, and a

right.

chambers.
in

The further chamber, the S.W. one

mastaba, had, however,

hard limestone cup with spout on the

the

whole

been

At
is

the base are five small vases of alabaster

and hard limestone.

"

compared with others on

The form of the mirror pi. xx,, marked

by a stairway from the roof. In this chamber, or court, was a pit, 127 X 39 inches this opened into a chamber on the east of it,
accessible

Group xxi. 2." These vases being well dated to the Vlth Dynasty, serve as fixed points for
comparing
traces of
others.
is

Avhich contained a
coffin.

sunk recess in the

floor for a

Here

Avere

found the top and base of a

;

fine head-rest of diorite

also the limestone slab,

Another early tomb

mastaba
poles

a square pit with out by the telegraph

pi. xxviii.,

Avith

two model cups of obsidian, and the neck

Avails, far

of a

model vase

of alabaster,

the plan
524.

is

given on
this

marked
large

Such

slabs Avith

shown on pi. xxi. 3. model vases and implements

is

Tomb
left of

From

pit

come

the

are already knoAvn in collections, but have not

and an alabaster vase to the The burial was normal, at full length it. head north the mirror by the head, the vase
mirror in
pi. xx.,
;

yet been dated, as this one

to the close of the

at the feet.

8.

The mastaba

of

Adu

I. is

the largest and

Vlth Dynasty. The mass of the mastaba is formed of chambers, connected by narrow doorways for convenience during building, but all fiUed up with gravel
filling to

most

elaborate in the cemetery.

;

The plan and

the entrance

form a

solid mass.

stairway led up

section are given on pi. xxix.

to the top of this, as

side of the tunnel
;

door in

pi.

ii.

the view of the entrance passage

;

steps from the and from the top other steps

shown by

in frontispiece

the fresco on

pi. v.

the cornice

led doAvn to the court at the S.W.,

which con-

and a slab in
of

pi. vi.

The form

differs

from that

tained a subsidiary burial of a relative or chief

Mena and

others in having a long sloping

man

of

Adu.

Apparently a narroAV passage had

tunnel of entrance from the north, copied from

the early mastaba and pyramid type.

existed on each side of the tunnel, since filled

The

east

face has four portals south of the entrance,

and
is

up with brickwork, the joints being shoAvn here by Avhite lines left in the black mass. This
narroAV passage on the east had led into a long construction chamber ; on the west it had led
to tAvo small construction chambers, one of Avhich

nine to the north.

fresco of

In the

first

chamber
;

Adu

and his family fishing

he

from

this

Ave learn that

Avas director of the

I.

pyramid

temples of Pepy

and Pepy
this

II.

Tavo other

had a

pit in the floor

this pit.

nothing, however, Avas

chambers connect with

hotep,

on the north, but

the chamber of

found in

contained nothing, except the tablet of Sekhetpi. vi.

We

noAV turn to the sepulchre.

The appearis

On

the south

is

ance of the mouth of the arched tunnel

shoAvn

TOMBS OF THE OLD KINGDOM.

at the foot of pi.
ii.,

still

partly crossed by the

had been forced through the foundation of the

mastaba.

outer wall of the mastaba.

at

This tunnel beo-ins the foot of the steps (see pi. xxix.) in a sloping face and the outer wall and filhng of
;

The chamber

is

drawn

in the section
is its

roughly^ curved in the upper part, as that

present condition.
mai'l

The very coarse gravels and

sides

cross passage

were

solid across

it.

Inside the
it

which formed the roof and

have

tunnel was another cross wall, just before

entirely caved

down, and forced most of the

opened into the

pit,

and the whole tunnel was

lining forward, so that the

chamber was
all

filled

fdled with earth and hundreds of offering jars,

with debris.
lining,

We

extracted
slabs,

the sculptured

shown on
slope
in
it

pi. xvi. 8. The tunnel was boldly arched with four rings of brickwork, laid on the

about 200

and handed them over

;

to the Cairo

Museum
the
it,

to be reconstituted
is

the the

the greater part, and turning level

joins the pit.
pit is

continuity
inscription
9.

of

whole

shown

by

where

The appearance
as
it

of

it

around

in pi. v.a.
this
is

from the
is

shown

in the frontispiece,

which

Next beyond
This
;

another mastaba,

from a fully-measured sketch,

was im-

nearly as large, and apparently later in develop-

possible to photograph in so

narrow a space.

ment.
pi.

is

of

Adu
;

II.

The plan

is

on

This

is

the oldest arching yet dated, and shows

xxix.

the cornice and some slabs of inpi. vi.

that in brickwork the Egyptian would freely

sci-iption

on
;

the statue and two steles

pi.

and boldly use arching

already

in early times, as

we

on
6,

pi. vii.
7,

and the pottery on

xvi. 2, 4, 5,

know that he did in the Xllth and and XlXth Dynasties. From the pit the tunnel goes on in the same line downward through
the marl, which underlies the gravel, until
it

19,

20, 23, 24.

The changes from the

relatives,

pi'evious plan are

mainly in providing a large

open court at the south end for the

in

making the tunnel much steeper

so as to get

reaches the subterranean chamber.

side

small

to the full

depth before reaching the well, and

chamber, on each side

of

the passage,

simplifying the internal construction

by not

contained broken pottery.

making any brick

be seen.
slabs,

walls except

where needed to

The

sepulchral chamber was cruciform, lined

around with sculptured

roughly carved

The
in
all,

front has twelve false doors to the south

with offerings, and a long band of hieroglyphs,

of the entrance,

and eighteen

to the north, thirty

shown

in pi. v.a.

In the long stem of the cross

lid

the floor was formed by the massive

of the

in the

the greatest number on any tomb found cemetery. The entrance on the east was
passage, leading
to

sunken sarcophagus.
turbed in
the north
its

This was found undis-

by a narrow
a niche,

a chamber,
stela in

place

and on clearing down

to

which seems to have contained a large

end of the sarcophagus

the

only

now empty

and a smaller niche of

face,

was found complete. It seemed as if the burial must yet remain unWe eagerly broke the lid, and looked touched.
accessible part
in,

that

brickwork to the north end of the

Avas doubtless for the wife.

which

We

see

from the
the second

two
that

tablets found in this

chamber
;

(in pi. vii.)

only to find that some plunderer,

who knew

Adu

II.

had a wife named Ana

the exact plan of the place, had tunnelled from the outside straight to the sarcophagus, and had

well in the plan was

therefore for the wife,

it

and

in the chamber below skull of high class.

we found a female
was similar to

broken into

it

through

its

side

under the

floor,

and extracted everything from it. I got into the hole, now under water, and felt over everybrickbats and large thino- in the sarcophagus
;

The entrance
that of
so that

to the sepulchre

Adu
it is

I.

but the tunnel

is

much

steeper,
it is

only by notches on the floor that

flints

showed only too plainly that the entrance

can be descended without slipping.

The roof

10

DENDEEEff.

of brick arches, laid on a

much

flatter bed.

In

stairway.

In this Avas a box cofiin, body

full

the lower part

it

was very

difficult to distinguish

length, head north, normal,

hands

at sides,

and

the brickwork, as the ground was so

damp

that

by the head a red

head of the

boAvl, as xvi. 4.

Outside the

the pressure of the well and tunnel had united

the bricks into a soft brown earth, similar to
that which
well,
filled

coffin Avas

a jar, as xvi. 20.

On
It

the body was a small ivory button near the

throat, apparently the fastening of a cloak.

the

passages.

Passing the
This was

the

chamber was

reached.
I.
;

was engraved with a figure of a man, almost

reduced to a geometrical pattern
buttons for comparison, as
Avhole
class
;

cruciform, like that of

Adu

the walls lined

it

Avill

be

with brick, and brick doming had formed the

roof of the side recesses.
fallen in,

published afterwards in connection with other

it

Nearly

all

of this
it,

had
biit

serves to date a

with

much

of the gravel above

of

such things.
;

The other
vase,
fig.

pits

we removed

the debris and cleared the floor,

were mostly plundered

jars, see xvi.

one contained three

23,

without, however, finding any trace of a sar-

19,

and one small

cophagus or of the burial.

found the seated
pi. vii.
1.

In the well was

Avith

the legs

of a

female, judging

by

their
vase,

figure

of

Adu, shown

in

slightness;
ficr.

head north.
the
floor

Another small
the
court,

Portions of the cornice inscription

fallen below,
slabs,

24,

was
of

in one of these tombs.

On

the

from the east front were found

centre

of

probably

and are sho^vn in

pi. vi.

Also three
titles

and

throAvn out of a tomb, were the

two vases and

knife shoAvn
led

one comer-piece inscribed with

of Adu,

the censer, xvi.

in
pi.

5, 6, 7,

with a

flint

which are probably from an inscription of the

doorway.

XX.

The northern stairway

several jars
;

to

chamber
burials

Avith

and bowls of the

The minor
unusual.
pit,
is

about the mastaba are

is

same type
a fcAV

as before

only a leg of an ox, and

left.

Just before the east face

a long

human

bones, were

leading to a chamber under the wall, which

marked with shading in the solid black. pit was untouched, and had a brick
closing the entrance to the chamber.

This
filling

To the north mastabas. One

(pi.
it

of

Adu

II.

were two other

small

one,

marked

Detiat

XXX.), should read Degat; fragments from

vi.
:

In the

are given at base of pi.

and the drum

chamber was a
coating
length,

coffin,

72 x 25 inches, plain box

Avith

name

is

repeated in the group of various

form, with traces of inscription on the white

;

small blocks,

pi. vii. a.

The larger mastaba was

inside

it
:

a female

skeleton at

full

partly traced, the rest having been destroyed

it

head north

under the head a stone

belonged to Merru.

block head-rest.

Outside the feet of the coffin

for the entrance

The trench in the rock had been emptied, and re-used

were two wooden statuettes, nearly consumed by white ants, and some small blue glazed
beads Avith them.

for late Ptolemaic or

Roman

burials.

large

sandstone

coffin,

lying on the stairAvay, had a

Along the

east side of the

rudely painted red inscription with blundered

address to " the great god lord of Abydos,
Osiris
.
. .

chamber
and a

Avere four large jars, see pi. xvi. 20

pile of four

bowls standing on two bricks,

little

prince

of

gods

in

the

midst,

Osiris

see xvi. 4.

Two

pots were at the side

P-ast urt.

..."
series of

of the cofiin, see xvi. 2.

10.
it

The

At

the end of the stele chamber

is

will be

with another behind

Adu mastabas continues Adu II., which is probably

;

seen that there

a brick blocking, which closed

Ada

a doorway leading to the south court.

In this

III., shoAvn in plan and section on pi. xxx. Here further development has taken place the
is

court were nine separate

Avas

burials.

Only one

tunnel

as steep as in

Adu II., but the difficulty

untouched, that reached by the southern

due to the sliding thrust of the roof at so steep

TOMBS OP THE OLD KINGDOM.

an angle
is

11

and
floor

so forming a vaulted
for
is

met by making the roof horizontal, chamber with sloping a tunnel. The courtyard for minor
given up, but such burials are thrust

porphyry, the other of alabaster.

are

Both of these
of

now

in the Cairo ^luseum, one kept in the

division,

the

other

appropriated out

our

burials

share.

The other

pits contained nothing.

into the mastaba mass at irregular points.

This family
the tomb of

The east face is covered with portals, divided by the entrance into nine to the south and thirteen to the north. The chamber has a
niche for the great
stele,

may perhaps Adu IV., which

is

be completed by
lay to the west of

Adu
it
is

III.

The plan

at the

end of

pi.

xxxv.
dates

and the only fragment of inscription

wMch

now

entirely lost,

and

from a door
;

lintel, at

the upper part of

another niche near the south end, with a low

altar built in
it

pi. xiii.

this

was found in the long chamber.

for offei'ings.

Some fragments
the
east
face,

This tomb has jorobably been gi'eatly altered,

the two wells lying with length E. to AV. seem

of

cornice

were found from

inferior in

work
;

to those of the predecessors

bit of a stele (pi. xiii.)

almost to be of the Xllth Dynasty, and Ave

(top, pi. xiii.)

and one

cannot certainly date the square well and the

other wells to the
Avest.

gives the

name Adu,

as the second, or nefer,

In the southern of the

name

of the owner.

long wells was a burial of the

AAdth the fine stele of

XXVth
pi.

Dynasty,

The entrance to the sepulchre was with a slight slope downward at first, passing by a stairway ascending on the west omitted by accident in the plan, pi. xxx. Then entering into the tunnel chamber by a low door, it went

Mutardus, the singer of

xxv.

the temple of Hathor, shown in

11.

down a rough stairway, while the roof remained level over it, until the chamber was nearly
fifteen
feet

The only other important mastaba of the Vlth Dynasty is that of Pepy-seshem-snefer, surnamed Senna. The plan is on pi. xxx. the steles and cornice on vii. and vii.A the pottery on xvi., figs. 33 to 37. The form is usual,
;
;

high

at

the

south

end,

where

except that the entrance

is

is
is

in the middle, Avhich

another low door led to the well.

slight
this

Thence a
sepulchre

rare,

and thus there

an equal number of

descent further led

to

the

was

so greatly fallen in, that little of the

original form

could be traced.

There was a
;

wide passage, nearly as wide as the well then and then a turn a narrowing on the west
;

eight on each side of the entrance. The perfect condition of the slabs of sculpture (vii., vii.A) is due to their never having been built into the portals, for which they were
portals

intended

these

square slabs were

all

found
Avail of

westAvard,

which

had

apparently
so

been

the

standing on edge, stacked against the

the chamber.
is

chamber.

The

floor

was piled

deep with

Beside these uniform panels there

(vii.)
;

fallen gravels, that it could not with certainty

a piece of a relief panel

part of an
is lost,

be found under the Avater which covered it. The minor buinals were in the S.W. part of

incised stele,
Avith
(vii.,

showing a

man whose name

another
xiii.);
;

named Pepy-mennu-nefer Senbat

(?)

tomb was a stairway of rouo-h steps leading to a small chamber in At the head of the stairway was a the o-ravel.
the mastaba.

The

largest

a panel of a Avoman, Sentefsa

(vii.A)

and a large quantity of the

cornice,

rather carefully but feebly sculptured (a^I.a).

pit for burial, apparently separate, with a wall

Other tombs Avhich probably belong to the

between

it

and the

stairs.

The square
feet

pit

most
it

Vlth Dynasty should be noticed

is

here.
I.,

Zauta A.

to the east

was about seven

deep

in

was

a large mastaba Avest of

Adu
(pi.

and perhaps
is

o-reat

quantity of pottery broken up, mostly

;

as early as that.
to trace, as
sills
it is

The plan

xxx.)

difiicult

and with these much bowls, such as in xvi. 3 one of linen cloth, and two large stone vases,

denuded aAvay

to beloAv the
is

of the doorways, and even no foundation

12

DENDEEEH.
some
parts.
It

left in

seems to have had long

;

On

the other side of

pi.

Adu
xxx.

I.

are traces of

chambers on the
taining

east

three shallow wells conoffering

mastabas, see No, 784,

The trench

is

some
;

broken
a

bowls,

as

in

a large sloping cutting, like those for the great

Adu

III.

and

sloping

rock-cut

passage

mastabas
as if a

and a thick wall on the east looks

leading to

a small rounded

chamber.

Just

mastaba had been begun.

is

But over the

inside the entrance, in the

N.-W.
red
this

corner, were

chamber
Avhich

a tiny mastaba with two false doors,

as
if

stacked

twelve

pans

of

potter}^
age,
thin,

more
and

looks

the

tomb had been thus

brown-red than usual in

highly burnished (xvi. 10),

finished prematurely.

13

CHAPTER
THE UNDATED TOMBS OF
12.

II.

VIIth-XIth

DYNASTIES.

Hitherto

we have been
of the

follo-\ving

the

There are four guides in classifying the mass

of material from Dendereh:
1st,

guidance of the absolutely dated inscriptions

the style of
;

naming the kings

linked

Vlth Dynasty, and

position

sculpture

2nd, the form of the

tomb

3rd, the

only noting other tombs

when their them with those already dated.

position of the

tomb

4th, the contents of the

tomb.

These are here placed in their relative

not the order of value

Now we

enter on the difficult subject of this

value for practical use, in the present state of

the material, though

chapter, the dark age between the

Xllth Dynasty.
dwell too

And

if

in

Vlth and the this we seem to

it is

were the information complete in every direction.

much on

small matters,

because

We

have already noticed

two

styles

we have only
to help

small matters of style and sequence

of mastabas,

and we begin here with

will

these,
styles.

us through this period, and therefore

as

and

then go through the succeeding

they

become
is

valuable

as
ages.

more

decisive

Each
detail.

group

afterward

be

noticed

in

evidence

in better

known

Dyii.

Class.

Style of

Work.

Form

of

Tomb.
pit.

Names.

III. -IV.

A
B
I

Severe.

Mastaba, square

Suten'en'abu.

VI.
VII.-

Good, early.

^lastaba, N.-S. pit or tunnel.

(

Mena, Adu, Zauta, Senna.

Hotepsa,

Una,

Beba,

Uhaa,

VIII
LX.-X.?

Corrupt Vllh Dyn.

Mastaba, N.-S.

pit.

Ptahmera, Shensetha, Merra,

Beb, Sennezsu.
Merer,

D
^ (

Crowded mscnptions.
Widespread,
coarse

Mastaba.,

small or absent,

Shensetha,

Kathena,

I ^__^_p.^^^_^^^^,^^^^^^^^^^_
f
(

Beba, Nekhtu.

Beba, Antef,
aqer,

Antefa,

Antef-

Larger

mastabas,

trench
j

Mera,

Sebeknekhta,

inscriptions.

passage resumed.

V
(

Mentuhotep.

Demza, Nemy, Nubheq, Sentekha, Sentekhneba, Hotepa,

XI.

F
C

Rude and
Laboured

simple.

No
')

mastabas, E,-W.

pits.

V
Avork.
f

Henna, Sebekhotepa.
Bauhotepa, Beba, Hat-hotep,
Nefertkau, Menhotepa.

XL?
XL

Simple inscriptions,

r
-^

No

mastabas, E.-W.

pits.

(
C

^ Puffy faces.

H If Finer

Double

lines.

Lai'ge mastabas, or
pits.

E.-W.
-j

Hennu, Bet, Beba, Redukau,

Antef,
hotep,

Antefaqer,

Mentu-

work.

Khnumerdu.

14

DENDEEEH.
It
is

unsatisfactory to have; class E, with such

as

parative dearth of inscriptions in

tlie

Vllth to

names
the

Antef and Mentuhotep, separated by

class

Xth Dynasties
scarcity of

is

not unlikely, in view of the

F and G from
happier
if

H, in which the names of

again.
It

any records of that age.

Xlth Dynasty rule

would be

far

13.

Class C.
Toiiibs.

Vlth-VIIIth

(?)

Dynasties.

could be placed between

and H.

Minor

But
so

there are such difficulties in style that I

HoTEPSA.

This panel

(pi. x.) is
it

so closely in

hesitate to do so.

The

classes F, G,

and H, are
place

the style of Senna, that

age, or

must be
It

of the

same

homogeneous, and so clearly lead into each

to

very shortly

after.

was found in a
is

other, that it seems impossible

such

N.-S. pit, 511.

UiSrA.

tombs of
tablet of

class

as x^ntefa, Antefaqer,

and the

This fragment of cornice (xi.c)

like

Antef and Ay, between F and

classes

H
It

that of the next tomb.

while, on the other hand, those three

closely connected with

tombs are

Four Name Mastaba,

abu-suten,

770.

Shensetha, Enxxx.).
pis.
;

C and D.

Beba,

Imhotepa
are
;

(pi.

The
xi.A.,

seems, therefore, that

lowest degradation of

we must grant that the the Old Kingdom style

;

carvings

of this

given on

xi.,

Beba and Hentsen

hotepa
;

xi.A,

Abu-suten

xiii.,

Im-

was not reached until the names of the Xlth

and

other fragments of cornice, a piece

Dynasty had
of

faiiiy started

and that the

If

re-

of inscription,

and a piece of panel naming

,

vival in style did not take place until the rise

Sebekem
pi. xiii.,

all

from

this

tomb, are
style

on
is

power

in the

Xlth Dynasty.
first

we then

below Imhotepa.
little

The general
;

assign classes E, F, to the

century of the

good, but a

laboured

it

is

larger and

Xlth Dynasty, when the names Antef and Mentuhotep were known, but no revival had yet arisen class G to the rise of power and imity under the Xlth Dynasty and class H to the flourishing age of refined work under Antef V. and Sankhkara, we seem to obtain the most satisfactory arrangement. The com;
;

bolder than Senna, and can hardly be placed

as late as the

end of the Vlth Dynasty.

Per-

haps later

is

a fragment with the names of

Beb and Ankhsen (xiv., top), also from this tomb No. 770. As a guide we may note
here the various styles of cornices,
order of connection.
in

their

Class.

Plate.

Mena.

Fine work

border
fine

lines,

ii.A.

B B B
C C c c

Adul.

Nearly as
Smaller

no border,
no border,
no border,
border
lines, lines,

vi.
vi.

Adu

II.

Senna.

Much

smaller

vii.A.

Ptahmeru A.
Shensetha P.
Merra.
Sennezsu.

Small, wiry

X.A.
xi.A.
viii.c.

Larger, clumsy

border

Larger

still,

clumsier
;

wide borders,

"Wider and clumsier signs

wide borders.
borders.

X.A.
xi.c.

E E E

Mera.
Antefa.
Coarsest, widest,

and clumsiest

xi.c.

Mentuhotep.

(by Beba)

X.A.

This appears to be a sound series

following

increasing until the worst work, Mera,

largest in size.

is

the

a deterioration in size do^vn to Senna, and then

as style

became poorer the

size of the

signs

of border lines, of

The good width, and absence Beba and Hentsen seem to

THE UNDATED TOMBS OF VIIth XIth DYNASTIES.

piiit

ir.

to that being aljout the age of

Adu

I.

like that of the

or

11.

The mastaba
in

is

very peculiar in having

five

the son

four chambers

about equal, and four or

its

preceding tombs. The name of Azaua is copied at the top of pi. xiv. Shensetha and Beba-uk. This is probably
artist as the

names occurring
they are
all

sculptures

doubtless

by the same
]d1.

preceding carving (see

of one family, but such

tombs are rarely found.

Avhich the

compound The sepulchre was

but the chamber
the Persian

xi.).

It is

an interesting attempt to revive

detail,

art

by care and

much like

the Constantine

reached by a long sloping passage or tunnel, of

trench remains
Avith burials
;

revival,

but just as poWerless as that to really

tide.

turn the
14.

was
ige.

filled

of about

Merra.

This

is

the most important of

the mastabas after the

Vlth Dynasty.
is

The plan

Ui-iAA.

This
as that

panel

(pi.

x.)

has the dress

style
is

(pi.
II.

xxxi.) shows a later stage than that of

Adu
the
the

treated
that
it
is

of Senna.
A.,

The

like

and

III.

The

east front

much

like those
is

of

Ptahmera

but from the position

that
of

earlier mastabas, the

number

of portals

probably older than Shensetha P. and

same

as in

Adu

I.,

four and nine.

But

Ptahmera.

The plan

(xxxi.)

is

like

structure shows the horizontal roofed tunnel,

Merra, and agrees to this age.

which was brought

large well.
court,

in

Ptahmera A.
X., x.A,

The sculpture is shown in and the cornice in x.A, where the fragas

further application of

by Adu III. and a this by doming over a

;

The entrance

leads to a small open

ments are placed in order,

the foot of the east front.

found fallen along

style
is

from which a stairway winds round to

The
;

coarser

the roof, apparently imitated from Merra.

On

than anything seen so far

clumsy, and the
signs

the relief

work

is

the west this court leads to two chambers, by a

attract
to

and mechanical cutting

bad forms.
whole cemetery
the mastaba

hj their bold make up for their

of scenes in the

low arched door

but these seem

to

be merely

construction chambers filled in with gravel, and

it is

The only fragment

is

probable that others exist in the rest of

the piece with a goatherd,

pi.

the mass.

The

real entrance to the sepulchre

donkeys, and ploughing,

is

x.

The plan
is,

of

begins Avith a well, which probably gives access

to the horizontal roofed tunnel passage, but the

in xxxii.

Shknsetiia p.
position,

This mastaba

from

its

bottom was not cleared to search

There
is

for the door.

later than

Ptahmera,

as

it

advances

a narrow

slit

forward, and so eclipses the

othei-.

There

is

tunnel from the well.

window Avhich lights the The tunnel ends by a

only the cornice from this tomb, a fragment naming the daughter

pi. xi.A,

and

great cross wall in which a series of relieving

arches, one

erdutsu,

below another, span the upper part,

Bebaurt, and Khetpera

pi. xi^'.

is

copied at the top of

has,

and

at the
Avell,

bottom

is

a doorway leading to the

small and square.

Another tomb of the same name

second
in the

which

is

This

howe\er, been mixed with this in the plate, the small double altar on the right belonging
to
pi.

upper part
well,"

is all

one with the third well

is

or "

domed

which

separated from the

Shensetha T.
xxxii.

The

mastaba

plan

is

on

second well by a wall with ai'ched doorway.

Beba
position

C.

This tomb seems to be later in

The " domed well " Avas covered by a dome of this was partly broken when found, brickAvork
;

than the previous.

in

The work shows

elaboration,
III., pis. xi.

and had to be removed in order to clear the

Avell safely.

new departure
xi.B)
;

greater

The doming

Avas

made by

placing

particularly in the hair (see

Beba

a brick across the corner, then tAvo over that

but the style of the signs is much The plan (xxxii.) is like that of Ptahmera.

and

with a

rise in

the middle, four over that again,

and

thus

gradually

bringing

forward

the

Ifi

DENDEKEH.
family in
(viii.B).
relief,

coruers so that a ring of bricks could run round

and a band of

titles

in relief

the well.
bricks

The

section of the

dome showed
but

the

The eight drums from the

the
first

portals at

slightly

slanting

inward,

mainly

the base of pi. viii.B are in the order in which

standing by resting on those below.

There
in

is

they were set up

of the left-hand
last of

some amount of thrust necessarily

over
the

closing

column being the southernmost, and the

the
I'ight

space

but as far as possible the

hand the northernmost.

Besides these

principle of stepping forward

was used.
as

This

of Merra

is

the oldest

dome known,

Adu

I.

made the oldest arched tunnel known. It was made simply to save material, the principle of
leaving
large

naming Merra a ruder inscription of a semer ua Hotepa (pi. xiii.) was found on another drum in The the second portal south of the entrance.
cornice

hollows

having

been

eagerly

lying at

was marked on every piece as found the foot of the east face, and the pieces

grasped for the sake of economy.

the

Through
there

are placed here in their order, beginning with

domed

Avell

was the entrance to the sarcocut

in

the right-hand column at the right end of the

front.

phagus
space

chamber,
left

the gravel
side,
it,

standing to the
to

hand, or east

with just

Inside the

chamber the great stone portal was

in
position.
is

pass

along the side of

coffin,

was the
rough-

found standing
pi. viii.A
;

It

is

given in

massive stone

with plain

lid, all

the work

evidently
it

by the same

faced and uninscribed.

In the chamber was

tall

hand

as the panels,

and

shows the style of

some pottery,
as xvii.

as

the

ring-stand, xvi. 28,

great portals after the Vlth Dynasty,

erratic in the order
tions,
fairly.

rather

large bowl, xvii. 41, and some dozens of jars

and position of the inscripof

40 and 42.

There was no trace of the

but

still

keeping up the old style very

interment.

The family
of

Merra

is

Of sculpture there is an unusual quantity from this mastaba. The long inscription in relief (pi. viii.) was over the eastern entrance.

pieces.

His wife Seheta

the

is

shown by several shown in viii.

another wife

same rank

companion and
Beba, see
see

priestess of

Hathor

was named
sons, as

also

royal

One

slab

is

lost

from the beginning

;

then three

viii.B.

There were two

viii.B
;

we
is

slabs remain,

though broken
is

the

fifth is lost

on a fragment in

on the same

of the sixth there

the lower half; the seventh,

is

daughter, Beba, and another daughter, Dudu'er*dutsa,

with the daughter Duduerdutsa,

complete

on

viii.

Also another lady, Theta,

who

and the eighth and

last,
is

with the master to

also

Avhom

all is

addressed,

almost perfect.

was a royal companion, has a stele made for her by a high official, probably Merra (see base of
viii.B).

The whole

insciiption
feet

when complete must have

in length,

The breakages
times.

of the slabs,

and the

dis-

been about 14

and contained

appearance of others, are due to quarrying here

in

about 60 feet run of inscription.

of the recess of the
slabs,

As the breadth

Roman

But

for

the length of the

of
sculpture,

217 inches, these covering 164 inches, would well go into

is

doorway

inscriptions,

the

quantity

and

the

interesting
is

period to which this

can be

that

space.

Possibly there were

slabs

with

assigned, this

perhaps the finest tomb in the

cattle, also before the figure of Merra, as the

cemetery.
15.
little

block with a bull led by two

men

(pi. viii.)

was

Sen'kez-scj.

We

find close to Meri-a, a

Of the portals on each side many of the panels and drums were found Of these panels we have lying fallen below.
found near the door.
five in relief

behind

it,

another tomb, which though

smaller yielded

much

sculpture.
as

It
it

seems to
is

be very shortly after Merra,

poorer in work, but of

rather
It

and three incised

(pis. viii., viii.c).

much

the same style.

as

There are

also

two pieces of panels with the

might even be contemporary,

Merra was ha

THE UNDATED TOMBS OF VIIth XTth DYNASTIES.

prince, which. Sennezsu never claims to be.

17

The The
is

Unfortunately the stone was poor, for though

it

plan of the mastaba

portals

is

simple, with only four

see xxxi.
top.

kept

its

edges well, yet

it

it

so readily

broke up
to
lift

and one chamber,

into fragments that

it

was impossible even

large stone portal, larger than that of Merra,

whole in many

cases.

Hence the shattered

mastaba
next
to

shown on pi. ix. It is much worse in arrangement than Merra's, and of poorer work. Three
blocks fairly complete were found, and fragments of several others some from panels over
;

state of

many
Beb.
is

of these pieces.

16,

This
latest

great

Merra

the
It

of the princely tombs of

for

Dendereh.
dwellings in

had unhappily been used

left in

portals, others

from over the entrance, ix., x., x.a. Also some blocks with a long inscription of

Roman

times at the southern end,

either
it

and no trace of the stonework was

the corridor or the stele chamber.
for the

some

interest,

x.

And

several

pieces

of a

cornice, like that of Merra, but rather coarser,

inscribed sarcophagus the

Were name

not

of the

were found in the corridor. From these we have the name of the wife lu-uta (ix., x.) the
;

owner could not have been recovered.

plan
(pi.

xxxi.) proves clearly

its late date.

it
is

The The

sons Merra, Sebeknekhta,

Sennezsua

(ix.)

and

level roofed tunnel

shows that
III.

of the later
;

Khua (xiii.) and andBeba (x.). We

;

the daughters Hotepa and

notice here the beginning of

period, that of

Adu

and Merra

and the
and

suppression of the well after the tunnel places

it

the irregular, closely-packed inscriptions which

characterise the next stage D.
;

at the opposite

extreme from
is

Adu

I.

II.,

see particularly
pi. x.

in which that well

the only one.

:

The

series

the lower line of the long inscription on

of formation runs thus

Adu Adu Adu

Beb.

I.

Passage, slope roof tunnel, large well, slope passage, chamber.

II.

steeper
level roof

.,

,,

doorway
level passage

III.

Merra.

Well,

doorway
no weU

This differs from the other mastabas in being

built almost entirely of black brick with hardly

The entrance
with brick
first,
;

in the north

end was blocked

the thick outer wall had been built

The joints which run any gravel fillings. are marked by white lines through the building This mastaba had been in the plan and section. largely attacked by dealers, who had cut it about and removed parts of the structure they had
:

with a steep batter on the inner face

then brickwork
apparently Merra.
filling

had

been

built

inside

it,

a small court like that of

Later, the filling of the passage having

filling

been partly removed, the

overhangs
the passage.

of the court
this court

reached the tunnel, but found it so full of rubbish that they did not try to open the

From

doorway led into the only well,

of this well

from which

chamber.
as
it
is

Of the
left

east face

we need

say nothing,

another door opened into the tunnel.

The

floor

sufficiently clear

from the plan.

The

hand end was so destroyed in Roman times, and denuded since, that we did not trace it out, and it should be shown with
southern

the stuff

and tunnel was not cleared, as all from the inside had to be carried up
of the well, so that

to the top

every ton of
After two or
the chamber,

rubbish was a serious matter.

three weeks of clearing

broken

outlines
;

in
it

the

plan,

and

not

a^

we reached
inscribed
is

a straight edge
the south.

really extended farther to

and there found

the

sarcophagus.
in pi. xxxvii.,

The most important part

shown

IS

DENDEEEH.
rest

and the
covers

of the

minute inscription which

Rehuia B.
be so
that

is

probably of this age, on

xi.c.

And

it is

in the additional plates, xxxvii.A to k.

the panel of Merer at the base of

xii.

seems to

The chamber was so damp that the limestone had been largely dissolved all through the grain
of
it
;

much like a coarser version of Ptahmera we ought perhaps to class it in C.

to
are,

hence
it

it

was in a putty-like

state in

Of the plans of mastabas which seem

belong to this age there
already described, the
besides

which
it

could be moulded by the fingers, and

those
xxxii.

could not be lifted without the hands sinking

If dried quickly it
;

following:
;

PI.

into the stone.

split
it

would have

and crumbled hopelessly

so each block as

The mastaba by Beba T. the real tomb of Beba T., which belongs to the next period D,
being the small mastaba with double portal
built into

was brought up was

and
left to

at once covered with

three or four inches of sand at the back of our

huts,

the chamber of the older mastaba.

:

dry slowly through that coating.

it

After two or three weeks

it
:

was

safe to

uncover

The mastaba re-used in the XVIIIth Dynasty this is complex in form, perhaps being two
tombs conjoined
chambers
:

the evaporation through the sand having been

below

it

is

a great rambling

slower than the spread of the moisture in the

stone, it

cavern formed by the falling in of sepulchral

;

had thus kept equally moist throughout,

soft.

this

is

marked

in

dotted outline.
the
pit

and when bared again the surface was uninjured,

though very porous and
then spent

My
all

wife and I

The large mastaba re-used in Dynasty the entrance is by the

:

XXXth
steps,
;

with

much

of our time for

some weeks

lying on the ground copying

of signs.

the thousands

that were

which leads to the dotted outline cavern in two stone sarcophagi, marked here in
each containing a body with fine
period,

They had been

skill for

carelessly written in

full outline,

rather cursive hieroglyphs, and then entrusted to

amulets of the Persian

and

another

varying
fairly

the cutting.
are
so

Some
rough

parts are
as

done,

others

to

be

lid.

unintelligible.

A raw hand
When

seems to have been

to destroy the

body with amulets lying bare on the top of each The mastabas of Merra C. and Hotepa that of Merra C. had a lintel of a Beba in the
:

put on

it,

whose only idea was

ink writing by some shape of a hole, regardless

of the intended sign.
this

chamber, and the doorway to the chamber has been cut away and a very small later mastaba

hash became
it

with portal built in the space.

court
is

The colonnade

too disastrous a better

hand took

up, and

we

built in front of a

have again a legible inscription.

text
is,

Corrupt as the
it is

somewhat

like the courts before

and grossly
of the

as it has

been engraved,

mastabas of Saqqara,
nothing was found in

mastaba of good type, some of the such as that of Thy:

yet a first-class monument, giving chapters of

it,

and the back of the

class the

the Book

Dead
later

hitherto only
;

known two
of
list

mastaba was wrecked

for Ptolemaic cave tombs.

thousand

years

also

description

PL xxxiv.
following

Of the C period we may

is

sixteen roads of the soul, and a long

of titles
It is

:No. 780
simplicity

a great mastaba, which

front

of Hathor, the great goddess of the city.

from

its

in

might

perhaps

by

far

the most important

monument found
at

belong to the
or earlier
:

period of the Vlth Dynasty

here,

and was of course kept

the

Cairo

Museum. The minor inscriptions belonging to this 17. period C need little notice. The inscription of Merru and Qebdat from the north of Adu II.,
and that of Rehuia
at the
A., are given in the
vii.A.

the tunnel slope has been cut with a stairway sunk between two ramps on it were two badly painted Ptolemaic steles, and several bodies were in the chambers, No. 337,
;

group

Sebekhotepa was named in the eastern chamber the western mastaba had no name. Nos,
;

base of

pi.

The stone

portal of

781, 782, 271 have no further details,

No. 331

THE UNDATED TOMBS OF VIIth XIth DYNASTIES.

had a
slab of

19

which the name

pi. xiii.

is lost,

copied on

behind

it

is

later.

And on

pi.

xxxv.

the

the right side of

No. 329 belonged to a

mastabas of Hennua, Kathena, 775, 776, Zauta

D., 777, 778,

man

Hotepa.

779 and 313.

These

all

have the

18.

Class D.

lXth-Xth(?) Dynasties.

The
state

pit E.-W.,

and therefore must come

xxxiv.
;

after class

characteristics of this age are the

crowded

the difference in size

smaller mastabas of
of class
pi.

between these and the

of the

inscriptions,
its

the

sepulchral pit being

may

well be one
larger

turned with

length E.-W., and frequently a

oflFering,

and not of period

and the

northern door to the chamber of

is

which

mastabas link on so to the Antefa mastaba

(xxxv.) of the next class that there
is

cut off entirely from the corridor and fender

east
face.

no need
classifiis

on the
poverty
following

There are
this

no large and
obvious.

important tombs of

age,
is

and the general

them cation by the

to assign
reliable

to an earlier date.

The

position

of

the well

more

and
are

ignorance

The
xi.B

than distinctions that

Class E. Early XIth

may

be merely

the inscriptions
:

that

we may
;

those of wealth.

class together here

Hotepa and
of

Adua,

19.

(?)

Dynasty.

We

the

lintel

inscriptions
;

Shensetha

and

here meet with widespread coarse inscriptions,

Hotepa (xi.B) the part of a figure in the same group is much later, of the fine work of the

and some larger mastabas.

The most important

xii., pi.

tomb
is

is

that of Antef-a, pi.

xxxv.

This

XIth Dynasty

the lintel of Kathena in the

of vii.A.

on the old style of the Vlth Dynasty, with a

of internal chambers like

group at the base

The

stele

of an

row

Adu

I.

(xxix.),

unknown man and

his wife Beba, top of pi. xi.,

the four-name mastaba (xxx.), and Shenseta P.

(xxxii.).

shows the beginning of placing a small figure of

a servant offering a cup to the master, and the

But
is

it is
;

separated from those by the

pit being

E.-W.

and the same long

line

of

account of the cattle in the inscription.

finely cut slab of

The

chambers
as in the

certainly also of the

XIth Dynasty,
(xxxiii.).

Nekhtu

(base of xi.), with his

tomb of Mentuhotep
false

The

wife Hapu, three sons

all called

Sebekhotep, one

long line of

doors also agrees with that

Antef and one Beba-a, a daughter Ansa, and a servant Ada, has also a list of cattle and
property
:

tomb, and with that of Antefaqer A. (xxxiii.).

We

must therefore conclude that the form of the

mastabas continued to be followed down

it

is

by

far the best

first

example of
instance

this

earlier

period of work, and the

of the

to the revival in the

XIth Dynasty.

The

style

name Antef. The mastabas that we may assign to this age are
all

of the carving

is

very rude and degraded, but

yet full of the ideas of the

Vlth Dynasty.
or Senna
(xii.

small and with pit E.-W.

and often a mere

it,

Compare the
the

collar

and the striping of the waist-

pit

E.-W-

is

used without any building over

stele is

cloth (xii. 1) with that of

Mena

see

in

which case the

put in the pit at the

this period

work

of the relief inscription

(viii.)

2-5),

mouth

of the chamber.

Probably to

beside that of Merra

or Ptah-mera (x.a),

belong the tombs on pi. xxxii., Shensetha G. Merra D., Hornekhta, Nekhta (the outside of which is merely uncertain, and not recessed),

may

especially in the elaboration of feathers

and hair

on the
the

The intermediate link is seen in relief work of " x, wife of Beba " (xi.), where
signs.
it

Zauta

E.,

Pekhy-beb
pi.

(see the

small altar on

the long cattle inscription marks

as of class D,
is

right hand,

xv.).

On

pi.

xxxiv.. No. 326

while the relief of the

coarse as that of Antef-a
of the door recess
is

children
(xii. 5).

almost as

yielded three fragments, copied at the base of Nefuu (see right pi. xiii., Shensetha T., 335,
side xiii.)j

The breadth

157 inches, or the half 78

and

Henny, Anhur-nekht, Shensetha the mastaba by Bauhotepa, whose

H.,
pit

inches
left

the length of the slabs running toward

pi. xii. is

hand on

27 inches from the mid-

""Il

DENDEREH.
inches block at the end of the group, and
stele laid at the

line, 9

door of the chamber in the

pit.

30 inches scene of children, or 66 inches

pu'ts, agreeing well

lost

We

see this style beginning in

(xi.c).

Beba

T. (x.a)

to the
is

half width
pi.

of 78

and Demza

But a
it

sort of elemental rude-

inches.

The cornice
age.

shown on
is

xi.c,

with

ness, Avithout

much

link to the feeling of the

the cornice of Mera, which

probably of the

Old Kingdom, as
novo,
is

were beginning again de

The whole of the mastaba is denuded down to about a foot high, and the
same
blocks of carving have thus lain with hardly any

seen in this work, as in

xi.),

Nemy

(next to

Beba and Hathotep,

Sentekhneba
Observe
to
(xi.c),

Nubheq

(top xi.c),

Sentekha
(xi.B),

(base xi.B), the

sand over them

rotted,

they are therefore extremely

three slabs from

Hotepa

and Henna

(xi.).

and

flake

up

so

could not be

lifted.

much that many of them Many rude pots were found

form
xvii. 128.

how

the sign of two hills (du) begins

in the chamber, of the

draw in Antef and

this

at the sides in

Ay

(xi.c) in

Beba Gr. (xi.B), and while in class class E

;

Having shown the best example of this class, we now turn to minor pieces which link together more closely to the previous class. At " the end of class D we noted " x and wife Beba (xi.) to this follows Beba G. (lower part of
20.
;

sloping

sided

figure

is

the

rule

see
a

Sentekhneba, Sentekha, and Hotepa.

22.

Class
of the

G,
is

Xlth

Dynasty.

Here

distinct revival

seen, the beginning of the fine

work

xi.s),

which shows the beginning of the

;

style of

style is

Xlth and Xllth Dynasties. The laboured and detailed, the forms clumsy
full

simple rude inscriptions

and Beba " top

while
still

xi.c,
is

and like this is and " Antef and Ay " (xi.c)

" x

but carefully finished, the faces

puffy.

and even
burial

The
mere

inscriptions

still

very short and

Beba T. and son Sebeknekhta, at base of x.A, with name Mentuhotep on a piece of lintel at the right hand (and see base xv.) and following that Demza and Hepu (base xi.c, With these probably go "a; inscrip. see xv.).
later
;

simple, but
stiU.

more
pit

carefully done.

The

in

chambers without any mastaba.

with son
(xi.c),

Pepy"

(base of

xiii.),

and Antefaqer

compare the amahh sign with that of Beba T. and the style of this tomb shows as rude a reminiscence as the tomb of Antefa does
;

The intermediate example is that of Bauhotepa (xi.B), where the du sign is very sloping, and the row of sons is closely like that of Hotepa in the line above. Very similar is Beba and Hathotep (xi.) with which go also the outlined figure
;

(base of xi.) and the nameless figure x (base xi.B).

Following

these

comes

Nefert-kau

(xi.),

in

of the

Vlth Dynasty
xxxiii.,

style.

The mastaba

plan,

Antefaqer A.,

shows the early type with

running doAvn from
age here
in a

which the signs have begun to pass from the earlier and ruder stage toward that of the later

a long trench for a tunnel

the north.

Xlth Dynasty.
H. End of Xlth Dynasty. marked off by the really good work which was evolved from the previous class, and by the use of broad bands or double lines to

burial of Ptolemaic
for

23.

Class

was remarkable

having a dog

small
coffin.

This

is

stone coffin at the north end of the

main

To

early

Xlth Dynasty
on
pi.

Ave

may

probably

attribute,

xxxiii..

No. 772, B. of Beb

divide the inscriptions.

The
Avhich

earliest
is

perhaps

is

and very probably the smallest and most degenerate mastabas on xxxiv., Nos. 324, 326,
314, 353, 352.

Hennu and Bet

earlier slab of

(xi.),

much

like the
it,

Beba and Hathotep next over

Xlth Dynasty. This differs from the previous work in the extreme rudeness and simplicity of it, and the absence of all
21.

Class F.

and in Avhich the signs are similar to those of jSTefer-kau close by it. This was found in the
entrance to the Mentuhotep mastaba, probably

connected with
inscription

it.

mastabas, the bmials being only in

pits,

with the

of

Of the same Beba B. (vii.A).

style

is

the

Also

the

THE UNDATED TOMBS OF VIIthXIth DYNASTIES.

Antefaqer
II. lintel,

21

and the large

link

stele of

Antef
but

recess,

in

the
II.
;

south face,

was

the

lintel

of

and wife Anebu

are

(xii.),

on

to this style,

Antefaqer

and by the passage

in pi. xii.

in the middle
all

more advanced. While in Khnumerdu (xv.) we see a fully developed manner like the
This large
high, was

of the colonnade

was the drum of Beba,

shown together
a small

This passage led to

either hand, in
pits.

great steles of the Xllth Dynasty.

stele, five feet

however not placed in the offering chamber, like those of the Vlth
Dynasty, but lay in the trench well, at some distance from the chamber (see the piece of plan
xxxiii.)
;

chamber with a pillar on the west side of which are three

that
it

Beyond

continued, narrowed at doorway, turned

to the east

and sloped down into a chamber.

The whole
find

of this

we

cleared out, but did not

thus showing

its

descent from the steles

any

objects left in the tombs.

of classes

F and
double

G, which were buried in the

discovery here, beside the tablets

The only named above,

corridor,

pits of the tombs.

All of these have the broad

lines,

was that of the

stolen

late bronze vessels, evidently

bands or

as

on the decree

of

and hidden in the sand of the

roof.

Antef V. at Koptos.
Probably of the same age
is

near the
the piece of
on.

These will be described further

colonnade on the east
(see

Uedukau

(pi. x.),

judging by the figure of the

;

Adjoining
peculiar

this

is

servant giving drink

and the drum with name

chamber

map and

pi.

xxxiii.),

Beba from the gallery of Antefaqer II. (xii.) must go along with these. The name of King Mentuhotep (xii.) on a rather laide fragment
seems to belong to map).
this rise of finer

which we named the Hotep

altar, as it

contained

a mass of brickwork of the form of an altar,

which almost
altar fenced

filled

it

in short,

it

is
it.

a large'

was from a mastaba

to the east of

work it Merra (see

;

around by walls

close to

As we
it

could not find any tomb or tomb-pit in connection with

it,

And

the brilliant carved fragments also

(base, right,

it

seems possible that

to

Avas

with a cartouche of ^Mentuhotep

xii.),

intended for

offerings

the

family

of the

must be but very

reliefs of

little

removed from the

I.

colonnade tomb, after the colonnade and court

fine
this

low

Ameuemhat

at Koptos.

In

had been

tomb was the pair of seated figures of Mentuhotep and wife shown in pi. xxi., see The plan of this Mentuhotep tomb section 30.
is

up for better protection. 24. We have now passed through all the stages between the fine severe work of the Ilird
filled

given on

pi. xxxiii.,

and

it

shows that the

Dynasty and the revival of a somewhat neat and cold style in the close of the XIth Dynasty
;

early style of mastaba lasted on to the close of

and we
the rest,

can for the

first

time trace a continuous

is

the XIth Dynasty.

Of the same age probably

is

is

chain of examples, each of which

all

linked to

the mastaba of Atsa, immediately joining this to

through the dark ages.

there

We
;

have

the south, the plan of which

pi. xxxiii.

over

it

(773) on

seen that

was continuous

degradation

from the Vlth to the XIth Dynasty

II.
is

and the
a

The

gallery of Antefaqer

unique in

this

first

conscious change toward a revival was

cemetery, probably imitated from the rock-cut

deliberate simplicity in class F,

belonging to
It

tombs of Thebes
lonoits

(see base xxxiii.).

it,

There

is

the earlier half of the XIth Dynasty.

therefore

was

court in front of
into
is

gradually deepening
gravel.

the

foundation of fresh power and

way

rise

of hard

The

organization under the Antefs which gave the

spirit of a true revival.

southern side

thus high enough to give space

We
in

see it
class

growing

in

for a colonnade of four pillars

and two

pilasters.

class

G,

and full-grown

H, leading
I.

the recess at the west end of the colonnade was the slab of Antef and wife ; by the next

By

readily into the very fine

work

of

Amenemhat

We

learn thus that

new power and

prosperity

DENDEREH.
precedes

new

ai't,

as

it

likewise did

in

the

of a

young woman

fall

length, head Avest, face

XVIIIth Dynasty, which opened on the almost

unaltered style of the

north, hands at sides.

Outside the

coffin, at

the

Xllth. That such a change should take place entirely within one
short

head, were two vases of Xllth Dynasty,

white, one red.
(pi.

one

On

the feet

was a small mirror

left

dynasty

is

in

accord with

the

great
of the

XX.), under the chin a kohl-pot, on the

difference in
earlier

work between the

coffins

wrist a string of small garnet and silver beads,

and

later Antefs,

and a thread of

silver

beads linking on a small

Before leaving the

early tombs

we should
to the west
flints

scarab in a silver mounting.

spiral of silver

name a
of the
piled

peculiar burial.

Some way
perhaps

and two
scarabs,
pi.

beads

were at the

left

Antefa mastaba was a heap of

loosely

and a

little

jasper shell,

The shown in are

ear.

together,

twenty

feet
it,

XX. The

interest of this grave

is

that

it

shows
flint

across and five feet high.

"We cut through

how
great

burials are to be

looked

for

under

but found nothing down to the undisturbed

soil.

tumuli, and at
flint

A cross

cut showed nothing

but seeing a

what age such were made. The tumuli at Naqada, which I fruitlessly

hollow just at one edge of our cutting I traced

it,

cut through,
burial,

may probably yet conceal some

such

and found a long grave quite out of the

In
it

which could hardly be found without

centre.

had been a

coffin,

with the body

removing the whole mass.

CHAPTER
25.
classified

III.

THE POTTERY.
The pottery found
(pi.

in

the
:

tombs

is

very coarse brown ware (14, 15) are very usual

roughly in three heads

xvi.), that

that of the

Old Kingdom

between the Old

Medum, early IVth, and last till Deshasheh, late Vth Dynasty. The jars 21, 26 are closely
at
like the as

and Middle Kingdom

Middle Kingdom
references the Avhole

(pi. xvii.),

and that of the

type

Medum

xxx. 11
This
is

and

fig.

29

is

(pi. xviii.).
is

In order to save

Medum

xxxi. 27.

satisfactory,

as

continuously numbered

showing how the same types were made nearly

through from
figure.

to 195, at the top right of each

two hundred miles apart at the same time.

Where

name

is

well
;

known

for a

The un-Egyptian form

described in sect.
4.

in pi. xxi. 1

is

already

tomb it is placed below the pot otherwise the number of the tomb is placed below at the right hand, and sometimes references to several
tombs.

Of

the

Vth Dynasty we have

fig.

the same spread

of types in

25,
15.

which

is

identical with the

Deshasheh type
plates are arranged mainly

The
letters

by the forms

In the Vlth Dynasty

of the long

we

see the
jar.

development
In the early

within each plate.

Since arranging the plates

rough offering
it is

to

of the successive classes of tombs

IVth

at

Medum
it

pointed or irregularly

have been assigned from the references that we have already discussed in the last chapter. Anyone wishing to study these plates in detail
is

tubular {Medum, xxxi. 15, 19); in the

Vth
;

at

Deshasheh

has a rounded brim (22)

in the
into

Vlth

at

Dendereh the brim has grown

lip,

an

recommended
1,

to

add

in

red pencil

the
Class

upright

see (8).

following class letters on the drawings.

The ring-stands
at

are of trumpet-shaped curves

;

A, figures

U,
31,

15,

21,

26,

29.

Class

B,

here in the IVth (see 1)

less

curved in the Vth

in
;

figures 2, 3, 4,
25,
27, 30,

5, 6, 7, 8, 10,

18, 19, 20, 23, 24,

Deshasheh

(7)

more tubular

the Vlth

32 to 37.

Class

C, figures

here (37), and Vllth-VIIIth (46)

and vary

28, 40, 41, 42, 43, 46, 51, 1Q, 11, 83, 84, 102, Class D, figures 97, 179, 187. 114, 187.

from the curved to the quite tubular in the

early

Xlth

(48, 49, 50,

121).

The type 153

is

is

Class E, figures 48, 49, 50, 83, 105, 119, 120 to Class F, 126, 128, 134, 166, 167, 170, 172.
figures 45, 49, 50, 54, 71, 144.
61, 83, 84, 98.

quite undated

by the tomb, and

perhaps of

the Old Kingdom.

in the
tall

Low

flat

ring-stands appear
(120, 125).

Class G, figures

early

Xlth Dynasty

The

Class H, figures 85, 87, 97, 98,

pierced stands seem to be quite a diiferent

The other drawings may be many of them safely classed by their connection with the above-named but these are all assigned by the
189.
;

class.

At Medum they

are in pottery

{Medum,
Here

xxx. 21), imitated in stone (xxix.

7).

they appear with holes around the base in the

style of the sculpture or

form of the tomb.

Vllth Dynasty
is

(fig.

28),

and more elaborate in

26.

The pottery

of the

IVth Dynasty

of
is

an undated one

(38).

Another of about the

well-known types.
rare so early as

The large ring-stand 1 The oiFering bowls that.

of

same time has only four rough holes (51). These pottery stands seem to be copied from

24

DENDEREH.

stands

made

of crossing reeds

bound together,
leaving
the

The date
(marked
often

of the rise of the whitey-drab pottery

and

plastered

with

mud, thus

on

pi.

xviii.)

and scrabbled
is

lines

triangular holes which Avere here copied.

made with a comb,

generally
associated.

here shown to be

Of the bowls there is little to notice. The curves seem to be identical in the IVth Dynasty
at

earlier

than the XITth Dynasty, with which they

are

The

whitey-drab

Medum

{M.,

xxxi.
1),

4),

in

the

Vth

at

appears in the classes

the Vllth to

C and D
;

(187), or about

Deshasheh (D., xxxiii.

(4).

and in the Vlth here

Xth Dynasties

and the scrabble

or the
eai'liest

The quality is also much alike, a rather soft brown pottery faced with red haematite. The more pointed bowls are likewise found at

combing appears at

(134),

Xlth Dynasty.
names
of the

And

the entire absence of any

in the cemetery

Xllth Dynasty
pi. xviii.

Medum
and here

(xxx.
(3).

4,

12),

Deshasheh

(xxxiii. 18),

shows that the considerable variety of these

types of pottery on
to the

The Zauta type

(10) has also its

must be attributed
little

precedent at

Medum

(xxx. 36).

Xlth Dynasty.

The

badly-formed

The
of the

conical cups, such as 16 and 32, were

flaskets of

drab pottery are here seen to belong

(179) and

found at

Medum

(xxxi. 28), but

as
these.

may

be there

to classes

(166. 167, 170, 172),

same age

rounded
clumsily

jars, 18, 19, 20,

The large wellseem to have begun in

eai'lier

or the

Xth and Xlth Dynasties. Of the XVIIIth Dynasty a small quantity

that

of

the Vlth Dynasty, the only

one being

pottery was found in tombs which were re-used

in

made {Deshasheh, xxxiii. 20). This type with the wider curve upward gave way in
the Vllth to the drop form, with wide curve

age

all

of it

was of familiar types,

1.

except the bowl shown in xxv.

tall

This has a

down,

as

40

and

this

passed on to the Xllth

peg of pottery in the middle, with three oxen walking round it and a similar peg of
;

Dynasty
Xllth

in types 61

and 189.

The

large jars

pottery on the edge, where also remain some

other figures of oxen.
'Ila(2^imxamlg,^ma^_^^e_^con-^

180-183 and 194-5 are probably

Dynasty.
jars is also a (42, 43, 44).

all of

Xlthsmaller

The drop form

in

n^ctedjwith the Hathor worship^ajadthe,,a^yleof

tliejx)wl reminds us of the vases of
III.

change due to the Vllth Dynasty

Tahutmes

with oxen, from the foundation deposits of

Several marks were found, mostly on

The upright vases with flat bottoms do not seem to be known in the IVth Dynasty in the
;

Koptos.

pottery of the

X Ith

Dynasty, and cut in after

Vth
13)
;

are clumsy forms (Deshasheh, xxxiii.

12,

baking as owner's marks.

pi.

These are copied on

but in the Vlth they are fully developed,

xx.A.

Very

similar cuts are

made

in the

as in 5, 7, 11, 22,

and wider in

12, 13.

They

present day, as evidences of ownership, on the

large water-jars of the fellahin.

became very rude by the early Xlth,

as in 124.

25

CHAPTER
27.

IV.

FUNEREAL FURNITURE.
have already noticed, in describing the tombs of Mena and Meru, the groups of copper models, of which the better is shown at
the top
of
pi.

We

with rounded edge.

Of

class

are the beads

from the Antefaqer gallery tomb, shown on

pi. xxii.
;

a long string of clear carnelian barrelThis

is
;

xxii.

This group was found

of the tomb.

shaped and disc beads.

but

little

result

scattered

on the

floor

In the

from so

many hundred tombs

but beads come

middle

is

a hotep altar, raised on legs connected

commonly
in the in

into use about the end of the

is

Xlth
scarce

by a

cross rail,

and four cups which were placed

;

Dynasty, while stone sculptui'e

most usual
is

one in the other

above these are a model axe

large

Vllth-VIIIth Dynasties, and

to

and adze, and a

might be a

curved

blade

which

proportion

the

tombs

in

the

Xlth

full-sized razor.

similar blade,
it,

Dynasty.

with elaborate open work of wire in

was

Of the Xllth Dynasty but one tomb was

found dated, of which the contents are at the
base of belongs
pi.

found the following year at Abadiyeh, also of the Vlth Dynasty. The beads around the

xx.
to

There we find

all

that
:

commonly
globular

group are dark and

light,

and have been probably

the

Xllth

Dynasty

black and green, before rotting in the

damp

carnelian and amethyst, barrel amethyst, round

garnet, barrel and long glazed,

the crossing ones between the threads are in the

and blue glazed

of globular

form of

flies.

with black

spiral.

The absence

Of beads a great quantity was found, but the dating of them is difficult, as they
28.
were hardly ever associated with any
tions.

carnelian and amethyst, of garnet, and of spiral

patterns on the beads that

we

date before the

inscrip-

Xllth, and also generally in the mass of beads

Only

five

examples of beads dated by the

from the cemetery, strongly

points

to

these

other remains are before us.

The beads

of

having been introduced in the Xllth Dynasty.

j\Ieru are short plain tubes, originally black and

29,

Mirrors were not often found

pi.

all

the

green, between the flies these are Vlth Dynasty.

in

the

photograph
D, about

examples are outlined on

three of the

xx.

There are

Of

class

IXth-Xth Dynasty,
of tubular
fflaze,

is

a string from tomb 316

of dull
'6

one of
is

Vlth Dynasty, one of the Xlth, and The only apparent difference the Xllth.

and

disc beads

blue-green
long,
"15

that the tang diminishes in the later times

the tubes are about

inch

the outline seems invariable.

diameter.

Of

class

E
(pi.

is

a string from the

The
the
pi.

alabaster vases are not very

common,

all

double mastaba, 778

xxxv.), of blue glazed

that were found being three outlined on pi. xx.,

o-lobular beads, barrel-shaped of carnelian

and

Of class F amethyst, and a small snake head. pit in the same group are two beads from a
with that of Nemy, one barrel-shaped blueo-reen

group found together of the Vlth Dynasty, xxi., and the group of the Antefaqer tomb,
be seen that none of the forms of the
pi. xxi.,

pi. xxii.

It will

glaze, the

other a clear carnelian disc

Vlth Dynasty, on

recur in the drawn

DENDEEEH.
forms
whicli
pi. xxi.,
is

except the large alabaster, 524,

to belong to the
is

upper

storeys,

probably belong to the Xllth

the

known

Vlth Dynasty.

Dynasty.

Unfortunately

most elaborate

This shows that there

a great break between

the stone vases of the Vlth Dynasty and the

have lately been forged very successfully, so that no fine specimens can be trusted unless
found on good authority.

majority here, which are of the Xlth.

vases from N.-S. pits, presumably

The only
before the

Vlllth Dynasty, are those from tombs 524, 242, 274, and 32. Those from E.-W. pits, pre-

Very few statuettes were found in the The seated figure of Adu II. (pi. vii.), tombs. and the two rotted wooden figures in a minor
31
,

sumably
473,

after the

515,

IXth Dynasty, are Nos. 495, 508 and 480. Of the late Xlth

burial in front of

Adu
;

II.,

have already been

noted.

Dynasty are the three of Antefaqer, pi. xxii. those which are probably of the Xllth Dynasty are Nos. 488, 481 and 700. We now

These were the only figures belonging and though we searched to the Old Kingdom
carefuUy for serdab chambers, such as those of

And

have better material than ever before

the forms of the alabaster vases.

for dating
shall

Saqqara mastabas, not a single instance could be found; nor in those tombs nearly
the

But we

denuded away were any chips of statues ever

seen about the surface.

not draw conclusions here, as a large number,

and many dated examples, have been found at Hu, and will appear in the volume on
Diospolis.

was in the

filling of

The figure of Adu 11. the main well, about half-

way

up.

We

were therefore forced to the

conclusion that statuary was very rare in

Upper

We may notice,
of the

however, that the thin

slips

Egypt, and the serdab system unknown, in the

of slate do not occur before Antefaqer at the end

Old Kingdom

hence the army of ka statues

Xlth Dynasty

(xxii.),

and the only other

found in the tombs of Saqqara and Deshasheh

examples are along with blue marble kohl pots which seem to belong solely to the Xllth

seem to be peculiar to Middle Egypt.

The
painted

best figures were those of

Mentuhotep
(pi. xxi.,

The only blue marble kohl pot which we can date here is in the solitary tomb with a Xllth Dynasty name, No. 700 (base of xx.). In that tomb also is the solitary example of a
Dynasty.
paint slab and rubber.
It seems, therefore, that

and Nefermesut, misnamed Mestu

side
is
;

the

inscription
lost,

pi.

xv.

base).

The
is

man's head
excellent

but that of his wife

of

paint slabs, slate slips and blue marble

may

all

more formal and liney than that of the Old Kingdom, but yet admirable in the power of expression. The
slightly

work

be dated definitely to the Xllth Dynasty.

surfaces are finely

smoothed and coloured.

It

30.
pi. xix.,

The rude

trays of offerings of pottery,

was found in the N.-E. corner of the inner

chamber.

have not been precisely dated before.

From
(last

the very fine

Most of these were found in indistinguishable

pit
are,

sculpture of this tomb, with the

work name

of of

the

King

tombs without any sculpture.

however, dated.

Some few
15, of class

Mentuhotep

group,

pi. xii.), this

belongs to

The earliest is D, or about the IXth-Xth Dynasty.

is

the close of the

Xlth Dynasty.
is

The next
is

Another figure

that

of Atsa

(pi.

xxi.),

No.

3,

that of Mera, which

is

of class E, or the

earliest

Xlth Dynasty.
is

The next

No.

13,

found in the mastaba next south of Mentuhotep. This was in its original hiding, and shows that

which

Xlth Dynasty. It seems, therefore, that they began as simple tanks just before the Xlth Dynasty, and the models of food were added later. The
of Hotepa, class F, or middle

no serdab was built in the plan.

in a niche in the

It

was placed

N.-W. corner

of the sepulchral

chamber cut in the clay

over, so that
it

deposit,

and plastered
accident.

was only suspected by

pi.

complex forms with

shelters,

staircases,

and

Three copper axes of the type on

xx, were

FUNEEEAL FURNITUEE.
in the chamber.

27

This tomb, from

its position,

pi. xxi.

Two

quaint figures of mourners were

hair, the other

must

also

be

about

the

end of the

Xlth

found in a tomb, one tearing the

weeping.

Dynasty.
figures,

Besides these

statuettes

were two

They

are

made from

jars turned

on

one a

woman

seated alone, the other a

the wheel, and then pinched into features, and

woman

nursing a child.

These are shown on

arms added

(see the base of pi. xxi.).

2R

DENDBKEH.

CHAPTER

V.

THE CATACOMBS OF SACRED ANIMALS.

32.

Next

in time,

we come

to the catacombs

for the sacred animals,

which were begun in the

to
at

work More

this

is

probably of the XVIIIth Dynasty.

XVIIIth Dynasty, and were added

until

Roman

times.

When we

first settled

Den-

were the pieces of blue These were glazed ware, shown on pi. xxiii. found broken up and cast aside, amid the burnt
certain, however,

dereh I observed a great bank of coarse gravel

close to our huts, rising

bones,

and are

clearly

pieces

of

old

temple
II.,

some ten

feet higher

furniture of

Tahutmes

III.

and Amenhotep
so

than the plain.

We

began by cutting trenches

until, after

the same kings

furniture
sceptre.
for

who made

much

blue glazed

through

this

but reached nothing,

Nubt, including the great uas

all in

passing the

gravel bank, the

brick roofs of tunnels.

men found the Gradually we discovered

moving out
and so
be
there were
left to

They were nearly

the west end

and cleared

these, in every tunnel

narrow passage, and a few in the west chambers. The great anhh (7) is exactly like
of the

some yards length

of rubbish at once,

those from Nubt.

The

pieces of

baring the floor in sections.

Where

show the bend

of bowls

as

on the dancers'

wands (2, 3) wands figured

fire,

burnt bones on the floor they were

cleared

in Deshasheh, pi. xii.

There were several pieces

mostly defaced by the
figs.

by

my

friends or myself, so that nothing

It

and

vases,

should be overlooked.

was a considerable

but some showing patterns as in

6,
8,

14.
9,

piece of work, the length of the passages being

The hollow
are

balls painted in stripes, figs.

about 1900

feet,

or over a third of a mile, and

stuff to

common

in this period

there were frag-

about 6000 or 7000 tons of

It
all

be moved.

ments of dozens of such, and

pendant

was thoroughly done, and the

over for any buried deposits.

floors

sounded

it seems that they were used in decoration, possibly representing

fruit like the violet glazed

bunches of
entirely

The

oldest part appears to be a long

side,

row

of

grapes for attaching to the rafters.

The

chambers side by

entered from a narrow

novel objects are the papyrus stems fitting into

cross bases, figs. 10, 11, 12.

passage running past the doors, marked XVIII.

Some fragments
before,

of

Dyn. on the plan,

pi.

xxxvi.

These and

all

such

may have been found

and
design

but their but as

the other chambers were constructed

by

digging-

nature

has
is

not

been apparent.
;

out a mass of gravel, building a brick vault in

the hollow, and then replacing
stuff over
it

Their use in a temple

the

not obvious

Hathor cow

is

often represented walking

the great bank of gravel that

we

first

found

in the midst of

being the surplus due to the

cavity of the
in

chambers.

In one of

the

chambers

the

plants, it is possible that a grove of these papyri was placed beneath and around a statue of the sacred cow in the temple.

marsh

middle of the row there were some

scraps of
;

The band

among carved ivory under the burnt bones them two sistrum handles, on one of which
could be read the inscription of a priestess of

of glazed ware (19) shows traces of hieroglyphs, although the whole surface is burnt.
Lastly, the little figures of

Taurt (15,

17),

and

Hathor

Hathor named Bukau

(pi. xxiii.A).

From

the

(16), (18), are just what were common in the Xllth Dynasty, and lasted

and the beads

THE CATACOMBS OF SACRED ANIMALS.

on in the early XVIIItli Dynasty, until the changes produced by the wars of Tahutmes III.

29

new

passage from X. to

S.

at right angles to
;

the previous, seems to have been early

probably
It

The

clearing of the temple of Deir el Bahri has

this continuance of style.

before the burial of these glazed objects.

will be seen that after the X.-S. passage

taught us

All of this

was

glazed ware has been badly burnt, so that not much of the blue survives most of the surface
;

begun, and

its

chambers, an additional chamber

has been added to the north of the old E.-W.

passage.

is

reduced to metallic cojiper by the action of

fire.

The
it

old

passage
;

cannot then ha^e

the muffled

Some fragments
is

of ivory were

been choked by burials

though perhaps the

is

also found, of

which the best

the king's head

end of
as

already was, as the doorway

made
if

for inlaying, at base of pi. xxii.

near the east as possible.

of

So
III.

it

appears as

first

What was the cause of this burning? At we thought it might have been intentional,
is

by the time
its

Tahutmes

the extension to

the north was begun.

age,

There are no proofs of

first

but there

no reason to suppose so. Rather, it seems, the chambers had been filled with animal

except that the

half of

it

"was

finished,

mummies, wrapped in cloth with resins to preserve them such mummies had been also
;

up to the first doorway, before the XXVIth Dynasty as bronze situlae (xxiv. 10,
;

11, 12, 13)

were found buried in a trench in

stacked in the narrow passage until

it

was

filled,

the floor along the east side, as

plan.
to the

marked on the

and mingled with them were pieces of broken furniture from the temple. Then by some accident the mass caught fire so fiercely did
;

Probably then these tunnels

may

be due

XXIInd

or

XXIIIrd Dynasty.
of direction took place,
to a

Beyond that a change

it

burn, that the whole inside of the passage

is vitrified,

and six more chambers were added up

were added to a
These
final

new

and chamber

and the slag has run

doorway, while yet further four more chambers

down

the walls.

This reduced the bulk to a

in-

doorway
to

at the north end.

layer of

merely calcined bones and the

may

belong

the

XXVIth-XXXth
doorway here
fire

destructible glazed ware, a few inches deep on

Dynasties.

slight cornice to a

the floor.

The tunnels were then

left

clear,

and in
large

agrees well to this late date.

The

did not

Roman Roman

times they were entered, and pieces of

pottery
behind.

extend beyond the second or third chamber on

the west side of the X.-S. passage,

Also

and did not

side.

quantity of broken glass cylinders of that age'

touch the chambers of hawks on the east

were throAvn away

passage,

in the innermost
:

end of the

marked on the plan

these will be

described in the next chapter.

Such seems

to

empty of all remains. Some contained bird mummies, hawks, ibises, and various smaller birds. In the burnt mass
of the tunnels were
Avere bones of gazelles, cats,

Many

have been the history of the earliest catacombs

here
;

ichneumons, birds,

and we cannot suppose such fragile glazed

to

and snakes.
seems as

But

in

no part of the whole cataburials of kine

;

ware

have been in use

for

more than one or

from the

combs were there any

if

and

it

two generations,

so that its ejection

the sacred cows were always buried

temple Avould be very likely under the new mao-nificence of xVmenhotep III., which abounded
in
o-lazed ware.

singly in the open cemetery, except

where a

great mass of bones occurred in the pit of the

The use
is

of these catacombs

tomb
have

of Abu-suten.

The whole
to

of the selected

belongs then to the earlier half of the XVIIIth

specimens of the animal

mummies and
the

bones

Dynasty.
the

There

no evidence

as

to
it

when
was

been

handed

Xatural History

burning took place, except that

!\Iuseum at South Kensington, where they are

before

Roman

times.

being elaborately studied in connection with

of the catacombs

33,

The extension

by a

Dr. Anderson's work on the Egyptian fauna.

no

DENDBEEH.
34.

The

old catacombs having been carried

suitable, a

on as far as the ground was

new

hawks" in the first west chamber. Here many embalmed hawks were buried, some Avith gilt
stucco heads, but
all

block was laid out in later times, probably

Ptolemaic.

were destroyed by burning.

These were to the south of the old

Over one was a hollow bronze case (xxiv. 19)

and with
it

ones, with a passage entered

north.

The

axis

by steps from the of the passage was just in the

were the bronze Horus

(18),

Ra

seated (20), and

Hawk

(21),

These belonged

line of the older passage.

The space was

all

to the regular use of the catacombs,

and from

excavated deep enough to hold the chambers,

the bronzes

we may

fairly date these buildings

and the surplus gravel was thrown out on the

west.
It will

to the Ptolemaic time.

In the end of the same

glass,

be seen that

all

the walls are

double, and not only the passage walls as in

chamber was a jar of mosaic shall notice in the next chapter.

which we

the older catacombs.

This means that every

built, "without
;

chamber was independently

connection with the others

any

At the end of the passage Avere a few pieces of Roman bronze Avork, including the pan top from
The two long chambers to the east AA'ere full of dogs, some dried whole (see This abundant base, pi. XXV.), some loose bones.
a tripod table.
burial of dogs in

whereas in the

older part only the passage Avas an independent

tunnel, with doorways which opened through

the chamber ends, and the chamber sides served

to carry

Roman

times

may

perhaps

two arches
little

each.
late catacombs,

give the age of a burial of dogs' bones in the

offering

Very
most

was found in these

filled

chamber of mastaba 779, shown

xxxv.

at the

of which were
earliest

with blown sand.

base of

pi.

The

group was that of " bronzes and

CHAPTBE

YI.

THE LATER BURIALS.

35. Very few tombs of any importance were found of later date than the Xlth Dynasty, though the number of burials of the Ptolemaic
and Roman ages
burial
of a
is

36.
combs.

The great mass

east,

of Ptolemaic

tombs

were to the

north and west of the catascattered

They were

without

any

prodigious.

In a pit in the
xxx\-.)

system, as closely as might be, often breaking

small mastaba of

Adu

IV.

(pi.

was a

through below, over ground which had already

been occupied with some long pit tombs of the
early ages.

singer of the temple

of Hathor,

named Mutardus, daughter

and Ruru, whose
her

of Nes'hor'akhti'mer

tablet (pi. xxv.)

was made by
She
is

The entrance
five
feet,

to

each tomb

is

by a

very,

daughter Resankh'rent'es.

shown
;

narrow and steep stairway, descending about

just

holding the sistrum and adoring Horakhti

large

enough
is

to squeeze into.

proof that Horus was worshipped here in connection with

Isis

Coarse pottery of offerings

stair pits.

found in these

by the time

of the

XXVth

In the east and west groups large

Dynasty.

peg-bottomed amphorae, one or more, are found

in the pits, to

Two

other steles were found of rather later

showing that

this

system came down

date, see pi. xxv.

Osiris, Isis

One
;

is

of Horsiast adoring

Roman

times.

At
in

the bottom of the pit a

and tlorus

the other of Peduvhor"(?), Osiris,

little

doorway
of

the end leads into a small

sam'taui adoring
Ptah.

Atmu

Horus and
were
in

square chamber, only about four feet high, the

floor

which

is

below the door-siU, the roof

lintel.

The next

burials of importance
(pi.

a
of

level

with the door

This doorway was

slab,

re-used mastaba

xxxii.).

The stairway

occasionally blocked
built

by a stone

but usually

large steps ended at a blank face of gravel, and

a narrow

up with

brick. inside

chamber.
intact.

doorway opened on the east into a In this lay two limestone sarcophagi
each of the bodies was a fine set of

The chamber

was about

five or six feet

square and about four feet high.

Opposite the

On

door, and usually also on each side, the upper

amulets, the scarab with wings and four genii,

elaborately
flat

half of the wall was cut into a recess, about five

worked

in blue paste.

Upon

the

or six feet front to back.

And

on these

plat-

top of each sarcophagus was another body with amulets, but not so fine as those in the

forms the
side

mummies were

stacked together, close

The period is probably the XXXth Of about the same time is a rudelyDynasty.
inside.

by side, with their heads at the edge along Thus each chamber conthe chamber side. tained a large number of bodies, sometimes only
one or two, usually about a dozen, or even as

cut sarcophagus in sandstone, with inscriptions

along one side

(pi.

xxiii.A),

which we sawed
in

many
stone

as thirty, laid
steles
;

one on the other.

Sand-

Duat under the protection of Shu and Tefnut, Anpu, minor deities. Isis, Horus, Selk, aud
away.

They

refer to

Nesi-Hor going

(pi.

xxv. a) were

placed in the

tomb

when

in position they stood against the

chamber wall beneath the

mummy recess,

just

DENDEREH.
below the head of the
belonged.

mummy

to

which each

Isis seated.

Osiris, Isis

and Nebhat seated, triad plaque.

The mummies when

wrappings
of coarse

best prepared were in

cloth,

Min.
Bes.

thickly

swathed

around into large unwieldy masses.

heads were masks of painted or

On

the

Taurt.

gilt stucco,

and
or

The four
,^

genii,

each separately.
together, one plaque.

cartonnage pectorals and foot cases on the body.

Or

sometimes
cloth

continuous
the

cartonnage
whole.

Anubis and Ptah, plaque. Anubis laying out deceased on

Deceased on
bier. bier.

painted
outside

covered

On

the

of

the

-wrappings were

attached the
xxvi.) or of

amulets of blue glazed pottery

(pi.

stamped wax, in a more or

tion
:

less

regular distribu-

even when they had not been disturbed or

they did not seem to have

Uza Uza

eye. eye, winged,

on

legs.

fallen out of place

Heart.
Breast.

been accurately placed.

numbers of
limestone

The bodies with large amulets had also name labels of

xxvi. A, b), usually written
;

(pi.

on

with ink, tied on to the throat

of

the labels

when
of the
in

Two fingers. Ba bird. Kneeling man

Ape.

holding palm branches.

wood had nearly

class

all

perished.
of

Some

richer

had

shrouds

bead-work

patterns,

showing the scarab and wings, the

These were but coarsely done
colours.

four genii, &c.

Such examples as were in good condition Mr. Davies preserved by

and of poor
covering the outside with a coat of melted bees-

wax,

as I

had done long ago

at lUahun,

The
coated

poorer

mummies
;

were

swathed and

with bitumen

the

head

had

been
stick

removed, and was reattached by a palm

through the spine.

Sometimes eyes of

glass or

coloured paste were set on.

37.
of a

The amulets
coarse blue

(pi.

xxvi.) are mostly

made

glazed ware,

moulded, and

sometimes painted with detail in black. As this is the most complete series known of this
age
all

the varieties

are

here

published in
classified

photograph.
follows
:

They

may

be

as

Osiris standing,

mummified.

Isis winged, standing.

Nebhat,
Isis

,,

kneeling.

,,

Nebhat

I'HB

LATER BURIALS.
be studied together
scarcely
I
;

33

Uaz, papyrus plant.

but, unhappily, there

is

Reed,

a.

any information

on

it

except what

Frame
Deep
Star.

of garlands for the breast.

have observed at Nebesheh

and

Hawara.

Broadly, the positions mostly remain the same

collar,

hawk's head ends.

in each of these groups.

The

carpenter's square

Pectoral, Osiris and hawk.

and plummet,
breast

for instanee, occur each

but once

at Dendereh, but in the

left

same position

on the
at both

Carpenter's square.

,,

in

which they are found

plummet

stand.

Nebesheh and

Hawara.

The dad

is

almost
It
is

stand with plummet.

always on the stomach at each place.

Head-rest.

much

to be wished that of the thousands of

Double
Ankh.
Girdle

seal.

these small amulets discovered

by plunderers

a few hundreds might be reserved for careful

tie.

and exact record.

Dad.

An
croAvned.
to

interesting formula occurs on the cartonpi. xv.),

Dad

nage of two bodies (base

be new to
us. It runs,

which seems
offering,

"A royal

and

This gives sixty-five varieties, beside two or

three small forms which are so rough as to be
unintelligible.

bread, for the Osirian Pahequ, son of

Pashemhor

he went to Osiris at the 19th year," or similarly for

Pashemhor, son of Pedu'hor"sam"taui,

to
Osiris at the

38,
variable,

The position and they seem

are
tolerably
Isis

of
to

these

amulets

is

"he went

44th year."
if it

This

have been put on Some,

in position.

phrase of going to Osiris

seems as

might

with only a rough regard to symmetry. however,

,

have passed into early Chi'istian phraseology.

constant

Of the sandstone
labels
(pis.

steles

(j)l.

xxv.a) and the

The mourning
either
side.

and Nebhat are

genii,
tiza

on

the

xxvi.A, b) the inscriptions are all

shoulders; below

them the four

eye
is is

two on
on each on
the
hips.

that need notice, and these are dealt with

by

An

also

Mr. Griffith in his chapter,

shoulder.

The jackal

generally

A few late
pi.

tombstones are given at the end of

to

hips

the

hawk on

the

shoulders

or

XXV.

The upper one seems

have a

line of

The winged scarab is usually on the breastThe star is twice on the neck, once on bone. the navel. The dad is usually on the navel. Of
course these amulets are by no means always present in a group, but these are the general
positions

some unknown writing sideways on it, possibly Below is a stone of in some Syrian alphabet.
one Titianos, and an inscription partly Coptic,

A few
great

miles back in the desert

of stone heaps.

we

noticed a

number

These proved to

when they do
of the position

occur.

The whole
needs to

cover shallow late

objects.

Roman

burials without any

question

of amulets

34

DENDEEBH.

CHAPTEE
39.

VII.
&c.

BRONZES, GLASS,
Two
gi'oups of bronzes

were discovered,

apparently of the

same

date,

and
to

therefore

chased garland round the neck, of the style of No, 3 has a Amenhotep IIL and onward.

perhaps hidden for the same cause.

date of manufacture comes

down

As the the XlXth

handle

soldered

on

at

the

top,

but never
in

attached below.

The

soldering

these

is

Dynasty, they

may have been

rightfully hidden

autogenous soldering, or melting on some of the

in the troubles of the

end of the XlXth or of

same metal
dish, fig. 8,

it is

well seen in the bottom of the

those of the

XXIst Dynasty,

But

as the hiding

places were rather far from the temples, to one

mended.

which has broken through and been The inscription on fig. 6 is the two
titles of

of which these doubtless belonged,

it

seems more

cartouches and

Ramessu IL " beloved

fig.

of

likely that they are the proceeds of a robbery.

Amen-Ea,
lord

lord of the thrones of both

lands,

The

first

group found was in the chamber of

pi. xxvii.)

of heaven."

That on

10 shows the

a small mastaba, No. 340, in the S.-E. corner of

the cemetery (see map,
;

head
it

of the ram, with a table of offerings before

line of dedication, rather difiicult to

it
:

consisted

and a
;

of ten objects (see pi. xxiv.), as follow

Fig.
1.

read
handle,

was unexpectedly kept at the Cairo Museum, I am sorry not to be able to give a
as it

Cooking

pot

with

swing

copy.

blackened outside.
2.
3. 5. 7. 8.

40.
figs.

Other bronzes found are the

to

situlae,

Long-necked

vase, fluted body.

11

14,

found with

two

little

worn
two

Jug with

fluted body.

alabastra in a trench in the floor of the animal

Large pan with two handles.

catacombs.

The

large one with figures has

Bowl with
Dish.

loop handle.
lines of inscription,

hard to read, as such things

pi. xxiii.A)
;

usually are (see top

situla,

it is

the dedi-

10. Libation

dedicated to the

ram

of
15.

Amen.

To Amen-Ra, lord of the thrones of both lands, (may he) give life, strength, health,
cation
uplifting,

"

Adze.

and a good old age to Therkes,

probably the
is

(his)

16, 17. Axes.

mother, the lady of the house, Hathor,"

in the sand filling of

The

The second group was

Antefaqer
(pi.

age of these

is

XXIIIrd-XXVth
or some

the colonnade in front of the gallery

xxxiii.)
;

tomb

of

Dynasty.
of a

Therkes

a foreign name, possibly

it
:

consisted of three

Karian

soldier,

Tharkos,

such

objects (pi. xxiv.), as follow

4.
6.

name.

The group
Libation vase.
Similar, with dedication

of

Roman

bronzes from the cata33,

combs has been described in section

by Ramessu IL

Of
dish
9,

these bronzes

much more than

:

half the
2,

9.

Incense burner.
interest of these
is

value was kept in Cairo

in the fluted
5,

the vase No.

large

The main

inscribed libation vase 6, incense burner

vases (2, 3), which have not been found before,

inscribed situla 10, and adze 15.

although they are well

known on

the

monu-

41.

Two
age,

discoveries of glass, apparently of

ments of the XVIIIth Dynasty,

No, 2 has a

Roman

were made in the animal catacombs.

BRONZES, GLASS,
In the
first

&c.

35

were the pieces of about forty

Constantine,
reverently,

and trouble
is

taken

to

bury

it

cylinders of glass, each about one inch across

not

what
been

might

ha^e

been

and an inch and a half long, with square holes through the axis. Their colours were brilliant,

expected.

As
British

this

glass

has

divided

between

They had probably been broken in order to remove them from the square metal rods on which they had been fixed, perhaps for the stems of
candelabra.

imitating lazuli, jasper, and turquoise.

different

museums Museum,
it

(half to Cairo, the rest to the

Boston,

Philadelphia

and

Chicago),
it

may

be well to give a catalogue of

here.
glasa,

Inlaid

with a setting of bronze strip

inlay.

The

history of their destruction had been that

around each piece of

Blue square
;

they were scrupulously preserved even when broken from the rod most minute chips were
;

rosette in
;

it

white on yellow
2,

4,
;

on red 3

red on white
2,

on yellow 3 on green
6
;

kept together

then a cloth containing the frag-

yellow on white

on red

2,

2.

ments was shaken out in the farthest end of the narrow passage of the catacombs (marked glass
cylinders,
pi.

White square
on red 5

rosette red
;

on blue
3,

blue
;

yellow on blue
2.

on red 2

xxxvi.).
is

That they were not

chips
if

blue on yellow

broken up there
cloth

shown by the small

Yellow square

blue on red
1
;

3,

on white 2
1.

lying mostly close together, as

;

shaken from a

green on blue

white on blue
2.
;

if

broken in the passage the chips would

other
discovery,
similar
in

Green square

red on white

have flown wide.

Red square
its

blue on yellow 6
1.

white on blue

42.

The

yellow on blue
;

nature, was a jar of about the age of Constantine,

Blue octagon

rosette in

it

white on yellow
2,

6,

standing in a comer of the later catacomb, marked " Mosaic glass " in pi. xxxvi. This was
filled

on red 2

yellow on red
1.

on green

green on red

with pieces of glass inlay and mosaic,

half.

White octagon
blue
3,

blue on red 2
1
;

yellow on
6.
;

mostly squares of about an inch and a

All had been set on a backing, and
certainly been retained

on green
;

blue on yellow
1
,

many had
which
It

Green octagon

yellow on blue
2,

on white 2 on green

by metal
the

strips

white on yellow

on red

3.
1,

had been soldered on a metal back

seems
probable,

plate.

Red octagon
Squares

yellow on blue
2.

from

similarity

of

the

white on yellow
'with

patterns to those of the Ptolemaic cartonnages

raised
;

boss

in centre
1
;

blue on
1

representing deep collars, that

all

of these had

white 3
Discs
ill

red on blue
;

green on red
1
;

been part of a great collar adorning the statue The pieces had of Isis, or from a sacred bark. been stripped away evidently in order to re-use
the metal backing,
as

octagons
;

green in red
1
;

red in green
2.

white in blue

blue in white

many

of the soldered

Striped squares, red, white, and blue stripes, 16,

metal strips were cast aside with the glass. This is just like the breaking up of the
cylinders, in

Fused glass mosaics

U?:a

eye
;

on red ground

2.

order to remove the metal rods.

Ankh

in green 2, in blue 2.
1,

This heartless utilitarian smashing of disused

material
is

Flowers; yellow on white

white on blue
;

1.

in curious contrast to

the careful
as

Lotus flower

red, blue centre 8

white, red

hiding

away

of

the

waste

stuff

sacred

and blue centre

Papyrus

red calyx, striped 5

3.
;

property in the catacombs.

property should be so

That dedicated

orange calyx, striped

;

much

respected as late as

orange calyx 3

Avhite calyx 5,

D 2

36

DENDEEES.
;

Triangles

for zig-zag pattern borders

red 34,
I

inlay of wings of fused mosaic

pieces
j

and similar
glass heads of

white 63, green-blue 51, dark blue

9.
j

from hawk

figures,

and two

Drop pendants
red
7.

green-blue

9;

dark blue 16;

hawks, were found in a small jar also hidden

in the catacombs.

'<

White

settings for these 29.

We

have not attempted to

illustrate these, as to

do so suitably would need

Besides these there was a great quantity of

plain strips for borders.
six

costly coloured plates.

The whole covered about or eight square feet, and so must have come
object.

43.
lot of

Three finds of coins were made.

242 tinned bronze
folles of

One

the Diocletian

from a large
beside strips.

There were 158 patterned

age was buried in rouleaux between the bricks

of the floor of a

pieces (or parts of such),

and 218 plain

pieces,

Roman house
of each

at the

back of the

With

these were

some scraps of

temple.

The numbers

emperor were

Diocletianus,

BEONZBS, GLASS,

&c

37

44. These samples of coinage may be assumed to be a tolerable average of what was in circulation when they were buried. They suggest some interesting inquiries, to which we may give some answers. taking them in
connection with four other deposits of the fifth century a.d. found at Hawara, and published

find a total of

1000 for the period that we are

thus
all

dealing with
together.

the finds are comparable

"Hawara," p. 13, The proportion of coins of any past reign is the resultant of two variable quantities, the
in

amount of the coinage of each reign by the number of years of the reign, so that we have long and short reigns on an equality, and the numbers show the amount surviving of each year's coinage. The third step is to estimate the year of burial. This may be reached fairly by assuming

The next

step

is

to divide the

rate of coinage in that reign, and the waste of

that the last reign which

is

represented coined
;

the coinage ever since

it

was struck.

Now

that

at the same rate as the previous reign

thus

if

waste will probably go on at about the same

rate

Leo coined
after

at the rate of

20 per annum, and

under similar conditions of

civilization,

and

there are 40 of Zeno, probably the burial was

may

be assumed to be at an average during

two years of Zeno.

step
is

the century or so which

we have

to deal with.
is

The fourth
elapsed from

then to place the years

to

That the waste was considerable

coinage of the
Constantine

clear

from

coinage

burial

against

the

the almost entire disappearance of the copious

family

within a

century and a

half.

To
This

treat the statistics that

we have

of finds of

number surviving of each year's coinage. As an illustration we may take the working out of the first find just catalogued above. As we touch the reign of Valentinian III. we cannot
put the burial before

coins they
is

must be placed on a uniform basis. best done by reducing or increasing the

so as to

426

a.d.,
II.

though the

scanty coinage of Theodosius

to a rather earlier date.

would lead us

numbers of each reign

produce for each

Actual

Numbers.

'er

1000.

Constantine family
Julian
Joyian, 7 mos.

337

351
364 376

9 2
1

360363
363
I,

Valentinian

and Valens

364

28
1

Gratian
Valentinian
II.
I.

Theodosius

Honorius
Ai'cadius

Theodosius
Valentinian

II.

III.

376-381 383392 379395 395423 395408 408450 425455

25 25
7

28
9
1

136

38

DENDEREH.

The
waste.
II.

fifth step is to

combine these results from

to discover

Tears.

Coins.

Tears

Coins.

Tears.

Coins.

different

finds
If,

so

as

the rate

of

49 50
52

35-6 34-9

84
86 88

17-0
16-3
15-7

118

8-3

for instance,

we have

of Valentiniau

120 122

8-0
7-6 7-3

20 coins per annum of the reign surviving

years, as above,

33-4
32-1

after 38
5 coins

and in another find

54
56

90
92

15-0

124
126 128 130 132

per annum surviving after 92 years, we

30-7

14-4
13-8 13-2
12-7

7-0
6-7
6-5 6-2

have definite information as to the waste of

coinage.

58 60

29-5
28-2
27-1

94
96

From comparing
finds

the rate of waste in the six

loss

62 64 66 68

98

above named, there appears to be a

26-0
24-9 23-9 22-9 21-9

100
102

12-2 11-7 11-2

134
136

5-9
5-7 5-5

of a tenth of the coinage in every five years.

The

rate

from different instances varies some-

104
106 108

138 140 142

what, a tenth being lost in 2*9, 4*6, 4*9, 5'3, 5"7

70
72

10-7
10-3
9-8

5-2

and lO'O years.

every year.
little

Taking a

loss of a tenth in

each
lost

5-0 4-8 4-6

five years, it implies that 1 in

48 coins was

74
76 78

21-0
20-2
19-3 18-5
17-8

110
112

144
146 148 150

If

we suppose

four dozen of these

9-4 9-0
8-7

minimi to have been usually carried about in the pocket of each man, and that he lost one a year, it will certainly seem but a moderate
allowance for accident and carelessness.
It will

114
116

4-4
4-2

80
82

be convenient for reference to state what the

scale
five

Beyond
another

this

limit

there
of

begins to
stray
coins
all

enter

of waste

is

at

the

rate

of a

tenth in

consideration,

being

years

the waste of any quantity in any

rediscovered

and reused.'
suffices.

For

practical

number
table.

of years can readily be taken from this

purposes such a table

of
it

To show the use

Of 100

coins struck there will be left at

we may say

that in a find of coins (propor-

the end
Years.

of
Coins.

tioned throughout to a total of 1000, so as to be

comparable with other

Tears.
Coins.

finds), if there

be 5 per

Tears.

Coins.

annum

97-9 95-8 93-9 91-9

17

69-9

33

49-9 48-8 47-8

46-8

2
3

18 19

68-4 67-0
65-6
64-2 62-9 61-6 60-3 59-1

34
35

was 33 years before, that will mean that there were 10 per annum struck for every 1000 coins then in use,
inasmuch
as

of a reign whose middle

50 coins

is

the residue surviving of

Or,

4
5 6
7

20
21

36
37 38

100 after 33 years.

tioning,

instead

of propor;

90-0
88-1

45-8
44-9

we can

use any part of the table

as for

22 23

instance in this case,

we can

look for 5 coins in

a.nd

86-3
84-5
82-7

39

44-0 43-0
42-1

the table, which

is at
(i.e.

142 years,

then at 33

8 9

24
25

40
41

years before that

coins.

at 109 years)

we

find 10

Thus

for the given rate of

waste which

10
11

81-0
79-3
77-7

26 27 28 29 30
31

57-8
56-6

42
43

41-3

40-4
39-6
38-7 37-9
37-1

seems to hold good among minimi in the Vth century a.d. namely a tenth every five years

12

55-4
54-3
53-1

44
45

this

table
is

shows what

the waste

of

any

13 14
15 10

76-0
74-5 72-9 71-4

number
!N"ow

in

any number of years up

this
it is

to 150.

46
47 48

from

clear

that,

given the

52-0
50-9

number
reign,

of coins of

any reign per annum of the

32

36-4

and the years elapsed, we can say pretty

BRONZES, GLASS,
certainly

&c.

how many they were

at

any

earlier

time, and therefore at the time

struck.

when they were Thus we can say what addition to the currency each emperor made per year of his reign. From the material we have named
already

we

can thus deduce that for a thousand

coins in cii'culation at the time of the foUowine

Coined Yearly.

Constantino family
Julian

31 19

Jovian
Valentinian
T.
)

47 47
)

Valens
Gratian
Valentinian
II.
I.

Theodosius

58

)
) )

Honorius
Arcadius

33

1-0

DBNDEEEH.

CHAPTEE
By

VIII.

THE INSCRIPTIONS.
F. Ll. Griffith, M.A., F.S.A.

45. The inscriptions from the cemetery of Dendereh fall into two distinct groups of quite
different dates

In this chapter on the inscriptions the aim in

view

is

not so

much

to bring out their historical

the great
the

collection of

mastaba
to

value as to translate examples of

or give summaries of their

them

literally

inscriptions

from
i.-xv.),

Vlth Dynasty
(pis.

the

meaning.

Before

Xlth
it is

(pis.

and the inscriptions of the

xxiii.-xxvi.B)

dealing with the contents of the plates in detail,

it

Ptolemaic and

Roman period

will

be well to explain, as far as

may

be, the

a singular fact that hardly any are to be

funerary formulae which so constantly recur in

placed outside these groups.

represents a fine

The

first

group

Egyptian tombs.

amount

of material, most of

46,

Though

this is not the place to enter

which has come down

fragmentary
assistants
state.

to us in

an extremely and his

into a discussion of the ideas of the

as to the future of their dead, a

Egyptians

Professor Petrie

very brief state-

gathered up

every fragment of infind.

scribed

stone

they could

From many

ment may be permitted of what seem to have been the main considerations kept in view by
the
pi'iests

tombs only a few chips were recovered, yet

sometimes even these have preserved names of
the

with regard to burial.

first

Obviously there was in the

corpse
itself

place the

owner or of some of

his family.

After

to

be
chat.

considered.

This

the

careful examination of all the fragments

some
is

Egyptians called

In course of time they

it

had

to be set aside as useless

is

but

all

that

contrived to preserve
state,

in

a very complete

of interest

shown

in

the plates.

Though

deranging only the internal organs and

names and

titles

and funerary formulae conChnemerdu, scraps

and cartouches of
the

the brain, and embalming some portions separately.

stitute the bulk, the stela of

But

in earlier days the best

mode

of

of biographical

inscriptions

Mentuhetep show that

of the cemetery.
intact,

historical matter of im-

treatment they could devise was either to let the flesh decay naturally in the ground, or else
to quicken the operation,

portance was not wanting

among

monuments
to us

and bury only the

If these

had come down

well-cleaned framework

of bones

upon which
it

undoubtedly they would have thrown a

the body had been built, and on which

might

comparatively clear light on the dark period

again be reconstituted

by

the help of spells.

between the Old and Middle Kingdoms.

as it
is

Even

For

a long and interesting series of docu-

ments
of

is

now added
of

to the scanty collections of

;

material for this time

and the strange absence

remnant of the material body an outfit of clothing, unguents, &c,, was provided, such as had been needed in the life-time. This equipment may be called the permanent outfit,
this

monuments

any other Pharaonic period

itself raises

questions of great importance,

and the burial with its accompaniments of coflin and permanent outfit was termed by the

THE INSCRIPTIONS.
Egyptians
origin
qresf,

41

mean

a word which may possibly in something like " the treatment of

proper form

and
it

of the statement
to

by the supernatural force actually is. Such appears

of

the skeleton," as
out.

W. Max

Miiller has pointed

be a leading

principle

magic

in

all

countries.
life,

Secondly, there was the immaterial

sisting of

con-

47.
of the
for the

In the Old

Kingdom

the normal type

activities, perhaps in early times designated as the has, the "workers,"

sundry

common magic formula

dead
is
:

to be pronounced " Favour accorded by the king

which
ba, or

set the

body

in motion, the chief of these

life

being the true ka, or

and " energy," and the

"soul" and
it

will.

The

life

was of

far

and Anubis, a good qrest (or burial equipment) and long endurance to (name and titles)," or " Favour accorded by the king and Anubis, the

greater importance than the corpse, which was

only as
for

were a habitation occasionally required the life, and which might be replaced by
life

coming forth of a summons, bread and oxen and fowl, &c., to (name and titles)."

beer,

The

formula reads like a joint decree of the king of

a statue or other counterfeit representations.

Egypt and the god

also fitting to

of burial.

That the god of

;

Without the
less

the body lay inert

neverthe-

burial should be invoked

was natural

it

was

the

life

apart from the body required daily

invoke the favour of the king in

nourishment, and could enjoy the luxuries of

existence.

No doubt
life "

the Egyptians reasoned

whose dominion the deceased had lived his life, and in which lay both his tomb and the property which cndo;^ved
early
pi.
it.

was not material, and therefore its feeding would not be material the ka of the man would feed on the provisions or their counterfeit presentiments, and yet not consume them. The bringing of offerings on feast days was duly arranged for, but the matter was also
:

that the "

In some extremely
(?),

cases

{Mastabas,
decree
is

74-7
in

and Medum,
sole

xiii.)
;

the

the

name
it

of
is

Anubis

sometimes in the IVtli Dynasty

;

in that of the king alone

but generally

it is

their joint decree, the king always taking the

placed beyond the reach of

human

shortcomings

precedence,
entitled

and

the

formula

was

actually

by the dogma that the gods themselves provided supplies. The ever recurring expression pert-kheru is probably to be translated "coming forth of a voice " or " summons," denoting the
divine call
to the dead to partake of sacrifices
;

by the Egyptians, " Favour accorded by the king." Perhaps he was looked upon as
the donor or sanctioner of the material offerings

which the god enabled the dead

priest

to profit by, or,

as Prof. Petrie thinks, the king himself as high

the offerings themselves also were often called

pert-kheru.

was supposed

to

make

the offering for

pi. 48).
is
is

The Egyptians were not, perhaps, ever persuaded of the truth of any one set of doctrines, and they were willing to take any

the deceased (Mar., Abydos,

ii.,

It is

hardly necessary to say that the king

desig-

nated merely by his

official title,

and

never

measures that might help to attain a success which must have seemed at times somewhat Later their beliefs and practices problematic.

any

specific

Pharaoh.

At

a somewhat later

date another decree, parallel to and following

the one in the names of the king and Anubis,

became exceedingly complex and contradictory.

was inscribed
Osiris,

in the

names

of the king

and of

We

seem

to discern that in the early days their

king of the dead, into whose realm the

Subsequently we find invoked

views Avere simpler, but evidently they thought into their preparations for launching the dead
futurity of little avail
if spells

deceased passed.

Geb, the god of the earth, in whose bosom the

were not prothe assumption

nounced, of Avhich the

that
all
i>

gist

is

right,

State

a thing to

be in

tomb was excavated then as presiding over the locality in which the man had lived, died and was buried the local god of the nome,
;

42

DENDEREH.
lately

Eventually the gods decreeing favour to the

found at Naqada
far

is

Menes

himself.

As

dead became very numerous, and were often

summed up
considerably.

as " all the gods."

In the Xllth

Dynasty the formula on the tomb-stones changed

Its

from the two pyramids of Senefru, the name Senefru was common during the Xllth Dynasty, so it may well have been
at

Kahun, not

type then is, "Favour accorded

Osiris, &c.
;

that the

name Mena was used during

at Dendereh,

the

Vlth

by the king and

may
;

he (Osiris)

Dynasty
south
in

owing
is

to the

proximity

give pert-Jcheru to the In of N."

but of

this

of Menes' tomb.

Naqada

but twenty miles

;

the mastaba inscriptions from Dendereh, which

are
all

the adjoining

nome
first

Abydos, the

of

the

Old

Kingdom
it is

form,

furnish

no

examples,
in

though

not

Avithout

parallel

the Pyramid texts of

the Vlth

two dynasties, is fifty miles west, and separated from Dendereh by the Vllth nome of Upper Egypt. More
supposed capital of the

Dynasty.

48.

Pl.

I.

This plate must be studied in

examples of the name should be looked for north and south of Naqada, and around the
entrances
Sea.
of

connection with the other inscriptions from the

the

Quser road from the Red

shows a folding door
Avith

tomb

of

Mena reproduced on
is

pis.

ii., iii.

Tlie

earliest inscription,

however, in the whole series

The
bolts,

stela (pl.

i.)

from Dendereh,
of Seten-n-abu.
spelling

shown on

pl.

ii.,

and

is

that
later
xi.A,

decorated with two sacred eyes, indicating

;

of the

As is clear from the name on pis. viii. and

is

protection or watchfulness
inscribed the titles and

on the

lintel

are

name
of

of Mena, implying

Seten-n-abu, not Abu-seten,

ing.

the correct read-

that he four

is

the OAvner of the house. the

figure

There are
of

As meaning "king
of kas."

of hearts," this

name
hen

representations

Mena

may
"

be compared with the

common

Khenti-hau,

approaching this door, each of them accompanied by an inscription giving his

titles
;

first

Seten-n-abu was

reJch seten,

name and
"

neter Hether, " royal acquaintance and priest of

above

is

the

announcement,

Favour

may have held Hathor " any other are lost, but no doubt he was the chief man of
;

titles

he

given by the king and Anubis, pert-Tcheru to the

/la-prince, &c.,

Mena, who

is

deserving well of
to be that

his

day at Dendereh.
reach one of the most important

Osiris."

The underlying idea seems

contains a banquet
for
,

We now
Mena, who

the house
similar

Mena.

series of inscriptions, those

from the tomb of

inscription

runs along the cornice of

it

lived in the reign of

Pepy

II.

of the

the

stela,

and below

is

a picture of

Mena

Vlth Dynasty, and probably also under the preceding kings, Pepy I. and Merenra he was certainly sheikh of the pyramid cities of all From one of the slabs (pl. ii.) we three kings. see that he was also called Men-ankh Pepy, a
:

sitting at his

banquet in a chamber or court

of the

house.

He

wears a leopard-skin, and

before

him
are

is

a table spread apparently with

;

palm-branches or reed-stems

behind and beIn the

low

it

numerous trays of

offerings.

name compounded with

Pepy
II.,

that of the pyramid of

:

earliest representations of this scene the table

is

and probably received in old age for a similar compound compare the name MenMena is one of the nefer Pepy on pis. vii., xiii.
very few Egyptians known named after Menes, the founder of the first historical dynasty of

covered with halved or quartered loaves of

bread, but these

became more and more conventionalized, until towards the end of the Old Kingdom the meaning was lost and the shapes became unintelligible so they continued to be
;

Egypt.

The
is

occurrence

of

this

name

at

Dendereh

not without weight in connection

with the theory that the king whose tomb was

drawn throughout the Middle Kingdom, after which the conventional half loaf form was for a time resumed. At Dendereh constantly, and

THE INSCRIPTIONS.
occasionally elsewhere at

43

the

end of the Old

revival,

reads
his

" Favour that the king and Osiris accord,

in the

Kingdom and during

the

Saite

the

good burial

goodly West

"

titles

and

objects are clearly intended for reeds or palm-

name.

(Two

of the stone lintels from the tops

branches, and bear out Borchardt's explanation

of

of the recesses, inscribed simply " the ha, Mena,"

them

as such {A. Z., 1893, p. 1).

It is

of

course

extremely probable

that

leaves

were

actually used as a pleasant table-cover on which

to place the food
:

halved loaves were a more

barbarous and utilitarian substratum.

"

The
Osiris

in-

scription immediately above this scene reads:

The fragmentary block with incised inscription, showing a man and his wife, was found on the east side of the tomb of Mena. The inscription in front of the man was evidently of a type well represented from other over the woman is intombs at Dendereh
are

shown on

pl. ii.A.)

Favour accorded by the king and

scribed,

"his

Avife

whom

he loves, the royal

thousand of bread, a thousand of beer, a thousand

of oxen, of oryx, of re-goose, terp-goose, of pintailed duck, of widgeon, of pigeons, a thousand

favourite Nebt-at-ef."

Pl.

ii.A.

Restored line of inscription on

the stone cornice

"

and of thread, a thousand of all good vegetables and of all good things to the haprince, Mena."
of cloth

[Favour granted by the king, and Osiris lord of Busiris and] Khent-Amentiu lord of Abydos in all
their places,

[funeral offerings to the ha,

Mena

Mena
of

is

entitled ha, chancellor of the

King

he

saith, I

judged brothers] to their reconciling,

Lower Egypt, governor

hat.
is

of a fortified town,

I heard the

word

[of
?),

him whose throat was conI cured]

tracted (with fear

the wandering of
of

confidential friend of the king

and sekhem of
title,

the oppressed, I saved the

weak from the hand

upon

the

With

the exception of the last

him that was

I was noble a
in

stronger than he, I held forth justice

earth.

which

new, these are the ordinary

titles

of

to the just, of [the desire of long life]

great people of the time.

The reading sekhem

am

one to

whom

instead of hherp seems jDroved by the variant on

summons

and food shall issue (pert-hheru) Dendereh amongst the devoted: the lector,
superintendent of]
of the hat

the lintel

(pi.

ii.)

otherwise

we might have

[the

Pharaoh's
,

[garden, the

read Icheiy mebat, " constructor," or " organizer

of a mebat."
bat,

sekhem']

the superintendent of
the

determined by the figure of

it

the

Black Land, lord

,

of

Eed Land,
(?)

lord

a boat,

is

new word;

may

designate the
temple,
dereh,

priest

choosing the guard

[to]

of this

devoted

Hathor,

[mistress of

Den-

sacred bark of Hathor at Dendereh, but as this bears a quite diiFerent

Mena.]"
as

name

in the Ptolemaic

Edfu
title.

list

(Brugsch, Did. Geog., 1362),

we must

wait for further instances before translating the

For the two forms of Osiris, tively of Busiris and Abydos, November, 1899. The passage referring
importance
if it refers

god respecP.8.B.A.,

see

Pl.

ii.

The

five

rectangular
in pis.
ii.,

blocks
ii.A,

with

to jJert-kheru

is

of great

raised inscriptions

shown

are the

to privileges enjoyed
i.e. if

by

remaining specimens from a number

eno-raved

of slabs

Mena during

his life-time,

the pert-kherii,

with the ordinary formulae, which

recesses in the exterior wall
first

were placed over

were supplies of provisions from the temple or palace perhaps, however, it is safer to under;

The of the mastaba. " Favour that the king accordeth and Anubis,

inscription reads:

stand

it

as referring in the future tense to post-

mortem

prerogatives.
is

a summons, food and drink to the chancellor, the confidential friend of the king, deserving

On
two

the same plate there

shown a defaced

but important fragpient of a stone on which

inscriptions

Hathor lady of Dendereh, Men-ankh Pepy, whose good name is Mena," The second
before

had been symmetrically enside,

graved side by

each reading from the

44

DENDERBH.

centre outwards.

On

pi.

xxvi.c will be found

doorless burial

chamber of Mena

the roof was

my

transcription from the original as checked

merely painted to imitate granite.

The body
with
its

by an earlier copy of Professor Pctrie's, and also by the photograph. The inscription on
the
"

no doubt lay in one or more

head to the north.

coffins

The north wall

consisted of

left

:
Osiris

two equal

slabs,

grained to imitate wood, which

Favour granted by the king and

[peri-fcAecit]

represented folding doors, on either leaf of which was painted a sacred eye. Compare the false

in the

Uag

festival

and the HermopoHte

saith,

door in
festival

pi.

i.

On

each slab a short horizontal

the ha, Mena.

He

'0 ye
]

as ye love [the king

and two vertical columns of inscriptions On the record the name and dignities of Mena.
line

say ye, thousands of bread and beer, thousands

[to

unmutilated slab we read that he was ha, chancellor of the

the superintendent]
earth-hair
'

King of Lower Egypt,

confidential

of all

'

of the

Nome, the devoted [Mena

friend (of the king), lector, sekhem bat, governor

of Men-nefer (Memphis), the

pyramid

city of

The
"

inscription on the right

Mery Ra (Pepy
pyramid
[a

I.),

and

of

Eha-nefer,

the

city of Merenra, superintendent of [all]

Favour granted by the king and Auubis,

burial]

good

fowling and hunting {mer uha

nu

neb) of the

in the

Western Hill

nome, superintendent of
tation, trees ?

all

"earth-hair" (vegeof the

as one truly devoted

see

above)

nome,

also

the lector, the superintendent of Pharaoh's garden

of southern barley, spelt, oxen

that he Avas " deserving before Osiris, lord of

of

Hath or,

mistress of Dendereh

"

Dadu, in
tion

all his places."

The mutilated

inscrip-

on the other half of the wall doubtless he was deserving before Anubis
;

The
{shen

title

" superintendent of

all

earth-hair

testified that

to)

of the

nome "
ta,

occurs

again in the

here, as

on the long walls of the chamber,

it

inscription

shown on the right-hand top corner

shen

will be seen that the inscriptions

on the east
west
to

of

pi.

iii.

whatever

it

may

be, is a

refer

to

Osiris,

and

those

on

the

substance commonly prescribed in the medical

Anubis.

by no means certain that the shen ta of the title is the same thing. In these texts sepat, " Nome," is constantly used without
papyri
;

but

it is

On
runs
:

the east wall the horizontal inscription

" Favour that the king grants and Osiris,

lord of Busiris, chief of

Western people, lord of

qualification for the

nome
on

of Dendereh.

Abydos
block
the

pert-hheru to

him

in the

Uag

festival,

The shown on the lower left-hand corner of the " Favour granted by the king, plate runs and Anubis upon his hill, and Ami-Ut lord of the Sacred Land, the coming of a summons,
inscription

the rectangular

Hermopolite

festival,

the festival

of the

beginning of the year, the festival of

New Year's
prince, the

day

every good

festival,

according to what
ha.

belongs to the day each day, the

governor of a

fortress, the confidential councillor

food to
are
as

Mena.
earth,

ye Avho
life

live

and

(of the king), the well deserving,

this inscription at the

Mena." Below
is

upon
ye

who
as

love

and hate death,

north end of the wall

ye desire to be followers

the grand false door

then, corresponding to
oils

of the god of your city on earth, [so say ye

the section devoted to sacred

on the west
forming the

thousands
&c., &c.,

of]

all

good things to the chancellor,

wall, is a tabulated list of ofi"erings

Mena."

daily
inscriptions, &c.,

menus

of the deceased

lastly, there are

Pl. III.

The

represented

pictured, in five rows, piles of food, sometimes

on

this plate

were painted on the walls of the

decorated with fioAVQrs

bread,

flesh, fowl,

wine,

THE INSOEIPTIONS.
beer, vegetables, fruit, placed

45

on stands or mats,'

of threads in a given space of the cloth

is

but

it

or in fine dishes and bowls.

curious that though

six-,

five-,

four-, two-,
is

The west wall

is

divided into compartments

and one-thread cloth are mentioned, there

three-thread quality.

no

corresponding to those on the east wall, and

Row

3 shows one cofier

above them the horizontal inscription reads " Favour granted by the king and by Anubis,

containing balls of incense 21,000, another containing the same

number
are

of vases of seth

oil,
oil.

who
in

is

on his
West,

hill,

and by Ami-Ut, the lord

;

and another

Avith 10,110 (?) jars of heknu

of the

Sacred Land

that he be buried well

in
his

In the fourth row

the

the Western Mountain,

pendants, bracelets, &c., of gold and choice stones, " gold,

necklaces,
carnelian,' lajjis-lazuli," &;c.
;

chamber of the necropolis the chancellor of the King of LoAver Egypt, the governor, the
confidential
friend
(of

and in the
jars,

fifth

row

is

a couch or stand laden with

head-

the

king),

deserving

rests (of "alabaster"), cloth, &c.

The

rest of

before

Hathor, mistress of Dendereh, Mena."

this inscription at the

this roAV

is

eftaced.
Avail,

Below
wall

north end of the

The south

at the foot of the coffin, seems

is

the grand false door, from which bolt

obliterated.
(?)

to have been painted Avith

much
;

the same kinds

this has

and eyes are nearly

division
(or
is

The middle
sacred
oils

of stores as the west wall

but most of

concerned with ten

disappeared.

rather seven, tabulated in ten compart-

Pl. IV.

The tabulated
on a larger

list

of offerings

from

ments) used in embalmment and various ceremonies, two vertical

the east wall of Mena's sarcophagus chamber

(see pl.
iii.)

columns
all

of

inscription
oils

announcing:
Mena]."
the
oils

"Giving

pure

[to

Old and Middle

scarcely at
all

Beneath the names and pictures of

in their several Avell-sealed vessels are

scale. Throughout the Kingdoms this list varies from tomb to tomb it included
;

everything required for the daily personal needs

of an Egyptian noble
as well as food.

short speeches addressed to

Mena by

the em-

unguents, eye-paint,
of the

&c.,

balmers, such as recur with variants in the

Pyramid texts {Neferhara, 11. 308-317), and seem to be almost meaningless plays on the names of the oils. The southern end of the
below the horizontal inscription, is divided into five rows of olFerings in boxes and on stands with names and numbers, connected with
wall,

49.
of

Pl. V.
I.,

A wall

upper chamber

Adu

copied by Mr. Davies, with restoraProfessor Petrie's earlier copy.

tions

made from

It gives the titles of

Adu

as chancellor, privy

councillor, lector,

and governor of Men-ankh,

II.),
I.

the pyramid city of Nefer-ka-ra (Pepy

of Men-nefer, the
is

and

the toilet of the dead.

The

first

two rows show

and of

pyramid

city of

Pepy

Adu

boxes of linen
this there are

the

first is

of 'hatiu-lm.eji,

here represented " harpooning fishes," accom-

enumerated:

100,000 pieces or
110,000 pieces

panied by " his son whom he loves, the governor

of a fortress, chancellor of the

leno-ths of the six-thread quality,

five-thread quality, 110,000 four- thread quality,

Egypt, privy councillor,

King of Lower the lector Zau (?),"

100,000 two-thread quality, 120,000 one-thread Next comes an inventory of the conquality.
tents of the

by another " son Avhom he loves, the lector, the scribe of amit-boats, Adu," by a daughter,
"royal
relative, priestess of
Avife

box holding the

that

['p\eqt linen, so

Hathor
loves,

,"

and

with the box

royal

of " fine royal," that of " fine of "leading,"

by "his
Beba."

whom
(?),

he

the

unique

dau,"

and that of
all.

royal ornament

deserving before the king,

"laro-e"

six

chests of linen in

Of each

kind of linen, except the dau, different degrees of fineness appear to be indicated by the number

Pl. V.a.

chamber of

The inscriptions from the sepulchral Adu I. The walls were painted

46

UENDEEEH.
offerings, someAvhat

"witli

in

the

style of the
;

closed
itself,

chamber

in the

tomb

of

Mena
of

the

room
The

hoAvever,

was
A, E.

T-shaped,
corner

not

merely

On the Avest wall (D-K) the inscription is in much the same Avords as on H-I, the grant being made to Adu by favour of the king
on
pi.
iii.

oblong.

See plan in
is

plate.

and "Anubis in the Divine Hall" of " burial

entrance

at

band of pictured
beloAV,

and good old age

(?)

he joins the earth and

gives
(i.e.

offerings, Avith

an inscription

runs round

crosses the sky, the

West

him her

tAvo

the transepts half-way

up the

walls.

From

hands in peace, in peace

before the great god."

with welcome)
granaries

A-D
&c.,

the inscription reads:

"Bringing choice
Osiris].

Above the
coffin,

meats, the pick of the table, to the chancellor,

on K-I, at the foot of the

the

nothing but

[Adu, well-deserving before

(B-C)

name and

titles

of

Adu were

inscribed.

May

he be followed by his noble has

may
is

In these inscriptions the cerastes hieroglyph

he pass along the sacred ways of

;

Ament (C-D)

always drawn as decapitated, though the

is

on which the rewarded are met he joins the earth, he crosses the sky, the Western Mountain gives her hands to him, in peace, in peace,

head

not omitted, and the hieroglyphs repre-

senting

human

figures are draAvn without the

lower limbs.
Pl, VI,

before the great god as one reAvarded."

" Bringing

E-B

Cornice fragments from the same

choice meats,

all

good vegetables,
is

tomb, that of
Avith

Adu

I.

" [I satisfied the poor

and

all

good things to him who

rewarded

bread and

beer,"

and

^connecting
Avas

?]

the

before the great god, (F-G) lord of Ament, the

second and fourth fragments from the top right-

chancellor of the

King of Lower Egypt, the

the privy councillor,
of the

hand corner of plate

done [by] others to
(aat)

" never
the

[the like]

governor of a
the
secrets

fortress,

whom had
of

fallen this office

lector, great prince

Nome, who

is

over

of

chancellor

King

of

LoAver

of

every
the

secret

communication

Egypt,"
Stela of Sekhet'hetep (?)
:

brought (G-H) to
Osiris, lord

of Busiris,

Nome, rewarded by rcAvarded by the great

to the

Favour granted
for the

by the king and Anubis,

pert-lcherii

god, Adu."

The

coffin

was placed, head

" royal acquaintance, priestess of Hathor, lady

north, in the long limb of the cross

H-D, on

of Dendereh, well-deserving before Osiris, lord of Busiris, Avell-deserving before the great

the three walls of which a line of inscriptions

god

ran under the cornice, the offerings being represented below.

false

Sekhet-hetep

(?),"

On

the east wall (H-I) Avas a

of

door with "Favour

jjert-lcheru,

the

king
it

and
an

Cornice fragments from the tomb of Adu II, " Favour accorded by the king and Hathor, lady
of Dendereh," &c
their
reconciliation,
I

Anubis,

&c.,"

and beyond

" [I judged brothers] to

inscription

proceeded:
his hill

"Favour

of the king

loved Avhat Avas good

and of Anubis on
the Sacred

and of Ami-Ut, lord of

before the great god, I heard the

word of him
[those

Land

he hath a good burial in his

whose throat
of the

Avas contracted, I

cured the fault

chamber of

kher-neter, the

Western Mountain
?)

a very good rank (or old age

as

rewarded by

weak (?) Avith the intent saw] my workmanship therein

they
praised god
"

who
?),

(in

my

tomb

the great god lord of Ament, the ha superin-

The fragments
first

of

tendent of the South Country [in very truth]

{n

stelae beloAv the cornice

fragments are also from

bu

maa,

cf.

inscription

on I-K and

the

the

tomb

of

Adu

II.

the

fragment should
left.

common
of the
lector,

expression n un maa), the chancellor

of

be joined to the third from the

lation they are of

In trans-

Lower Egypt, privy councillor, great chief of the Nome, Adu." Below
King
were tabulated
offerings, &c., as

no

interest,

but they contain

curious forms and variants.

this inscription

The three fragments

at the

bottom of the

THE INSOEIPTIONS.
found near the tomb of Adu II., show nothing remarkable except the spellmg of the name Degat on the central one. Degat rather than " Qebdat " is the reading. The same
plate,

47

Hathor, lady
pi.

of

Dendereh,

Mererta."

Vide

xxvi.c.

The broken
reads
:

tablet of
(?),

Beba

(II.)

on

pi. vii.A

" Sa'aa

royal acquaintance, by his

city
I

fragment

is

clearer

on

pi.
is,

vii.A,

"Various."

name, owner of
its

ofiices in his

made
I

On

the left-hand fragment

father, praised of

my
of

my

"I was beloved of mother, I was beloved

door

of
(?),

acacia,
I

brought
it

to

it

castrated

caused
(?)

to

be
I

great

and

[my

brethren]," &c.

mistress of the lands

made a dock-

50. Pls. VIL, VII.a. Below further fragments from the tomb of Adu II., on pi. vii., are others from the tomb of Pepy-Seshem*nefer (not " Pepy-Ta-Snefer "), whose good name was
Senna.

yard

(?)

"

upon the border (?) within one year The small fragments to the right
tomb. No. 324,

belong to another

and
pi.

are
xv.,

drawn
naked."

in

connection

on the top of
it

He

held the usual

titles

of "royal

where they form the words

haij

" unto the

chancellor," " confidential councillor," also those

of "superintendent of writing," "superintendent of the houses of corn-storage," and a hitherto

Among
Rehuia
" "
;

the " Various " on

pi. vii.A

there

is

block mentioning a

a " scribe of the

smayt land
already

unknown

title, "

making the voyage

of Hathor,

block
;

naming

Degat,

lady of Dendereh."

On

pi. vii.A

he

is

also

printed on

pi. vi.

a block with the inscription

earth,

entitled "lector, chief of the secrets of divine

ye who

live

and are on
say

who
of

love

speech, chief of the secrets of the divine chancellor."

(p].

their

city-god,

ye thousands
this

bread,
"
;

On
(?),

the
is

fragments

of

the

cornice
trees,
is

beer, &c., to the

lastly,

owner of
cha,

tomb, Katba

vii.A)

there

mention of various
\_ses'\-iieze'm
:

a fragment with a curious

name of a
also

keseht,

ahu

and

the last

the

boat

(?)

mecha or

which name occurs

carob tree.

Evidently he was an enthusiastic

on another insignificant fragment not published

in the plates.

planter of trees,

and

his

.s(,a-land

probably
and the
asses."

the borderland between the alluvial

desert

soil

51.

Pls. VIII.-VIII.c.

Sculptured blocks
dethis

was

"filled

with oxen, goats, and

is

from tomb of Merra.

On one

of the fragments there

a reference to

tailed style of relief sculpture

The barbarous yet employed in

a " [keeper] of thentet-o^en, great chief of the

tomb

is

very remarkable. Five horizontal lines of inscription

Nome
sonage

Shensetha."

Perhaps
"

this

was the per-

Pl. VIII.
in relief.
I.

who

" sent

PepySeshem-Nefer on some
is

mission.

Shensetha

name

that occurs again

1.

Favoiu- that the king

granteth and Anubis

on

pis.

xi.A and xi.B.

stela in the
;

(?)

pert-kheru to] the keeper of the

theiitet-

The broken
copied on

middle of

pi. vii. is

cattle,

Merra
old

his burial in his

pi. xiii.

Mennu-nefer-Pepy,
Senbat.

it mentions a man named whose good name was

in the necropolis [the

chamber which is Western Mountain], a very

a favour
that

[good]

age

(?)

as

the

king

Doubtless the

man was
I.

granteth and Osiris lord of Busiris and Khent-

called after

Amentiu

[
I.

that he be followed by

Men-nefer, the pp-amid of Pepy

his kas to the places

2
to

deserving]

The fragments at the bottom of pi. vii. are from the tomb of Zauta, whose good name was
Resa.

before the great god, pert-khej-u

him

in his

chamber that

is

in kheriieter
,

in the Uag, the

He was

" governor of a fortress, privy

Hermopolite feasts (&c.)

tendent I

according to what

belongeth to the day each day, the Aa, the superin/.

councillor, lector, superintendent of the

garden
;

3.
]

of the priesthood,
little

Merra; he saith
bread
to

of Pharaoh, great prince of the wife was "royal acquaintance,

Nome "

his

ones,

I
;

gave

the

priestess

of

hungry, clothes to the naked

I saved the oppressed

is

BENDBEBtt.
froili

the

hand

of

him that was stronger than he

privy councillor,

I judged brothers to [their] reconcilement

of the desire
/.

ments from the cornice should be so incomplete. A good deal of rearrangement is required to
something like their original been order, and even when that seems to have found the translation is in places very difficult. Including at the beginning two small fragments
place

them

in

great chief of

the

Nome,

lector,

chief

of

the

transport (of Hathor), superintendent of the divine

service,

keeper of the iAeniei-cattle, Seten'en'abu,

whose good name was [BJebaqer. I filled with northern barley and spelt, cattle, goats
that
is

not shown on the plate,

"

we obtain

in

I caused a

man
is

to
;

1.5
I overthrew
said in
its

his lord, as is done unto a good heir

his enemies in very truth, that

his house with

not

[Favour of the king, Anubis on his rock and Ami-Ut, lord of the Sacred Land, to the ha, chancellor
of the
friend,

I
its

made sweet

odours

King
lector

of

Lower Egypt,

confidential royal

with
barley

[I filled]

granary with northern

[Merra; he

saith,

I laboured]

for

and

spelt,

as

was done by Seten'en'abu

Beba."

Dendereh in [its entirety, I ones more than (?) its no|bles(?) I

farmers
of

little ] its

the

Dendereh, when
I
|

there
|

were

har-

Evidently Seten'en'abu Beba was a predecessor of Merra.

The
viii.B.,

titles of

Merra, as recorded in

pis. viii.,

are " ha, superintendent of divine service,

tlie

was one that desired to (?) one who eat (?) what he saw, that is, I was not Dendereh in [ I was beloved of ate bound (?). its entirety, praised of his city and beloved of it,
vesters
therein.
[ |

keeper of

theidet-cattle,

over the secrets of

the divine treasure, over the secrets of divine

and negroes of the foreign and of travellers I loved I was one who hated evil things, land. it was not to command conspiracy (?)
|

words, over the secrets of the morning house

(place of the king's toilet?), chief of the trans"port

my

abomination to s|lay
for
I

men
its entirety.

but I

did good

Dendereh in

I was a

haven

(?)

for this land in its entirety."

of

Hathor

lady of

Deudereh."

(This

"transport of

Hathor" was no doubt some

the Nile.)
viii.

ceremonial voyage or crossing of

One

of the stelae on pi.

describes

him

as

" strong in

mouth, stout of heart, finding the

entanglement, speaking according to
;

The rest is too fragmentary to be intelligible. The hieroglyphs are curious, not to say incorrect the strangest of them is perhaps the ten-legged crab (from the Red Sea ?) substituted
;

knot in

its

for the scarab

probably the only examples of

his voice (?)

the people were silent on the day

(?)."

the kind in Egyptian sculpture are found here

of

mourning

The

thentet-c&ttle
;

ax'e

not

and on
52.

pl. x.

known

apart from these inscriptions

probably

Pls. IX. -X. a.

Sculptured blocks and

they were the sacred kine of Hathor.

Pl. VIII.a.
false

fragments from the

tomb of

Sen-n(?)"nezsu,

The

inscriptions of this curious

door present only the funerary formulae

titles

whose name means " brother of the little," i.e. of the poor. He was royal chancellor and
steward.

with the

and name of Merra.

pl. viii.

It is

from

blocks shown on
of "his wife

that

we

learn the

name

whom

he

loves,

the confidential

royal favourite,

priestess

of

Hathor lady of

Above the cornice of the false door Favour accorded by the king and Anubis, pert-kheru to," &c. Below the cornice, the
Pl. IX,
"

Dendereh, Seheta," and of "his daughter

he loves, Aui'i'det'sa
(?).

whom same
that

In the loAver right-

hand corner of pl. viii.B we have the titles of a woman, " familiar royal favourite (?), priestess of Hathor lady of Dendereh, Theta."
Pl. viii.B contains nothing of special interest. Pl. VIII.c.
It
is

"
titles,

pure bread Cometh from Dendereh " on the other, from the temple," Over the door are
Osiris.
;

from

On one

side, "

lists

of offerings, &c.,
: '

and " the steward

of

Sen-nezsu, he saith
I

came out
little

my

house,

entered

my

(tomb ?)-chamber,

I said

what the

distressing that the frag-

great loved, what the

praised, with the

THE INSGEIPTIONS.
desire of oiFering justice unto the great god lord of heaven (Ra).'
(or pottery?),
cloth,
oil

49

in

its
it

8S^ cubits

in its breadth,

3U0 trees in

length, "

From
two

these inscriptions and those on the other blocks given in the plate we learn the
of " his wife

The

rest

is

not comprehensible to me.

:

Another fragment gives

of everything."

" [of] goats, ships,

names

whom

he loveth, confidential

favourite of the king, priestess of Hathor mistress of Dendereh, Auuta," of " his eldest son whom

Of

inscriptions on. this plate

which do not

belong to jMeira,

we have one

of a " confidential

he loveth, the royal chancellor, steward of the house of war, the deserving, Merra," of "his
son

royal favourite, priestess of Hathor of Dendereh"

named Hetepsa.

Another fragment shows a

whom

he

loveth,

the

royal

chancellor,

man
baby
(i.e.

seated with his wife,

for

who
is

holds out the

steward of the house of the stores and of war, Sebeknekht," and of " his son whom he loveth,
the royal chancellor, the steward of the house of

him

to dandle

she

" his wife

whom
"
(?)

he loves, the royal acquaintance, Redu'ahu

" Feet-of-kine," not "

Uaru'kau ").
is

On

one

war,

Sennetsua."

Above
I

his

sons,

in

small

fragment,
has
viz.

"Adu, whose good name

the same
titles as

Uhaa,"
pl. viii.,

characters:

"

conciliated

them with
clothing,

much
:

Merra on

bread, beer, northern barley, spelt

oil,

"

rcjifi,

ha, royal chancellor,

confidential

honey

then

may my name remain

see

(even)

associate of the king, superintendent of divine

service,

in the necropolis."

keeper of the

^Ae^ie/^-cattle."

Ptahunera,

Pl. X.

Here we

some of

his daughters

(in the loAver left-hand corner),

cellor,

was "royal chan-

" [his daughters

whom

he loves], confidential

superintendent of the audience chamber."

favourite of the king, priestess of Hathor lady

of Dendereh, the deserving, Hotepa," and " the
confidential favourite of the king, the deserving,

Pl. X.a.

Belonging

to Sen'n(?)"nezsu there

are here several bits of funerary formulae, e.g. " [0 ye who love life] and hate death, as ye

Beba."

love
of biographical inscriptions on
"

[the
'

king say

'

favour accorded
bits

by the

The fragments

king

J."

Three or four other

may probably

this plate are very tantalizing.

which

be connected thus: "[the stewai^d] Sen"n(?)'nezsu,

my father,
I

who loved
?

his house, [built ?] for

me

he

saith,

'

It

was that

my

master sent

me on

found

it

as enclosures of bricks, I [renewed

I

it

peaceful commission, which I did

tribute of
?]

[I took

with stones
posts of

supported

?]
;

it

with standing

wood

of every sort

of eleven (cubits)

their people, their trees, their fields " cattle. I returned in [peace.'

in height, furnished with doors of (t[(ni-wood r]

Of the fragments from the tomb

(cf. pl. X.)

of

Ptah-mera

gardeners (determined by a

man

carrying

those from the cornice give minute

pots of water by means of a yoke) were making

portions from the benevolent formulae so com-

vegetables (compare the picture in El Bersheh.,

pl.

I.,

xxvi., B. H.,

1., pl.

xxix. right), pond-keepers

monly met with at Dendereh, while the small stela says "I came forth from my house, I
:

were planting
of his

trees, the little

bow (or yoke), every his own work I did this throughout, throughout
:

man was owner man was owner of

entered
loved,

my

chamber,
little

said

what the great

what the

praised."

On
(i.e.

the fragments belonging to

is

Beba and

his

in very truth.
father, Merra."

This
It

is

not as said
if this

my

son Sebekmekht there

cultivated)

the phrase, " I

made
his

seems as

belonged to

men,
"

cattle, asses, goats."

Merra, son of Sen-nezsu. Another fragment gives two

53.
lines following

Pl. XI.
:

Inscription of

Beba and

on a funerary inscription
it

"

that

grew

in

Favour that the king accords and Anubis upon his hill, and Arni-ut lord of
wife Henutsen

of men, northern barley, spelt, gold, copper

the Sacred Land, pcrt-kl/cni to the chancellor,

E

50

DENDEEEH.
second shows a " confidential friend,

the governor of a city, the confidential friend, the lector, the superintendent of divine service,

Beba,"
"

standing with his beloved wife, Hatherhetepa

(see

who

is

over

the
is

secrets

of weighing words

the

copy in

pi.

xiv.)

and the third a

(trials),

who

deserving to his lord, the great

woman named
The
first
:

Nefert-kau or Nefert-ahu.

chief of the

every secret

Nome, who is over the secrets of word brought to the Nome, the

block in the fourth row gives a long

inscription
Osiris, lord

" Favour granted by the king and

of Busiris, pert-kheru of bread
to him, that

well-deserving of Osiris, he Avhose good

name

is

and

Beba."

" His wife

of

whom

he loves, priestess of

beer,
his

oxen and ducks

he prosper in

Hathor lady

Dendereh, Henutsen."

The

chamber of

Klier-neter, the well-deserving

shorter inscription, to the right, gives the title " first after the king " for Beba, and " confidential royal favourite " for Henutsen.

one, Nekhtu,

who
boats.

saith

"I made 31 head

of

people,
boats, 5

33 oxen, 13
(hi'pt

asses,

100 goats, 4 amu-

On

I built

my

house increased
groves

block in

pi. xi.A.
:

an inscription
]

for the

same

beyond

my

father's, land, enclosures (?),

;

man
had
river

states

"I

all

things over which I

I

in the field

control.

Moreover,

gave bread to the

;

god, lord of
voice."
his wife

was deserving before the great heaven, the priest Nekhtu, true of
I
is

hungry, clothes to the naked

I took over
;

the

With him

"the

Avell- deserving

one,

him who had no

ferry boat"

and on
on

frag-

whom

he loves. Hep, true of voice," and

ments of

his cornice inscription (also

pi. xi.A)

"his daughter, Naa."

Of the figures approach-

there are other

common

charitable formulae.

ing him, those in the top

row

are each called

third block at the top of the plate represents a " confidential friend (of the king), a

The

"his son Sebekhetep"; in the lower row are his

sons Antef and

Beba, and his daughter Naa.

this inscription

superintendent of horned and hoofed animals(?)."

Both names and formulae shoAV

to be of the

His name, ending in

" his wife

a, is lost

beside

him
says
:

sits

Xlth Dynasty.

whom

he

loves,

Beba."

He

"I

Pl. xi.A (see also under

PL XL).

In the

made men,
clothes

cattle, goats, asses, barley,

and durra,

middle of the plate are two blocks belonging to

a

a boat on the Avater, trees in the

(?)

man named
ruler

Seten'n'abu and holding the

a
of
fortress,

titles

garden

and the

field

that Avhich I had

" ha,

of

confidential
service,

friend,

done by

my own

strong arm."

superintendent
secrets of the

divine

over

the

The
Hall,

first

block in the second row shoAvs " the

divine treasury," also " lector."

chancellor and superintendent of the Audience

He
the

is

said to

have been " watchful of head to

of the nobles."

Shensetha," standing

approaching him
" is

command
rest

with a vase of " sweet ointment of the house

The
there,

of the plate contains inscriptions

thou

lovest, for the excellent has

"his

from the mastaba of Shensetha. ments as

" [I

No

titles

are

wife, loved

by and loving him

in very truth,"

but the blocks of the cornice give fragfolloAvs

:

with " his beloved daughter, Bebasher."

gave clothes to the]

I

On
a

the second block in the

same row are

his

naked, I conveyed over (the river)

man's son,

Shensetha,

and

daughters,

was Avithout ferry boat,

him who ploughed [for him

[I did

Hatherhetep and Senta, bringing

offerings.

who had no yoke

in]
all

of oxen].

no

evil (?)

On the
Beba

third block the barbarous hieroglyphs

this

land,

but I did this as a task

give the names Henua, Nekhta, Beba, Nekhta,

that accomplished the set standard of

and Beba.

The

wife's

name, Bet,

is

and did what

heart."
"

given by the middle block in the fourth row.

work (?), was well pleased Avith." "I judged betAveen comrades to unite their

my master

In the third row the

first

block shows a
;

festivals;

I satisfied

them with
"

man named Uhemy,

seated with his wife

the

bread, beer, northern barley, durra

THE INSCRIPTIONS.
Pi.. XI.T5.

51

On

the top of the plate are further

and
wife
&c.

childi^en

from one of these blocks

,

" His

fragments of inscriptions relating to the same "^^^ " in Dendereh to its entirety I gave Dendereh landed rights (?) in it, giving unto
'

whom

he loved, I

his son, Antef,"

54.
ments

Pl. XII.

Plere

we have
same
seated

further frag-

him who was loved as to him that was hated. I laiade mrhha (?) boats." " Moreover I satisfied all artificers that did

belono-ing; to the

iVntefa.

On

the

block, which shows

him

by
is

his wife

and

work
and
all

for

me

in this

aj^proached by his children, he

cellor, confidential

styled " chan-

tomb with bread and

of the
desire
"

beer,

barley and spelt,

friend,

keeper of the corn-

clothing, ointment, honey,

good things
to

store."

The

large slab inscribed in

wondrous
of

"I gave bread

I

the

relief-hieroglyphs

records

the favour

the

hungry, clothes to the naked,

regarded the
I

king and Anubis on the right-hand inscription,

word
g^ve

of

him whose

throat was contracted.

I

and on the
Osiris,

left

hand the favour

of the king

and
are

to the poor,

caused not evil con-

with the usual appeal to those

who

spiracy."

On
is

a fragment

drawn on

pi.

xxv.b,

"living on earth,

who

love

life

and hate death,"

his excellence.

Shensetha
is

entitled " captain of the host,"

and

and some obscure statements of

accompanied by "his attendant, Antefa."

The

slab

of ^Vntefaqer II. has the

epithet

Below the inscriptions of Shensetha is one of " I Hetepa, a " confidential friend." He says
:

" true of voice,"

which seems

to be the certain

indication of a date not earlier than the

Xlth

was beloved

of all

my

people, T gave bread to

I

Dynasty.

the hungry, clothes to the naked,

was one

The cartouches

of

Mentuhetep are interesting

beloved of his brethren throughout Dendereh."

in the one to the left the large

and detailed hiero-

The block on the left (marked " Beba III.") shows Hetepa seated with his wife Anklrsenna behind them stands " his friend of the place of
;

glyphs are of almost unsurpassable excellence.

Pl. XIII.

Here are hand copies of a number

most translatable

of curious fragments, but the

is

his heart, Per-Aru," while the sons,

Azau and
hand

of "

iVdu, are approaching with offerings (for

Rehury
crew
[I

Adua (tomb 331)," which gives a name He says: " stall (?) of goats, (?).
trees, a

copy of Azau's name, see

pi. xiv.).

stall (?) of asses

boat in the water,

On
tomb

this plate there are also blocks

from the Adua,"

of

drew from

my

store, I

ploughed

for

of a "keeper of the

fliciifi'f-oxen,

was] one beloved of his father, praised of Another, from tomb 326, seems
cubits of land, 20 asses,

and from the tomb of Hetepa with fragments

one of the benevolent formulae,
Pl. XI. c.
of
&c., &c.

his mother."

to read, " I

made 5000
,

Certain phrases from the cornice

" I -was beloved of

200 goats,
city.

clothes,

and

gave

to

my

Mera

are conspicuous.

Veiily, I did this with

my own

strong

my
oxen

father,

praised

of

my

mother," " I gave

a yoke of

arm."
Pl.
&c.

cattle (?) to]

(heter),

him who was without

I

xiv.
Pl.

Hand

copies of

numerous names,

gave seed corn to him who

entitled "

begged

[for it."
is

55.
a door

XV. The

great stela of

Chnemerdu
in

Antefa, or Antefa-aqer,
the king," and

on

drum " treasurer

his cornice

first after

is

perhaps the most important single object that

in the cemetery.
It
is

was found
dition,

bad conit

and confidential

friend."

On

we

are

and Mr. Davies,

who

copied

first

at

him who was without a ferry-boat, [gave cattle (?) to him who had no] " On pl. xiv. yoke of oxen, and ploughed
told that he " transported

Dendereh, revised his copy for

this publication

a year later at Gizeh, examining specially

difiicult points.

many
queen

We

learn from the inscription

ste"svard

there

is

a hand copy of the names of his wife

that

Chnemerdu was the

of a

E 2

DENDEEBH.

who had
apart

inherited in

the South o;reat rights

for it

(?)

not failed

from

her

husband,

whom we may
all

greatness of
it,

my

anything (13) thereof, of the knowledge of things. I organized

(?)

imagine to have been, nominally, king of

made

fair its

conduct with beauty more than

I

aforetime, I

made strong what

found decayed, I
fulfilled
all

Egypt.
(1) G-race

tied what I found loose, (14) I

what

accorded by the

king and Osiris Lord of

found inchoate.
that
I found

I neglected not

the feasts
sacrifice

Busiris and
[all tlieir

Klient-Amentiu, Lord of Abydos in

:

done in this estate,

seasons

the

places

peri-kheru bread and beer, oxen

(2)

established in every daily service, every festival

and
all

fowl,

clothing]

and thread, thousands of

done

in

its

(?)

yr r

nw-f

(?)

for

the

good things

health of

my

mistress Neferu-kayt,

(15) for ever

to the chancellor, the privy councillor,

him that
(3)

is

in

and ever.

I organized

my

the

heart

of

his

great

mistress,

persistent

in

I enlarged every court of

house on a goodly plan, it, I gave provision to

coming as cooling
ing his postures
tion
(?),
(?),

know-

firm of seal, good in opposi-

excellent in
;

dealing

(lit.

place of hand)

in every going

lord of reverence, great of hand,

(4)

successful
of body, divine to look

white of raiment, noble

;

upon

knowing the method

?)

of accomplishment, fine (polished, well-trained) of

heart, a collection

(embodiment

of nobles, com-

him who begged it, herbs to him whom I knew not as to him I knew, of the desire that (16) my name might be good in the mouth of those on earth. I was indeed a noble great in his heart, a plant sweet of desire, I was not drunken, my heart did not forget, I fainted not [in what was given into my hand (?)] (17) It was my heart made my place eminent, it was my nature caused me to continue
at the front.

prehending the heart,

the belly, gracious
(?)

(5) controlling

what

is

in

I did, yea I did all these things.

of countenance to the petiis

Behold I was one in the heart of his mistress, I

was keen, I established
learnt

tioner until he saith

what

in his heart,

entering

my

surroundings,
estate

(18) I

the heart of his mistress, belonging to the place of

her heart, given to her as

it

were a council that

is

great in (6) precept, one well-beloved in the mouth of men, eminent of seat in the Great House, the steward, the deserving,
(he)
saith,
(7)
'

was organized therewith, and I sent support to what I found fallen, saying Behold it is exceeding good that
every business, the
'

man
made

do the
for her

best

things of his heart for his

Chnemerdu

mistress, the

most eminent of (19) his memorials.'

a great treasure of all

was one beloved of my mistress, praised by her in what belonged to the day
I
:

precious
I dis:

things, done in excess of

what I found.
if

each day

I spent a long period in years before

played every aptitude (aun) in this situation

outran
all

my

mistress, the royal favourite Neferu-kayt, her

my

compeers

there

was a thing

that was
positions,

great
great
of
this

(8)

in her

kas,

eminent in her

undertaken
it.

in this estate I

was he that understood

men, a noble tree made

of fathers,

eminent of mothers,
her noble fathers,
(9)

(20)

Most eminent

of

support

heaven

for

most eminent of this land, amongst the South country.

daughter of a king,
loved
(the
;

heiress

from

Behold
king

she

wife

of a

whom
^

was he

by God, he caused me to excel by his plan, greatly noble by the work of his hand (?) My mistress was as Lady of the South country, as great
foundation of this land
(21)
(?)
.

she inherited from her mother Nebt

of the form

upon the great throne

Long endure her ha may she make millions

in the

of years in life like

Ea

eternally

name must have been

3),

pert-kheru unto the deserving

feast,

Chnemerdu

Uagthe

(10) chief of the people beginning

tine,

from Elephan-

the Thoth-feast, in the

(?),

feast, in

ending at the Aphroditopolite (Xth) nome, of

(?)

feast of Sokaris

in the feast of the heat, in the

women connected with

household of
for she

governors of

cities,

and

nobles of the whole land.

I became under the

(or of

my

mistress

(?)

her handmaid)

beginning of the year, in the great feast, in the great going forth, in all feasts. Let the hand be put forth to him with offerings that appear before

(11) the littleness of

my

origin

(?)

Hathor,
divine,

knew the

excellence of

my

handiwork, how

may the eminent ones of Per-wr make him and the priests of the noble staircase may
:

forwarded the way of the nobles.

Then she
(?)

placed

me

in Dendereh, in the great treasure

(12) of her mother, great of writing, eminent of

sciences, great council- chamber of the

he travel the roads that he will in peace, in peace, the deserving, Chnemerdu." (he) saith, " I was one who fulfilled his duty, and was
beloved of mankind in what belonged to the day of every day.

South.

made extensions

(?)

thereof, piles of wealth, riches

THE mSOEIPTIONS.
scene below shows a servant, Antef, pouring unguent from a vase before the great man, under whose chair sits a hound. The
inscription
reads,

53

The

present
the

many

extraordinary attempts to render

"Opening unguents
lea.

before

signs in detail. With the monumental revival at the end of the Xlth Dynasty the knowledge of hieroglyphs revived

half-forgotten

the

face,

unto the

of the deserving one,

throughout the country, but the great break in

tradition

Chnemerdu."

Behind

the

servant

are

three

though never perhaps complete, since

left its

figures, " his friend

Adedu, Apuy and Tha-nub."

some men of hieroglyphic learning doubtless

were always to be found

Over the table are the usual unguents in seven jars, with their names above. 56. The hieroglyphs of the earlier Dendereh
inscriptions are interesting in a quite peculiar

mark on

the

Xllth Dynasty renascence.

How

conventions

changed, probably through ignorance, can be

seen by the history of the table of offerings as

way.

Often

they

are

rather

^vell

formed,
;

though with a certain barbaric tendency but on close examination it will be observed that
individual signs, while bearing a general resem-

shown in the scenes (cf. pp. 42-43). In the IVth Dynasty this is represented garnished
with halves or quarters of
tall

loaves of bread.

blance to the ordinary

different.
is

tyj)es,

are in fact very

Abundance of bread at modern marriage

as basis for a
feasts in

meal

is

seen

Egypt,

&c.,

but

Thus, in

pis. viii.c

and

x. the crab
pi. x.

this primitive sort of table-cloth, suggestive of

substituted for the scarabaeus, in

the

handled basket
neh
;

usually
/,;

nothing but food, was probably soon improved

upon.

for the plain basket

Late in the Vth Dynasty the meaning of

and those who have made any special study of the forms and pictorial meanings of hieroglyphs will recognize
has

the representation was already obscured, and the

bread had assumed impossible forms, even on

the walls of the

how

often the engraver

tomb

of Ptahhetep.

In the

departed from

the usual traditions,

the

period between the Old and Middle Kingdoms,

substitutions being in some cases reasonable, in

by a

slight deviation in outline

and the addidevice

others

quite

meaningless.

One

might

be

tion of

some
of

detail, it

appears sometimes as a
a pleasant

disposed to

attribute this state of things to a

as

garnishing
that

palm

leaves,

fundamental difference in the writing such

differing

may

well have been in actual use.

In the

would be implied by a South Egyptian system

of Avriting
in
it

Xllth Dynasty the uncertain forms of the Vth

origin

from

that

of

Dynasty were again in vogue

various
offerings,

in the

XVIIIth
was

Northern Egypt.

But

will be observed that

Dynasty the table was generally piled with

the differences are sporadic and the types very The irregular on the Dendereh monuments.
art of engraving

and

the

convention

almost abandoned, to be fully revived, however,

in the

monumental
as

inscriptions
as

had

XX Vlth Dynasty.
A few inscriptions
XXIII. a.
:

deteriorated

greatly

early

the

Vlth
in

57.

lie

between the Xlth

Dynasty
cursive

all

over Egypt, even in the centres of

Dynasty and the Ptolemaic age.

Pl.

civilization.

The
and

scribes

wrote
to

freely

a
of

Inscription from the handle of

hand,

owing

the

practice

of a sistrum

"

Favour granted by the king and

;

clearer spelling they no longer needed carefully

to observe the distinctions

Hathor Nebhetep
lict

she giveth good

life

to the to

between the

signs.

of

Bukau."

The sistrum was sacred

is

A scribe

of the period of our inscriptions

who

Hathor, and the head of the handle

carved with her mask.
Inscription from a situla
:

usually

could easily write hieratic, would find it difficult to instruct the decorator how to render his
hieratic into well-formed hieroglyphs
;

"

Amen'Ra,

lord of

from the
stelae

the thrones of the two lands, gives

life,

pro-

Vlth

to the

Xlth Dynasty the barbaric

sperity and health, a long duration, a good old

Si

DENDEREH.
Petismataui, born of the lady of the house, the " Satisfier of musician of Hathor, Ant-ha."

age to Therkes, whose mother was mistress of a

house, Hather
"
is

A
narne

sandstone sarcophagus
of
Nesi-her,
to

inscribed with
aid

her Majesty"
of

is

the

title

of the high priest

come the different deities and demons sculptured upon it. Pl. XXV. The first of the three stelae shows
whose
" the lady of the house, Mutardus," holding a

Hathor
Geoij.,
"

at
p.

Dendereh

Diet.

Edfu list, Be., 1361; apparently "Musician of

in the
title of

Hathor

was the

the chief priestess.

sistrum and

worshipping "

Ra-Harmakhis the
Mutardus, whose

great god lord of heaven."

The third stela shows a man worshipping Ra-Harmakhis and Ptah on the one side and Tum and Osiris on the other the pairs corresponding as living and dead forms respectively
of the
Osiris

name

is

repeated with curious variations, was

a musician in the House of Hathor.

She was
;

same two gods.

The deceased
born

is

"the
her
the
of

daughter of Nesi'tamer and Ruru

tablet

and the

Netem-ankh, son of the

Satisfier of

was

set

up by

" her son

who makes her

Majesty, &c.,

PeduHorsamtaui,
Ner(?)-nut."

of
titles

name

to live, Par, son of Artau."

lady of the house

The

On
Horns.
sokar,

the middle stela the

Horsiesi," offers
to

" Satisfier of her

Osiris,
Isis,

PeduHorsamtaui are put forth very

are

fully,

but

Majesty,

and

obscure.

They seem
satisfier of

to

be " servant of

Favour
"

is

granted by
of

Osiris,

Ptah-

Horus Maks,
first

the heart of a thousand,

Horus Samtaui and the gods and goddesses in Dendereh, they give pert-Jcheru, &c., &c., and all
Hathor
lady

Dendereh,

priest,

second priest, scribe of the temple

of Hathor, lady of
sure,

Shen

(?), scribe

of his trea-

priest

of the

gods,

the

plough of the
fourth

things that appear on the altar before Hathor

arm

(?),

fourth class, priest of Horus, the scribe

Hathoi-,

lady of Dendereh, to the Satisfier of her Majesty

Horsiesi, son of the
Satisfier of

of the
class."

lady of Dendereh,

her Majesty

58.
I.

Pl.
t' h't

XXV.a.
n P'-sre-wp
Petrie
is

Demotic
s'

inscriptions, &c., Ptolemaic

(?)

and Roman.
of Psheiapi son of G-emt, the barber
(?)."

Gmt, p' Jyq

to

"

The tomb

Professor
crossed

inclined

see

in

the

circle

and object resembling a fourBuddhist

trisul.

and a transcript of the legend, thinks the form of the symbols unlikely. Can they be
intended
are
for

pronged fork the

wheel of
life

symbols

of

the

cake
a

and a flesh-hook
trade
last
?

or

and the

The

inscription

they symbols of

The meanare

gives no support to this view, and Mr. E. J.

ing and reading of

uncertain.

the

sign

quite

Rapson,
II.

who has

seen a copy of the symbols

Quite illegible on the squeeze^ and mostly so in the photograph.

(1)
t'

III.

h-t

Tsyr

(2) (3)

P'-te-Hr-sm'-t'-wi
nt
Tn't

s'

"

The grave
is

of Osiris Petesomtus son of Psenais

(?),

who
of

P'-sre-Yhy
(4)

smne hr p' tw n

placed

on

the

hill

of

the

resting-place

p' pr
(sic)
t

n htp n
lj,nt

Tentyra."
" Grace royally accorded
(?)

IV.

htp tns

n pr-Jprw

Tsyr hnq yh

Ymnt

by Osiris Khentamenti

'pt

oi pert-kheru, bread, beer, oxen, fowl,

oiferings, fatlings, all

htp'w tf ylyy nh nfr Ysyr hnt Ymnt n Yss wr

Nb't-he sne ntr
zty n-f p'
(?)

good things

mwt
p'

ntr
svi t"ivi

Osiris Khentamenti, to Isis the great, the

mother of a god,
Petuhorsamtaui
"

n Ysyr P'-te-Hr
s'

Nephthys

sister of a god(?), to the Osiris

sre-

Yhy

who

is

called the

[son of] Pasherenahy

V.

mb'h Ysyr Wtifr p' ntr " hr yh Yn, Ys wr't mwt-ntr Ynp
Tint

"Before Osiris Onophris the great god in

Denderah,
Isis the great, divine

mother
"

Anubis

syh-ntr

in the divine hoBse

THE INSCRIPTIONS
VI.
VII.

56

Worship
t'h-t

of Osiris, Isis and "

s'

Harmakhis the great god " by Nespehy

(?).

P' 'bm

(?) ]j'

sir Tkivt

p'
s'

VIII.

t'

h-t

nwy

Qrms

(?)

"

The grave
is

of

son of

"

iX.

Illegible on squeeze

and photograph.

The design

apparently a coffin on a bier between two bunches

of flowers for offerings.

Cf

the flowers on the tables of offering, Nos." 17-^0.

" the grave of

X.

.t'

h-t p'Hp' Hr my p' ql'-

hk
t'

Pabekliis

qt

XI.

T'i-wp mt
t'

t'

gs (?)

hry Ysyr

XII.

'nli

p'hy n p' Gplws (?) n yft n riq^'t

" lives the soul of

Lix.

59 years

(of age)

"

XIV.

mb'k Ysyr Wnfr p' ntr

p'-hk
s'

"

p'i-

"Before Osiris Onophris the great god Pabekhis son of

of the frankincense the steward
(?)

n p'

'nt p' q ..(?) p'

Hr
te

of Pa-Her."

XV.
XVI.

Ysyr p' H 'H

te'bhtp stn

{s')

p'

Hr

sm'

t'-wi

n Ysyr Hr Ys
n
t'

Thict

Ynp

"The king

giveth an offering

(?)

to Osiris

Horns

Isis

Thoth and Anubis

te-io p)r-}}rw

hnq yh'w

they giYe pert-klieru of bread, beer, oxen,

w'-h

'pt'w htp'w tf'w ylyuo

nb nfr
s'

fowl, offerings, fat things, all

good and pure things

son of Pakh, whose mother

n Ysyr p'
qse

m-e

P'i-^},

mw-f

T'i-J}.

to the Osiris
is

Pasheren

te-w n-f
(?)

Takh.

They

give to

him

nfrt pr mne

z't

{"i)

good burial, a house lasting for ever."

is

The

first

of the tables of offerings

(?)

inscribed for " the Osiris the divine wife of Nefer-hetep (a form of

Chonsu) Ta-ast

true of voice."

Pl.
A.

XXV.b.
t'

kt n P'

sre{n)

Yhy
hn't'

"

The grave

of

Psenpahy
gold,- worker,

s' Hr-nfr, p' hm.e nh,

son of Her-nefer, the

with

T' sre't {n)

t'e-f hm't.

Yhy

p' Sy
XTlii.

rnp xxix, ybt iv sme hrw

h'i

Senahy daughter of Psais his wife. Year 29, Mesori 18."

"

B.

(?)

t'

P'-te-Hr-sm-t"wi
VIII ybt IV s'e

(?)

p'

't

The grave

of Patehersamtaui

Pashenthot

P'
p' qrq.

s're

(n) Thict

rnp

hnr

x.

the hunter.

Year

8,

Choiak 10."

C.

"Pashem
Tablet.

son of Pabek."

On

a sandstone slab over the figure of a

Osiris

mummy.
His parents are Pedubak

Pedupamenkhu adores Ea-Harmakhis,

and

Isis the Great.

and Herert.

At

the bottom of Pl.

" Royal offering
(?)

XV.

are

two hieroglyphic
Pehequ son
of

inscriptions of very late

:

date
?),"

to the Osiris

Pashem

he went to Osiris at 19 years (of age

"

Royal offerings

(?)

to the Osiris

Pashem

true of voice, the elder, son of Peduhorsamtaui.

He went

to

Osiris at -4 years (of age?)."

56

DENDBEEH".
Pls.

XXVI.a.,

XXVT.b.

These labels are

inside closely inscribed with religious texts,

no

often obscure, especially in the proper names,

doubt in order that the deceased might have

the

which
No.

also are of little interest.

:

The following
the

magic formulae at hand for reference in

This
is

are perhaps the most interesting

(i.

case of need.
in

in fact the usual position

coffins of stone

Osiris Petiamenophis

which they are found on early

scribe of the

House
Osiris

of Horus.

or wood.
elder,

On

the slab forming the east side of

No.

10.

Nes-Min the

(son of)

the

coffin

the inscriptions had

been

utterly

Petesis.

destroyed, but on the opposite side, on the

two
re-

No. 12.
sheikh
(?).

Pa-aldiem son of Hor

p''
,

the

ends and on the inside of the

lid,

much

mained
TasherenPetiHorsamtaui, daughter
Osiris.

all this

Mr. and Mrs. Petrie laboriously

No. 2i.

traced

and copied.
Avas

Apart from any question

is

of PetiHorsamtaui {JJeTeaoiiTovi).

of mutilation, the writing

First
it

exceedingly bad.

No. 25.
the

Pa-shere-Ahy son of Pa Akhem,

Plis

gold-worker.

name remains

before

Osiris.

No.

28.

Osiris

Nes-Hor-renpy-Ta-Beyk,

drawn with ink upon the stone in a semi-cursive style, and Avas then chiselled in a perfunctory manner by a mason, whose work in places reduced itself to mere chisel holes.
Fortunately a good
deal
of

born of Tasherepakhem, the wife of Pakhem

son of
the steward
Osiris
,

the

black

ink

(?).

remained, thus assisting the copyists in ascertaining the reading.

No. 29.

Tasherepakhem daughter of

Pa
No. 46.

the wife of

Pakhem son

of
in

The
hath

texts are of special value, since they are

cases early versions of those

the steward.
Osiris

many

known

his soul

from papyri of much later date as parts of the

so-called

gone

to Osiris.

Book

of the Dead.

The chapters of

No. 48.

"

Anpe (Anubis)

in

Wyt, who

is

at

the

Book

of the

Dead

hitherto found on coffins

slightly earlier, are

the head of the divine bower.

May

there be

of the Middle

Kingdom, or
;

given to thee a house of refreshment

lit.

{'per teJche,
all

very few in number

we have here an

entirely

'house of intoxication'!),

oxen, fowl,

ncAV series for that period.

The following notes

fresh identifications. to exarnine

good things that are good that are pure that are rich, N. son of M. who went to his fathers in
the year of
life

can serve only as a starting-point for others,

and

Ave

may
it

look for

many

27, 6

months 21 days.

Lives

Doubtless

would repay the student

his soul for ever before Osiris."

Here we have

some curious renderings of

No. 53.

old formulae, note

{\)
still

especially the version oi pert-lclieru

anew the obscure writing of the original in the Gizeh Museum. The name of the owner occurs only at the
north end, where he
(pi.
is

This label, though in Greek,

called "the repa ha,

Beb"
hiero-

entitles the deceased " Usiris."

xxxvii.F), in

somewhat barbarous
(pi.

glyphs.
Coffin of Beb.

The key plan

xxxvii.) shows the

arrangement of the existing inscriptions.

the original starting-point Avas

Where

59.
this

Pls.

XXXVH.-XXXVH.k.

Though

monument

belongs to the earlier group of

it is not easy to probably the inscriptions round the coffin began on the west side, that being the place of

say

the Dendereh inscriptions, the nature of the long

texts inscribed

upon
coffin

it

places

it

in a separate

honour, Avhile the inscription on the lid began again independently, as the first texts in each
case

was composed of separate category. slabs of limestone, rough outside, but on the

The

seem to be addressed

to the local goddess

Hathor.

The

local allusions,

which of course

THE mSCEIPTIONS.
do not occur in the Book of
particular value and rarity.
tlie

57

Dead, are of

First Cataract),

Nerau

(?),

the Pools of Coolness,

the Divine Pool, the Divine City, the ^Middle

Islands, the Divine Place,

The

lid (pis. xxxvii.-xxxvii.B) is inscribed in

Taking
full

Offerings, the

four broad
writing,

longitudinal

bands

of

columnar
narrowest

Divine Hill-country,
11.

&c., &c.

interrupted by occasional tabulations

201-25(), in

columns the

width of the

of texts.

The upper band

is

the
its

band, continue with a

hymn

to

Hathor, which
to

and

is

divided for two-thirds of

length into
Its

ends with

1.

222.

Then begins an address

two half-bands
list

of short columns.

text

is

certain divine "lords" concerning Beb's complete

evidently addressed to Hathor, and contains a

of incidents connected probably with the

knowledge of mystic roads, sixteen in

&c.,

number, with their names,

in succession.

feasts

of Dendereh.
" I

The
to hear,"

first

half-band

is

The Chapter

of the

Sixteen Roads

continues

headed by

come

and contains a

list

into the second band.

The next formulae (262

The second half-band was no doubt headed by the word " in " it
;

of 100 festal incidents.

H
to

seqq.) deal

with a succession of eight nets or

;

snares, of Avhich the

gives a

list

of about 100 localities in which the

It is clear that

names are given these are be escaped by addressing them in the words
276-292 contain the Cliapter of Escaping
as cliap.
cliii.

incidents severally took place.

prescribed.
U.

the

whole

is

addressed to the local goddess

Hathor, and that Beb desires to renew after

death the pious relaxations of his earthly
at Dendereh.
life

from the Net, already known

the

of

Book
its

of the Dead, the table (282-290) shoAv-

Reading with
11.
1

this

key
11!),

to the

ing the names of the component parts of the net

arrangement we have in

and

"I have

and of

makers and users

the spindle

for the

come

to hear the

the desert hills of the god

coming forth of the god in " and other instances

;

thread, the netting-needle, &c., &c.

1.

2!)4

seems to be the beginning of a chapter

of correspondence between the entries in each

hitherto

unknown.
:

It

concerns escape from

its

half-band are clear in

11.

72 and 173, 77 and 178.

some
not
fall

evil

" Osiris
it
;

knoweth

name, he

shall

In U. 1-5 Beb says

" I

fall

into

know

its

name,

I shall not

come that I may hear the

(fem.,

into it."

talk

(?)

of the feast, thy

as

relating

to

Hathor)

thentet-oxen,

thy

I.

321 begins a chapter perhaps "of [bringing?]

memut, the dances, the flood

a man's magic

coming forth of the god, the uplifting of the bark, the throwing of the stick
(19) the

mentions the

him in Klier-nefer" it "Island of Flame" (323). 1. 337

(?)

to

mentions the " locust."

II.

the bringing of the has, the joining of the hew, the (76) the gathering giving of praise
of the lotuses, the music
(90) the (95) the laying

354-380

" Chapter of passing through the

West."
11.

hounds

down

of bread and

384-396

chapter of " Going out into the

beer, the partaking of bread

and

beer, the

mani-

Broad Space."
11.

festation of the god, the drink offerings, peace in

life,

397-400

chapter of " Being with

the giving of
localities specified in the

" &c.,

&c.

(?)

the

great."

The
(11.

lower half-band

In the third band,

11.

415-416 seem to be a

101-200)

may

well have

been

favourite

chapter of " Giving bread in On."

11.

places (in the neighbourhood of Dendereh?) in which Beb wished to enjoy the above-named
sights

417-418:

chap,

xliii.

of the

Book

of the

Dead, for having the head restored and not

taken away after
it

and sounds.

Among them
of this

are (104), " the

Life,

has been cut off

referring

Southern Islands, the Islands of

(there

Kenset

probably

to

the early practice of dismember-

was a

district

name

aliove the

ment, for which see especially Deshasheh.

5s

DENDBREH.
I.

424

chap. xlvi. of the

Book

of the Dead.

Over

11.

425
in

et

seqq.

we

read " Opening a

"
;

fortress (?)

the

horizon

and

beyond,

and ends of the coffin itself were inscribed in two rows, of which the upper one The North end is by far the better preserved.

The

sides

" Building a fortress

(?) in the horizon."

(657
"

et

seqq.)

gives

the hieroglyphic

list

of

In

11.

474

et

seqq.

are certain phrases often

offerings,

&c.,

and "Favour accorded by the

(in his

recurring in the

Book of what dost thou live upon ? I live on what ye live on

hate
is filth,
11.

the
'

Dead

'

Then
I

say the gods to me.

what

two forms)." On the West side the place of honour we have texts probably connected with Hathor
king and Anubis

I will not eat."

et seqq.

(cf.
is

1.

688,

and the

last

phrase in

1.

698, which

Over

546

are the headings "Entering

evidently addressed to a goddess).

first

In
to

1.

699

the boat

the four pillars."

The

latter are the

begins a long chapter addressed

Meht-

four pillars of heaven, identified in the vertical

wert, one form of the cow-goddess,

columns of text below the heading

the Southern
is

as follows

Neper, the god of corn.

apparently a

At
It
is

1.

and then to 742 we have

dis-

Hermopolis, the Northern

is

is

new

text.

difficult to

Buto, the Western

is

Heliopolis, the Eastern

cover what were

the texts in the

now

mutilated

An.
In
11.

lower row.

556

et seqq.,

" I shall not

die,

my

body

The

inscriptions on the

South end are

like-

shall

not be taken from me, the dog shall not

wise obscure.

eat me, the falcon shall not tear me."

this is

Beyond

Needless to say that the texts from this coffin

a chapter of " bringing the

magic of a

which can be

identified with chapters

from the
or

man
II.

to

him
et

in Hades."
seqq,
:

Book
Book
of
as
off

of the Dead, differ greatly from the latter

590

chap, xxxii. of the the

found in papyri of the

New Kingdom

the

Dead, of driving
621 there

crocodiles

that

later.

would take a man's magic power from him.

In
1.

In order to understand the Book of the Dead,

is

a chapter referring to some

1.

we
if

require to trace the growth of each chapter

possible to
its

transformation.

From

625 to the end of the

is

origin,

but at any rate to

its

inscription on the lid (656) there

a large part

earliest

written form, and in

any systematic
from
an important

of the lengthy chap. Ixxviii. of the

Book

of the

collection of the early material, the texts

Dead, the chapter of "transformation into a

sacred sparrow-hawk,"
Possibly this was completed on some other part of the coffin.

the coffin of
place.

Beb

will certainly take

59

EEPOBT ON ANIMAL MUMMIES.

By Oldfield Thomas,
F.Z.S.

60.

Mr. Thomas has kindly sent me the

due to alteration in the bones induced by

cineration,

in-

following identifications of the animal

mummies

and

is

not really natural.

from the catacombs.

Ganis familiar is, L.
<Jereopithecus pyrrhonotus,

Hempr. and Ehr.

Five

mummied

specimens, and a large

number
of the

One very imperfect

able to this species.

skull appears to be refer-

of skulls

and other bones.

The majority

skulls belong to a
spaniel,

dog of about the

size of a

and suggest the Pariah dog of India,

GercojMthrcus sahceus, Linn.

or the ordinary street dogs of oriental towns.

One

mummied

specimen, Avhich has

been

One
a

skull

and one

mummy,

however, belong to

determined by Dr. Anderson with the help of

a Rontgen ray photograph.
Felis cImus, Giild., Felis caligata,

much

smaller form of about the size of a

terrier.

Temm.
of cat re-

Lepiis, ^p.

Among
the

the

considerable

number
cliaus.

One lower jaw

tion.

of a hare

is

in

the

collec-

mains, two or three skulls evidently belong to

It

cannot be
segijptiacus.

exactly .determined,

but

comparatively large F.

The

re-

may

be L.

mainder are provisionally referred to F. califfata, but differ a good deal among themselves in size. It is difficult to say whether these differences
are

Gazella. clorcas, L.

Three imperfect

skulls,

merely due to

age

and

sex,

indicate

some fragments of horn

small gazelles, G. dorcas,

difference of species, or

as seems very probable

and Of the three leptoceros, and isahelhi,

all

of females,

cores.

show that the Egyptians had

of

several races
case
of

which might have been in the possession of the

ancient Egyptians, these fragments

tame

cats,

just

as

in

the

the

appear to

dogs.

agree most closely with the corresponding part

of G. dorcas, although they are too imperfect

Herpestes ichneumon, L.

for the determination to be quite certain.

Both

An

imperfect

mummy, and

a large

number

G. leptoceros

and G.

Isabella

have

decidedly

The ancient skulls seem rather smaller than do modern ones of the same
of skulls.
species,

to average

more convex

parietal profiles than the

mummied
is

fragments, while in G. dorcas there seems to be

but

it

is

possible that the difference

is

a fair agreement in this respect.

G. dorcas

(JO

DENDEEEH.
;

now found throughout Lower Egypt

ceros in the

G. lepto-

Ihis,

(?) r<'lii/i(>m>.

Two mummies. Two mummies.

sandy deserts of Western EgyjDt, extendmg southwards into Xubia; and G. isabelhi
is

('crcJirtf'Ls

tiiiunumila.

the (.ouimon gazelle of the southern

Red Sea
Gcrrliiicis

littoral

and some parts of Upper Egypt.

nauiimnni.

Two mummies.
One mummy.
Abadiyeh
the
ass

Bos indicus, Linn.

These specimens do not appear to be separable from the common
of skulls.

^inser (?) miijptiacns.

number

Among
there
are
hartebeest.

the animals from

in

1899
the

already

noted

and

domestic oxen

now found

in Egypt.

61

REPOET ON METALS.
By De.
Gladstone, F.R.S.

61,

Of the
:

statue

of

Kins;

P epy,

Di

Gladstone writes
"

The

pieces of metal belonging to the

Vlth

Dynasty from Hierakonpolis

central

consist of a thin

portion
is

with

metallic

appearance,

which

covered with a thick incrustation of

earth

silicious

and

vari-coloured

minerals,

especially

black

crystals,
all

which

under

the

microscope have
of cuprite,

the appearance and lustre

and give the reactions of suboxide of

of the

copper.

Portions

undecomposed

core,
as far

from which the mineral crust had been

as possible scraped,

appeared very crystalline

:

and dark coloured under the microscope it was almost entirely a mixture of copper and
copper oxide.

The general

analysis

of

this

metallic portion gave

Copper

DENDEEBH.

darker piuco was submitted to a more careful analysis, and gave

Gold

63

DESCEIPTION OF PLATES.
Frontispiece.

View

in

mastaba of

Adu

I.,

to the close of the Ilird Dynasty.

42.

See pp.

5,

from the square

well, looking

up the

tunnel.

In Brit. Mus.

The narrowness

of the well prevented this being

Slabs of L'rince Mena.

The great drum

In
Brit.

at

photographed, and it is therefore reproduced from a drawing in Avhich every joint has been put in from measurement. The great archway is the oldest example of such brickwork yet known, though small archings appear in the

the top was placed over the entrance of the

chamber
niches

of

offerings.

Mus.
plan,

The
see

square slabs were

inserted

over each of the

on

the

eastern

face.

For

pl. xxviii.

For description,

see pp. 6, 43.

One

IVth Dynasty.
part of the well

The uniform grey

is

of the lower

each in Cairo, Brit. Mus., Boston.

Nebt-at-ef at Philadelphia.

Slab with-

the natural bed of marl, in

which the well and chamber are cut. The upper part is of built brickwork, level with the
general body of the mastaba, the entrance being

Passage of
to tunnel,

Adu

I.

View

of north entrance

showing jointing of brickwork, with

left across

part of the closing- wall

the

mouth

of

above the ground

see pi. xxix.

level.

For plan and

section,
9.

the tunnel.

This

is

the opposite end

frontispiece.

of the

For

description, see pp. 8,

same tunnel seen in the

This
Pl. III.

Pl.

I.

False

door of Prince Mena.

Sarcophagus of

Mena

retains a

good deal of the original colouring,

careful,

Mr. Davies.

The

sides of this

drawn by small chamber

;

but has been chipped about in later times.

are of limestone, and the whole of the design

is

The work
ings,

is

and detailed

in the offer-

painted

in various colours

on the surface.

though
42.

inferior to that of the great steles

A great deal has

owing to

therefore entirely disappeared,

of

the
5,

IVth Dynasty.

For

description,

see

efflorescence of salts,

and

it

was only

pp.

Now

in

Cairo

Museum, Catalogue
this

with close examination that the present amount

could be recovered.

Scientijique, no. 1662.

Only the
are

tAvo door-slabs,

Pl.

II.

False door of Abu-suten

name

top right hand, were in sufficiently good state

to

should rather be read Suten en-abu.

The view
For

be removed.

They
6,

now

at

Chicago

of the existing lower part of the stone false

University.
Pl. IV.
pl.
iii.

See pp.

44-5.
of list of offerings in

door

is

shown
it,

at the base of the plate.

Enlargement

the plan of

see pl. xxviii.

Although there

were some traces of drawing on the side blocks, the only sculpture was at the back of the door This sculpture is shown on this plate niche.
its

Pl. V.

Fresco in entrance-chamber of

Adu

I.

This had been greatly destroyed in ancient times

by weathering.
the
inscription

hand copy of the

traces of
first full-

characteristics

are

those
it

of

the

earliest

was made by me when

sculptures of Saqqara, and

probably belongs

found, and later on Mr. Davies

made

the

(54

DENDEEBH.
which
is

sized tracing of the whole

here repro-

have been entirely destroyed, and the others

have
five

duced.
pp.
S,

No
45.

part

of

it

was removed.

See

been broken in their overthrow. slabs and cornice now at New York.
all

The The

Vl. VI.
strips -were
face,

Cornice of Prince

Adu

I.

These

standing figure of
to

Merra

at the left
tall

end appears
seems not

found scattered along the eastern

fallen

have been a good deal too

that

for the slabs

it

having

from the top of the mastaba

of inscription

remain, and

wall.
Avas

At

Boston.

The

slab

with
side.

men
The

oifering
slab of

unlikely therefore that the slab (in Brit. Mus.)

found also on the east

with the bull and two herdsmen formed part

of a line of animals beneath the
inscription.

Sekhet-hotep was
chamber.
See pp.
8,

found
46.

in

the

north-east

Both
II.

at Philadelphia.

Below
47, 48.

this are three of the stone panels

face.

which

Cornice of Prince
likcAvise

Adu
the

This was found

doors
of

were along the eastern

Pl. IX.
false

fallen

before

false

the

See pp. 15, 16, At Brit. Mus., Cairo, and Manchester.

eastern face.

At

Philadelphia.

The

slabs be-

Tomb

of

Sen-nezsu.

The

large

low seem to have formed part of the great

inscription over the doorway.

door (now at Bolton), one panel from the

At

Bristol.

The

east face,

and part of a scene of

pj).

offerings, are

inscribed

corner-piece at the

left

hand being

described on

16, 48.

probably part of the door-jamb.

See pp.
9,

At

Bristol.

Pl. X. Sen-nezsu.

Other fragments and inscriptions of

See
p. 49.

46.

Inscription of 300 trees

Qebdat, &c.
read Degat.
Pl. VII.

This

name should
II.,

rather be

at Chicago.

Others Manchester and Bolton.

See pp. 10, 47. Statue of Adu

A
found broken,

fragment of Uaru-kau

should

perhaps

rather read Pi,edu-ahut.

See pp. 21, 49.

At

half-way down the well of the mastaba.

At
and
Sc,

Greenock.
Slab of HoTEP-SA.

New

York.

The two
in

slabs

of

Adu

II.

See pp. 14, 49.

his wife
offerings.

Ana
;

were found in the chamber of

Cairo Mus.,
Gat.

Slabs of Ptah-mera and

One now
of

Pl.

XL

Uhaa. See pp. 15, 49. Heading read Vlth to Xlth Dynasty.
is

no. 1657

the other at Manchestei".

Slabs

Pepy-ta-sneeee

Senna.

This

The seventh block, without name, Uhemy, tomb 518.

of

Nemy

or

name

should rather be read Pepy-seshem-nefer.

jjerfect

Beba and Hentsen,

See
-pp.

see plan, base of pl.

xxx.

These slabs are in

condition, having

14, 49.

been stored together in the chamber, and never

ei-ected

X wife Beba, pit tomb, see p. 50.

At EdinAt
see

over the false door panelling.

At

Cairo,

burgh.

Brit. Mus., Manchester, Bolton, Bristol, Greenock.

Shensetha and Beba-ur or Beba-sher.

Philadelphia.

Of the broken
beginning of
inscriptions,

pieces, see transcription at the

xiii.

See pp. 15, 50.

or C.
jDp.

]d1.

For plan, see

pl.

xxx.

Beba
pL
pl.

III.

For plan of mastaba,

15, 50.

pp. 11, 47.

Two

slabs in

Cairo

xxxii.,

and
or

Mus., Gat. Sc, nos. 1659, 1661.

Slabs
of

Henna much

Henua.
19, 50.

At
(blank

Liverpool.

See
See

Zauta-resa.

These were

XXXV. and pp.

broken up, owing to the bad quality of the

stone.

Nemy

or

Uhemy
At

in

plate).

The mastaba is planned on pl. xxviii. At Melbourne, Detroit, and See ]Dp. 7, 47.
Pl. VIII.

pp. 20, 50.

Chicago.

Beba and Hathotep.

See pp. 20, 50.

Bolton.

Nepert-kau or Nepert-ahu.

See pp. 20, 50.

Tomb
Of

of

Merra.
the

Over the outer

and

At

Chicago.

doorway of the mastaba was a facade of seven

inscribed slabs.
these,
first

Nekhtu.
Mus.

See pp. 19, 50.

At Ashmolean

fifth

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.

65

Hennu and Bet.

Outline figure.

See

p. 20.

See p. 20.

At Ashmolean. At Univ. Coll.,

Slab with vases from

Adu

I.

described, p. 8.

At Edinburgh.
Mentuhotep and Nefer-mesut, Xlth Dynasty. See p. 26. At Ashmolean. Two statuettes of women, Xlth Dynasty. See p. 27. At Cairo and Philadelphia. Statuette of Atsa. See p. 26. At Cairo.
Statuettes of

London.
Pl. XII.
for the

Mastaba of Antef-a. Remarkable extreme rudeness of the work, showing

of

the loAvest point of degradation

the

Old
See

Kingdom

style.

Plan, top of

pi.

xxxv.

pp. 19, 51.

At Chicago and
II.

Philadelphia.

Two
Univ.

figures

of mourners.

See p. 27.

At

Antee-aqer
lintel

and Beba. and

(at

This small drum,

Coll.,

London.

(at Brit. Mus.),

finely carved panel,

Pl. XXII.

Copper models, and beads, of

7,

now

so

much broken

New

York),

all

belong

Meru.
Flint

See pp.
See

25.

At Ashmolean.
and alabaster of Antef-

to the great gallery

tomb

at base of pi. xxxiii.,

knife, beads,
p. 25.

described on p. 21.

AQER.

At Ashmolean. At Univ.
Coll.,

Merer, probably before Xlth Dynasty.

p. 18.

See

Tomb
Ivory,

309, beads, piece of ivory wand, bone

At

Chicago.

figures, crocodile, &c.

London.

King Mentuhotep.
second

The

first

cartouche

is

comjDaratively rough, but the fragments of the

XVIIIth Dynasty, fragments inlay work of temj)le furniture (?) See

.

from
p. 28.

show the finest work of the Middle Kingdom. See pp. 21, 51. Most of these fragments already Pl. XIII.
bear reference to the plates and descriptions.

At

Boston.

Pl. XXIII.

Blue glazed pottery, XVIIItk

Menat.
Pieces
sistra.

Dynasty, throAvn out from temple into animal

catacombs.
4, 5.
1.

2, 3.

of
6.

wand.

Imhotepa, tomb 770, comes

from the great

.erdutsa
P.,

Heads of Hathor from

of

One of
Great
balls

Beba and Hentsen mastaba. Pl. XIV. Vllth to Xlth Dynasty.

and Beba-urt
pl.
is

many
.
.

fragments of patterned bowls.

7.

from the mastaba Shensetha

stele of

Tahutmes III. Hollow 8, 9. moulded on twists of straw, probably for

anlili

sus-

xxxii.

pension

in

ceiling

decoration
found.
10,

fragments of
11, 12.

Pl.

XV.

Great

Khnum-eruu.

See

many more were

Model
carII.

position of pit, pl. xxxiii.

(in Cairo Mus.).

Translation, pp. 51-2

papyrus stems on cruciform stands,

touches of Tahutmes
13.
III.

Avith

and Amenhotep
of vase.

Figures of Mentuhotep and Nefer-mesut.

Model

oar.

14.

Body

15, 16, 17.

See

pl. xxi.,

and

p. 26.

Rude
See pp. 33, 55.
Avere

figures

of Ta-urt and

Hathor, such as
to

Cartonnage inscriptions.
Pls. XVI.-XVIII.
Pl.

made

in
18.

Xllth and continued

XVIIIth
(?).

See pp. 23, 24.

Alabaster vases,

Dynasty. See
p. 28.

Long

beads.

19.

Ring-stand

XIX.

See p. 26.
Mirrors, p. 25.

All at Philadelphia.

Pl.
p. 25.

XX.

Pl.

XXIV.
2!),
;

Bronzes, fully described.

See
3,
;

Slate slips, p. 26.

Scarabs and mirror

at base of plate,

pp. 34,

30.

No.
4,

1,

Philadelphia;
;

No.

from
Pl.

fluit-heap, p. 22.

Group

Ashmolean
No.
8,

No.

New York
London;

No.

7,

Chicago

p. 25.

Univ.

Coll.

Nos. 11-14, Ash-

xxi.

Piece

of

bowl of black incised

earliest mastabas, Ilird

molean and Boston;

Nos. 16, 17, Pitt-Rivers

Nos.

ware found beside the

Dynasty.
See
p. 5.

Museum and Melbourne;

18
;

and 21,
No.
2U,

New York
Pl.

No.

19,

Brit.

:\Ius.

Stone vases, and mirror, from tomb north of Zauta B. See base of pl. xxviii. At Cairo and
Manchester.
Described, beginning of p.
8.

Philadelphia.

XXV.

Pottery dish, XVIIIth Dynasty.

See p. 24.

At Ashmolean.
F

66

DENDEEEH.
Stele

of

MuTAKDus.
HoRsiAST.

See pp. 31, 53,

See pp. 21,

At
xlt

follow.

(R) refers to

tombs opened by Mr.

See p. 4
et seqq. for

Boston.
Stele of
54.

Rosher, after the survey.

description.

Chicago.
Stele of Pedu-hoe-sam-taui.

Pls.

XXVIII.-XXXV.
all

These plans of mas-

See pp. 31, 54.

tabas have

been fully noticed in the text,

to

At

Cairo.

for references

which see the Index.

is

The
solid

Dog mummies.
Funereal
iVshmolean
Pl.
;

See p. 30.
See p. 33.

broken shading in the plans

used to represent
is

tablets.

"Makhai"at

loose

gravel

filling.

The dead black

" Titianos " at Edinburgh.

brickwork, and chambers intentionally

left clear

XXVI.

Glazed pottery amulets from

classified in list, pp. 32, 33.

remain white.
Pl.

Ptolemaic mummies,
Distributed to

XXXVI.
into

Plan of catacombs.

The white

fifteen

museums

best

set

to

line, left in

the thickness of the walls, shows the

Philadelphia, second to Univ. Coll., London.

separation

two independent walls from

side.

Pl.

XXVII.
to

Plan of Dendereh cemetery.

is

which spring the vaultings to either

pp. 28-30.

See

The
fixed

position

of the temple

approximately

show its relation to the cemetery. The position and direction of each of the tombs was fixed separately. The plans are aU reduced photographically from the larger plans which

Pl.

XXXVII.

portion

of the long in-

scriptions

on the great sarcophagus of Prince

Beb.

See pp. 17, 18, 56.

67

INDEX.
Abadiyeh, animal remains from, 60. copper blade from, 25.
Ada, servant of Nekhtu, 19.

Adu

(IV.),

tomb,

11. 19, 51.

Adua, keeper of thentct oxen,

,,

Adedu, friend

inscription of, 51-

of

Chnemerdu,

53.

Adu ("good name," Uhaa), titles, 49. Adu, " good name " (see " Adu III."),
Adu, son
of

Adze, bronze, 34.

ahu
11.

trees, 47.

Alabaster vases, 25-6, 34, 65.

Altar,
liotejp

Hetepa, 51.

Adu

chamber, 21.
model,
I.,

(I.),'
,,

burial chamber, 8, 9.

7,

25.

cornice inscription, 46, 64.

family, 45.
frescoes, 8, 45, 63-4.

Amenemhat
Amenhetep

fine style of

work, 21.

,,

II.,

glazed ware, 28, 65.

2.

gold
,,

foil,

61.

American Exploration Society, Amethyst beads, 25.

hieroglyphs, 46.
inscriptions, 45-7.
offerings, 7, 9.

Amphorae, peg-bottomed,
aviio boats, 45, 50.

31.

,,

,,

Amulets, Hawara, 33.

,,

orientation of coffin, 46.

Nebesheh,

33.

,,

sarcophagus,
sculptures, 9.

9.

Ptolemaic, 66.
,,

,,

classified, 32-3.

,,

slab with vases, 65.

stela, 8.
titles, 45, 46.

position on body, 32-3.

,,

XXXth
wax, 32.
position

Dynasty,

32.

tomb,
,,

7, 8-9, 10, 17, 19.

of

carpenter's

square,

dad, funerary

Mfell of offerings, 8.

genii,

hawk,

Isis, jackal,

Nebthat plummet,
33.

Adu

(II.),
,,

cornice inscription, 10, 46, 47, 64.

star, uza,

winged scarab,

dependent
slabs, 64.

burials, 10.

An, E.

pillar of

heaven, 58.
II., 64.

,,

Ana, wife of Adu

,,

statue, 10, 26, 64.

stela, 9.

,,

Anderson, Dr., on Egyptian fauna, 29. Anebu, wife of Antefa, 21, 51.

tomb, 9-10, 17.

,,

Anhur-nekht, 19.

wiie, 9.

Animal catacombs, 28-30.

only), dependent burials, 11.
,,

Adu

(III.)
,,

("good name"
tomb,

remains

identified, 59-60.

horizontal roofed tunnel, 11, 15.

7,

ankh

figure in blue glaze, 28, 65.

10-11, 17.

Ankhsen and Beb, 14. Anpe (Anubis), 56.

Ansa, daughter of Nekhtu, 19.

Anser
'

(?) aegyptiacus, 60.

first

" In general

use bare letters to distinguish between persons

;

same name when their order is uncertain but when the relative order is known, Roman numerals are used, as Adu I., II.,
of the
III.,

Antef,
,,

instance of name, 19.

inscription, 20.
14.

and Ay

IV."

above,

p. 7.

,,

and Mentuhetep names,

DENDEEEH.
Aiitef,
,,

servant of Chnemerdu, 53.

Beba,

titles,

49-50.

son of Nekhtu, 50.

tomb, 14-15, 64, 65.

(II.) or (B.), tablet inscription, 20, 47.

Antef v., style of work, Koptos decree, 14, 21.

Antefa, attendant of Shensetha, 51.

Beba

Antefa (Antef, Antefaqer) and family, 51.

inscriptions, 51.

Beba Beba Beba

,,

(III.) or (C),

tomb and

sculpture, 15, 51, 64.

(G.), inscription, 20.

(T.), inscriptions

and sculpture,
to, 18.

20.

pottery, 20.

sculptures, 19-20, 65.

stela, 21.

,,

tomb of, 18. tomb adjacent

Beba

(wife Hatherhetepa), inscription, 20, 60, 64.

II.

tomb, 19-20.
Antefaqer
,,

Beba, sculptures from Antefaqer Beba, son

of

tomb, 21, 65.

(I.),

burial deposits, 25, 26, 65.

Nekhtu, 60.

sculptures, 20.
(II.),

Beba, various, 18, 50. Beba, daughter of Sen-n-nezsu, 17, 49.

Antefaqer
,,

colonnade and gallery tomb, 21, 34.

inscriptions, 51.

Beba, wife of
Beba, wife of

Adu
a;,

(I.),

45.

,,

sculptures, 21, 65.

Beba, wife of Merra, 16.

" Superintendent of horned

Antefaqer (A.), tomb, 19, 20.

and hoofed

Antha, mother of Horsiesi, 54.

animals," 19, 20, 50, 64.

Apuy, friend

of

Chnemerdu,

63.

Arch, oldest dated, 8-9, 63.

Arsenic in Xllth Dynasty copper, 61.
Artau, husband of Mutardus, 54.

Bebaa, daughter of Nekhtu, 19. Bebaqer, " good name " of Seten-n-abu, 48.
Beba-sher, daughter of Shensetha
(P.), 15, 50, 64, 66.

Beburt (see Beba-sher).

Benevolent formulae, 49, 60
Bet, husband
Birds, bones
et pass.

Atmu
,,

(?),

worship

of,

31.

Atsa, statuette, 26, 65.

unknown,
5.

20, 60, 65.

29.

tomb, 26-7.

and mummies,

Auirdetsa, daughter of Merra, 16, 48.

Black incised pottery,

Auuta, wife of Sen-n-nezsu, 17, 49.

Axe, model, copper,
,, ,,

Blue glazed ware, XVIIIth Dynasty, 28, 66.

,,

6, 7, 25, 26.

Ptolemaic amulets, 32.

bronze, 34.

Blue marble, 26.

Azaua, son of Beba (C), 15.

ha, the soul or will, 41.

Book

of
)i

Dead

(coffin of
jj
,,

Beb),

new

chapters, 18, 66, 67, 58.

cc. xxxii., xliii.,xlvi.,lxxviii.,

cliii.,

57, 58.

Balls, blue glaze, 28, 65.

43.

dismemberment
in

of bodies referred to, 67.

Bark

of

Hathor,
,,

name

of,

uplifting of, 57.

pit of

Borchardt, L.,

Middle Kingdom, 66. on tables of offerings, 43.

of,

Bauhotepa,
,,

mastaba, 19.

Bos indicus, Linn., remains

60. 21, 34, 65.

style of sculpture, 20.

Bronze

vessels, tools, &c.,

XlXth Dynasty,

,,

adjacent mastaba, 19.

7,

Eoman,
Bronzes, Ptolemaic, 30.
" Brother of the

30, 34, 65.

Beads,
,,

10, 22, 25, 28-9, 65,

dated, 25.
32.
"),

Beadwork shrouds,

poor " (Sen n-nezsu), 48. Buddhist symbols (?), 54.

Beb, sarcophagus inscriptions (see " Book of Dead

17-18, 56-8, 66.
,,

Bukau, priestess

of

Hathor, 28, 53.

Bull and herdsmen, 16, 64.

56.

importance

of, 18,

Burning

of

animal catacombs, 29.

,,

bad writing,

56.

,,

barbarous hieroglyphs, 56.

local allusions, 56-7.

Buto, N. pillar of heaven, 58. Button, 10.

>

,,

,,

,,

their order, 56.

Cams familiai-is,

tomb, 17-18.

Carnelian beads, 25.

inscription, 50.

Linn., remains, 59, ''" " '

Beb and Ankhsen, 14. Beba (wife Henutsen), cornice " good name " only, 49.
,, ,,

Cartonnage, inscriptions on, 33.

Catacombs
"
>'

of sacred animals,
5)

burning
date, 28.

of, 29.

),

inscriptions, 49-50.
II

extended, 29.

INDEX.
Cattle, list of, 19.

69

Dynasty
{thentet cattle), 4, 24, 29, 47, 48, 49,
,57.

III. -IV., mastabas, 4-5.

Cattle of

Hathor

IV., table of offerings, 53.

v., table of offerings, 53.

Gercopithecus pyrrhonotus,

Hempr,&

Ehr., remains, 59.

Cercopithecus sahaeus, Linn., 59. c/ia or mec/ia boat, 47, 51.

chat, corpse, disposal of the, 40.

VI., barbaric stelae, 53.

,,

copper, analysis, 61.

gold, analysis, 61-2.

,,

Cerchneis naumamii, 60.

,,

hieroglyphs, deteriorated, 53.

sculptures, 19.

Cerchneis tinmmcula, 60.

,,

Chnemerdu, great
)'

stela of, 21, 40, 65.

,,

slab with

model cups,

8.

inscription, 51-3.
of,

,,

spelling, 53.

Coinage, to ascertain waste and rate of issue Coins, three caches of Eomati, 36.
Collar
(?) of

37-9.

,,

tombs, 5-12.
vases, 8.

glass mosaics, 35.

21.

VII. -XI., succeeding styles, sculptures, tombs,

Colonnade tomb,

and
IX. -X.
of, 35.

offerings, 13-14.

Cooking-pot, bronze, 34.

Constantine, jar of time

(?),

tombs, 19.

XI., early work, 19.

,,

Contracted buHal,

5.

formulae, 50, 51.

Copper in

,,

gold, 62.
6, 7, 25, 65.

,,

names,

50.

models,

,,

mastabas deteriorate, 20.

pit burials, 20.

Vlth and Xllth Dynasties,

remains,
2.

analysis, 61.

,,

Coptic inscription, 33.

,,

,,

revival, 19, 20, 21-2, 53.

XII., burial, 22.

,,

Cornice inscriptions, styles of sculpture, 14.

funerary formulae, 42.

objects dating solely from, 26.
tables of offerings, 53.

,,

,,

dau
Deir

linen, 45.
inscriptions, 10, 18, 47, 64.

,,

trays of offerings, 26.

renascence., 53.

Degat (Qebdat), tomb and

el

,,

Bahri beads, 29.

XVIII., blue glazed ware, 28-9, 65.

,,

Demotic

mummy

labels, 54-6.

catacombs

of sacred animals, 28, 29.

Demza

sculpture, 20.
1,

,,

tables of offerings, 53.

34, 65.

Dendereh cemetery,
plundering

2 at pass.

XIX., bronzes,

historical results, 1, 2.
at, 1 ct

XXII. -XXIII., catacombs

of sacred animals, 29.

pass.

temple, 1 et pass.

XXVI.-XXX. XXX., mastaba

,,

re-used

in, 18.

29.

town, 1

et pass.

sarcophagus, 18.

settling at, 1.

plan of the publication,

dept boats, 50.
Diorite bowl,
,,

2.

"Earth

hair," 44.

Electrum, 62.

8.

Embalmers, addresses

to deceased, 45.

head-rest, 8.
shell, 8.

Estate organization, 49.

Dismemberment
"Divine City,"

of bodies, 57.

False doors (portals),

44, 45, 48, 63, 64.

4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 16, 17, 18, 19.

57.

" Divine Hill Country," 57.

" Divine Place," 57.

Felis caligata,

Temm.,

59.

Felis chaus, Giild., 59.

Plies, in necklace,
7,

"Divine Pool,"

57.

25.

" Divine wife of Neferhetep," 55.

Flint knife, 10, 65.

,,

Dog, with Ptolemaic

Dogs,.

burial, 20.
of, 30, 59.

tumuli, 22, 65.

Eoman
oldest

burials

Flowers, in offerings, 55.

folles of Diocletian, 36.

Dome,
Double

known, 15-16.
to, 31.

lines dividing inscriptions, 20, 21.

Foreign writing, 33.

Duat, inscription relating

Four-name mastaba,

19.

70

DENDBREH.
Adu
I., 8,

Fresco,

45, 63-4.

Hetepa, family and friend, 51.

,,

Funerary formulae, 40-2.

Gap, chronological in Dendereh monuments,

hieroglyphs, 20.
inscriptions, 51,

,,

2,

40.

tomb, 19.

Garnet beads,

22, 25.

Hetepa, another, 16.

Gazella dorcas, Linn., 59.

,,

Hetepa with Shensetha,

inscription, 19.
17, 49.

Icptoceros, 59.

Hetepa, daughter of Sen-n-nezsu,

Isabella, 59.
of,

Hetepsa, ' Confidential royal favourite," 14, 49, 64.

heter (yoke oxen), 51.

>

Gazelles, bones

29.

Geb, invocation
Glass,

of in funerary formulae, 41.

Hierakonpolis, analysis of Vlth Dynasty metal from, 61.

Eoman,

cylinders, 29, 34-5.

Hieroglyphs,
,,

amahh

sign, 20.
of,

mosaics in

jar, 30, 35-6.

barbarous tendency

53.

Gold, Nubian, 62.

of Pactolus, 62.
foil,

,,

cerastes; decapitated, 46.

,,

crab for scarab, 48, 53.

Gold
"
"

Vlth Dynasty,

61.

,,

Good name," 11, 43, 47, Good old age (?)," 46.

48, 49.

,,

du sign, 20. human, without lower limbs,

k basket for nh basket, 53.
origins forgotten, 53.
7.

46.

,,

Greek

mummy label,

56.

,,

Hoe, copper model,

Hapu, wife of Nekhtu, 19. Harmakhis (Harakhti), adoration

,,

Honey, 49,
of,

51.
19.

31, 54, 55.

of,

Hornekhta tomb,
Horus, bronze
,,

Ea, living and dead forms

fishes, 45.

54.

Horsiesi stela, 31, 54, 66.

of,

Harpooning

30.

Hathor cow,
,,

28.

mahs, 54.
priest of, 54.

cattle,

sacred (see thentct oxen).

,, ,,

,,

figure, 28.

Scribe of

House

of,

56.
of Peti-Isis, 56.

,,

festivals at

Dendereh, 57.

,,

hymn
"

to, 57.

Horus Nes-Min the elder, son Hound of Chnemerdu, 53.

,,

" lady of Shen," 54.

Hounds

of

Dendereh, 57.

making voyage
7.

of," 47.

Hu
Ibis

(Diospolis Parva), 26.

,,

priestess of,
titles of, 18.

mummies,
65.

29.

,,

titles of chief priest

and

priestess of, 54.

Ibis

(?), religiosa, 60.

,,

''transport of," 48.

Imhotepa,

Hathor, mother of Therkes, 34, 54.

Hathorhetep,
sister of

Incense burner, 34.

Inlay work, ivory, 29, 65.
Isis

Shensetha, 20, 60, 64,

Hathorhetepa, wife of Beba, 50.

hatui linen, 45.

worship

at

Dendereh, 31.

"Islands of Life," 57.

luuta (see Auuta). Ivory and bone carvings, 28, 29, 65.
30.

Hawara coins, 37. Hawk, bronze, 30. mummies, 29,

,,

Head-rest,

8, 10.

Jasper

shell, 22.

hekmc,

oil,

45.

Jug, fluted, bronze, 34.

pillar of

Heliopolis,

W.

heaven, 58.
ha, the, 41.
has, 46, 47, 50, 52, 57.

Henny,

19.

Henua (Henna, Hennua), 19, 20, 50, 64. Henua (Hennu and
Henutsen, wife
of

Bet), 20, 50, 65.

Kath (Kathena), tomb and

kenset, 57.

inscription, 19, 47.

Beba, 49, 50, 64, 65.

Hep, wife of Nekhtu, 50. Hepu, wife of Demza, 20.

Hermopolis,
S. pillar of

hesebt tree, 47.

Kha-nefer, pyramid city of Merenra, 44.

Khenti-hau, 42.

heaven, 58.

Herpestes ichneumon, Linn., 59.

Khetpera, 15.

INDEX.
Khnumerdu
Khua, son
(see

71

Chnemerdu).

Merra, copper vase, 61.

42..
,,

of Sen-n-nezsu, 17.

coffin, 16.

"King
Kohl

of

hearts" (Seten-n-abu),

inscriptions, 47-9.

pots, blue marble, 26.

hieroglyphs, 48.
titles, 48.

krest, the, 40-1.

,,

wife Sebeta, 16, 48.

,,

" Laying

down

of

bread and beer," 57.

Beba, 16.
'

Lepus

sp., 59.

tomb, 15-16, 17, 64,

,,

Lepus acgyptiacus,
Libyan pottery,
Life,

59.

,,

cornice inscriptions, 16, 20, 48, 64.

Libation vases, bronze, inscribed, 34.

5.

,,

,,

domed

well, 15-16.

false door, 16, 48.

Egyptian idea

of its nature, 41.

,,

,,

horizontal roofed tunnel, 15.

sculptures, 16, 19, 47.
slabs, 64.
18. 19.
(?), 17, 49.

Linen, various quaUties, 45.

List of offerings in Old and Middle Kingdom, 45.

,,

,,

,,

,,

Loaves

(?)

represented on tables of offerings, 42-3, 53.

Local gods invoked in funerary formulae, 41-2. "Lotuses, gathering of," 57.
Magic, theory

Merra C, tomb, Merra D., tomb,

Merra, son of Sen-n-nezsu

"Merru" and Qebdat

of, 41.

(Degat), 10, 18.

tools, beads, &c., 7, 25, 65.
7.

Meru, funeral deposits,

Makhai,
Masks,

66.

position of body,

gilt

stucco

mummy,
to, 58.
6,

32.

tomb,

6, 7.

Mastabas, 2

ct pass.

Mery Ea
44-5.

(see

Pepy

I.).

Mehtwert, address

"Middle Islands,"
Mirrors,
7, 8,

57.

Mena,
,,

burial chamber,

,,

22, 25, 65.

decoration and orientation, 44-5.

list

"Morning House,

the," 48.
65.

,,

of offerings, 45.

Mourners, pots, 27,

date and ofi&ces, 42.

"

Mummies, Ptolemaic,

31-2.

good name,"

43.

power, 32.
64, 65, 66.

,,

titles, 6, 43, 44, 45.

Museum, Ashmolean,
,,

tomb,

5-7.

Bolton, 64.

cornice inscription,

6,

43.
6.

Boston, 35, 63, 64, 65, 66.

Bristol, 64.

courtyard with staircase,

inscriptions, 43-5.

British, 5, 35, 63, 64, 65.

,,

sculptures, 6, 19.
stela, 5-6, 42.

Cairo, 6, 9, 11, 18, 34, 35, 56, 63, 64, 65, 66.

Chicago,
,,

6, 35, 63, 64, 65, 66.

slabs, 6, 43, 63.

Detroit, 64.

well of offerings,

6.

,,

Edinburgh, 64,
Greenock, 64.
Liverpool, 64.

65, 66.

Men-ankh Pepy (Mena),

menat, blue glaze, 65.

42, 43.

,,

,,

Menes

(king), namesakes, 42.

,,

Manchester, 64, 65.

tomb, 42.
I.,

,,

Melbourne,

64, 65.

Men-nefer, pyramid city of Pepy

45, 47.
11, 42, 47.
,,

New

York, 64, 65.

Men-nefer Pepy (Mennunefer Pepy Senbat),

Pitt-Eivers, 64.

Mentuhetep

(?),

20.
,,

Philadelphia, 35, 63, 64, 65, 66.

Mentuhetep and Antef, names, 14. Mentuhetep and wife, figures, 21, 26,
tomb, 19, 20, 21,
26.

South Kensington,

29.

65.

,,

University College, London, 65, 66.

of

Mutardus, musician

temple

of

Hathor, 11, 31, 54, 66.

Mentuhetep

(king), cartouche, 21, 26, 51, 65,

Mer uha nu
Merer,

neb, 44.

n bu

viaa, 46.
of

Merenra, 42, 44.

18, 65.

Naa, daughter

Nekhtu, 50.
et seqq.

Name

labels
flint

on mummies, 32, 54
tumuli, 22.

Mererta, wife of Zauta, 47.

Naqada,

DENDEREH.
Nebesheh amulets, 33. Nebt great lady, mother
Nebt-at-ef, wife of

of Neferkayt, 52.

Mena,

43, 63.

Pekhy " Beb, altar, 19. Pepy I., 6,8,42,44,45, Pepy II., 5, 8, 42, 45.

"

47,. 61.

Nefer-ka-Ea (see Pepy

II.).

Nefermesut, figure, 26, 65.

Pepy, son of ?, 20. Pepy-mennu-nefer (see Mennefer Pepy).

Nefertahu (Nefertkau), 20, 50, 64.

Neferu-kayt, mistress of Chnemerdu, 52.

Pepy-seshem-nefer

("

Pepy-ta-snefer
(q-v.),

"),

" good

name

"

Senna
,,

inscriptions, 47.

Nefuu, 19.
Negroes, 48.

tomb and

sculptures, 11, 64.

peqt linen, 45.

to, 58.

Neper, address

Persian period amulets, 18.

,,

Nekhta, tomb, 19.

burials, 15.
kherii, 56.
(?),

Nekhta, in tomb

of

Hennua,

50.

per tckhe for pert

Nekhtu,

priest, 19, 50, 64.

pert-kheru, in lifetime
,,

43.

Nemy

(v.

Uhemy).
54.

meaning, 41.

Nerau(?), 57.

Per-wr, " eminent ones of," 52.

Ner-mut,

Petiamenophis, scribe of the House of Horus, 56. Petihorsamtaui

(IIcTco-o/iTous),

Nes-hor-renpet-Ta-Beyk, 56.

various, 54, 55, 56.

54.

Nes-horakhti-mer (Nesi-ta-mer), 31.

Nesi-hor, sarcophagus, 31, 54.

Petismataui, "Satisfier of

Her Majesty,"

Pharaoh, invocation of in funerary formulae, 41.

Pillars, the four of

Nesitamer (Nesihorakhti), 54.

heaven, 58.

Nespehy,
"

55.
stela, 54.

Pit tombs, 2 et pass.

Netem-ankh,

Plays on names of

oils, 45.

Nome,"

=
20.

nome

of

Dendereh, 44.

"Pools

of Coolness," 57.
11.

Nubheq,

Porphyry vase,

Portals (see False doors).

Obsidian, model cups,

Offerings on mastabas,
Osiris, living
,,

Pottery, classified, 23-4.

8.

earliest, 5, 23.
7.
of,

and dead forms

54.

incised, foreign, 5, 23.

"

name remains

before," 56.

oxen, 24.

,,

" soul gone to," 56.

Ptolemaic, 31.
trays of offerings, 26.

"went

to," 33, 55.

Psenpahy, son of Hernefer the gold- worker, 55.

Psheiapi, son of

Gemt

the barber

(?),

54.

Pa-akhem, the sheikh,

Pabekhis, 55.

56.

Ptah worship,

31, 54.

Ptahmera
Pashemhor,
33, 55.

A., 13, 14, 15, 19, 49, 64.

Pahequ, son

of

Ptolemaic burials, 31-3.

Paint-slab, 26.

catacombs
glaze, 28.

of sacred animals, 30.

Palm

leaves (?) on tables of offerings, 42-3, 53.

cave tombs, 18.

cemetery,
stelae, 18.
2.

Papyrus stems, blue

Par, son of Mutardus, 54.

Pashem^ son
Pashem,

of

Pabek, 55.

stone cof&n, 10.

father of Pehequ, 55.

("

Pashem

Pashemhor

"),

the elder, son of Peduhorsam-

taui, 33, 55.

" Qebdat " (see Degat).

Pashenthot, the hunter, 55.

Pa-shere-Ahy, son of Pa-akhem the gold-worker, 56.

E =
Eam

Mr. Eosher (see American Exploration Society), 66.

worship, 54.
34.
of

Pasheren, son of Pakh, 55.

Patehersamtaui, 55.
" peace in
life," 57.

Ea Harmakhis

Amen, dedicatory inscription to, Eamessu II., bronze dedicated by, 34.
Eazor
(?),

Pectorals, eartonnage, 32.

copper, 25.
of

Peduhorsamtaui,

stela, 31, 54, 66,

Eeduahu, " Eudukau," "feet

49, 64.

kine," inscription, 21,

Pedupamenkhu,

55.

INDEX.
Eehuia
A., inscription, 18, 47.

73

seth

oil,

45.
of,

Eehuia B., 18. Eehury, inscription,

Eesa, " good

Shell,

Hathor Lady

54.
a, 19.
1 4.

51.

Shensetha, inscription of

name

" of Zauta, 47.

Shensetha in " four name mastaba," Shensstha

(in

Eoads, chapter of the Sixteen, 57. Eoman bronze work, 30.

burials, late in desert, 33.
of dogs, 30.
,,

tomb
19.

of

Pepy-seshem-nefer), 47.

Shensetha G., 19. Shensetha H.,

Shensetha P.

(= "Shensetha and Bebaur,"

"ditto and

of sacred animals, 28.

Bebaurt
Shensetha
shen
ta,

" ?), 15, 19, 50, 51, 64, 65.

dwellings, 17.
pottery, 29.

T., 16, 19.

"earth hair," 44.

quarrying of tombs, 16. Euru, mother of Mutardus, 31, 54.

Silver beads, 22.

Silver in gold, 61, 62.

Singer (musician) of temple of Hathor, 11, 54.

Sistrum handle of Bukau, 53.

Sacred

oils,

45, 53.
,,

handles, 28.

Saite revival, 43.

Situla of Therkes, 34, 53-4.

Situlae, 29, 34. 54.

Sankhkara,

fine

work, 14.

" Satisfier of

Her Majesty,"

Slab with vases,

8, 65.

Scarabs, 7, 22, 65.

Slate slips, 26, 65.

15.

Scene sculpture, only example from cemetery, Sebekhetep, three sons of Nekhtu, 19, 50.
Sebekhetepa, 18.

sma, land, 47.

smayt land,

47.

Snake head,
"

for necklace, 25.

Sebeknekht, son of Beba, 49.

,,

Southern Islands," 57.

(?),"

son of Sen-n-nezsu, 17, 49. son of Beba T., 20.

" Superintendent of horned and hoofed animals

Statuettes, 10, 26, 27, 65.

50.

Seheta, wife of Merra, 48.

Stelae in offering chambers, 21.

,,

sekhem

hat, 43.
8,

later, 31.

Sekhet-hetep, stela,

46.

,,

in pits, 21

semut of Hathor, 57.

sandstone, 33.

Senahy, 55.
Senbat, " good
Senefru,

Stone vases, 25-6.

name

" of Mennu-nefer-Pepy, 47.

Ta-ast. " divine wife of Nefer-hetep," 55.
[q-v.), 11, 14,

name

frequent at Kahun, 42.

Senna, "good

name"

of

Pepy-seshem-nefer

Table of offerings, 42-3, 53.

15, 19, 47.

"Taking Offerings,"
49.

57.

Sen-n-nezsu (Sennezsu), wife and family, 17,

tomb, 16-17.
,, ,,

Tasheren Peti Horsamtaui, 56.

Taurt
figure, blue glaze, 28, 65.

sculptures and inscriptions, 17, 48-9,64.

Tha-nub, friend of Chnemerdu, 53.

thentet

Sen-n-nezsu, son of same, 17, 49.

Sentefsa
(?),

oxen (sacred

cattle of

Hathor), 47, 48, 49, 57.

11.

Therkes, bronze situla

Theta, stela
of, 16,

of, 34, 53-4.

Sentekha, 20.

48.

Sentekhneba,

20.
of, 26.

Thothmes

III. cartouche, 28, 65.

scrdab chambers, absence

foundation deposit pottery at Koptos, 24.

sesnezem
seteii

tree, 47.
of,

" Throwing of the stick," 57.

41-2.
4, 5.

di hetep formula, history

Thy, tomb

at

Saqqareh, 18.

Seten-n-abu (Suten-en-abu, Abu-suten), tomb,

Tin in Vlth Dynasty metal, 61.

tomb, cow bones from, 29.

false door, 63.

Xllth

of,

61.

Titianos, grave-stone

33, 66,

inscription, 42.

Toilet of the dead, 45.

Set^n-n-abu Beba, 48.

Seten-n-abu, "good name
"

Tomb
Bebaqer, 48.

pits, 2 et pass.

Tombs,

classification of styles, 13-14 ct scqq.

et pass.

Seten-n-abu, /la-prince, 50.

Tools (see various), 7

DENDEEEH.
Trade symbols
(?),

54.
classified

Wands,
and dated,
26.'

dancers', blue glaze, 28.

of, 19.

Trays of offerings,

Well, classification by position

forgeries, 26.

West

of coffin, place of honour, 58.

Tree inscription of Pepy-seshem-nefer, 47.

,,

Sen-n-nezsu, 49, 64.

Zau, son of
51.

Adu

I.,

45.
offerings, 11-12.

" true of voice " first appears in

Xlth Dynasty,

Zauta Zauta

(A.),

tomb and
tomb,

,,

(B.),

7-8, 65. 19.

uan wood,

49.
" of

Zauta (D.)
one Adu,
15, 49, 64.

Uhaa, " good name

Zauta Zauta

(B.)

19.
7.

Uhemy

("

Nemy "),

20, 50, 64.

(E.) (a

"Zauta"), tomb,

Unfinished tombs,

7-8, 12.

Zauta, "good
47, 64.

name"

Eesa, tomb and inscriptions,

7,

Unguent presented,

50, 53.

PLATES

DENDEREH; PRINCE MENA. FALSE

DOOR.

VI

DYN.

^if'S'^

.['

'ftti'

^illiiley

(>

S%i'i|ir^ii'':S^M

/rMMihi^

^.

.aiaifc.^-

DENDEREH; ABU-SUTEN, MENA, AND ADU

I.

III.-VI.

DYN.

FALSE

DOOR OF ABU-SUTEN.

PASSAGE

OF

ADU

I.

JirnnrnrTr

IT

ii

nrm-rm-rrTr

ii

ii

ii

ii

f^n^

luaoni

ki

II

II

II

II

11

II

II

11

rrTT~n"if~fn^rnrr

II

11

II

11

II 11

II irif

,g:Ar? ii^^<?i^.

1:9
11

DENDEREH.
II

MENA SARCOPHAGUS.

VI.

DYN.

III.

11

II

11

11

II

11

II

ir

^
^=j]

J1_LHL_II ^8
ff'

II

II

IIZD

fm
^

^
,st^

'^'

I'

^"""''f|f\%

-C
p

iu>

i[jqaiziiiTLiiizirjLi:Ji_ii-iL

mmrrr
3MJ-^-

iii

ii

ti

:%

ii

ii

ii

1^

Tl^?
^^
M
f?V ^''
r-i

-*
m

"I

>

wrwwwwwj

9$

t:3

DENDEREH.

MENA SARCOPHAGUS, OFFERING

LIST.

IV.

:15

DENDEREH, ADU

I.,

FRESCO.

DENDEREH; ADU

I,

AND

II.

VI.

DYN.

VI.

DENDEREH; ADU
M*
Xf,

II.,

SENNA,

RESA.

VI.

DYN.

'f_-^.^-^
"t..

I
,>
1..-

'-'

'-'"'^

N^-

,^i

ADU

II.

(1:7)

PEPY-TA-SNEFER, = SENNA.

-t'v

r/

li.i.*rirr
.-.fet

SENNA

ZAUTA RESA.

.^^

^--mM'7 '<im
.

mm
^f'
-I
'^5Bisr;?T5'...-'**'^Xi>.

./'

''mm

ZAUTA

RESA.

DENDEREH;

MERRA,

VII.

DYNASTY.

VIII.

LU

m <

I-

LU

CD

Z O

<
ri

H
CO 0_

..^

>'^.

DENDEREH; SEN-NEZ-SU.
1

VII.

DYN.

IX.

:6

^^^l^^^^l

,1

^
'

"^iA

^^iS^

DENDEREH; SEN-NEZ-SU,

&c.

VI.-VII.

DYN.

i/^Sff^f

,^v'y-.>

W
:

'V^"^"r"^T"^/^/=-*< *^ 1 ^/^'
!

C:^:3^()

.''is*^")

iiJn/^^^i^/:;=^^
!/'
^_^^.^
'
'

'

-o /^

;-!

fefe---

j"

L-

A-

-'"^.-^- ;S;

,\

'V

-^

-' :.--

....-

.'.'>-.

SEN-NEZ-SU.

x"^
-^

"^
,<"2^

'VJ~

'.'

^'^ A^

,-

,
.

"*?:

-i-.X.

UARU-KAU.

HOTEPSA.

S^_

III

,-i

'^i

>j??&:

'

I.

11

IT-

.^-^^^ ^^
PTAHMERA.
UHAA.

^?^

DENDEREH;

Vl.-X.

DYNASTY.

XI.

10

BEBA AND

HENTSEN.

B'EBA

AND HENTSEN.

X,

WIFE

BEBA,

ifeJiL.

-*l*^

4^1Mk

1'tP^f-^riM^^fev

HENNU AND

DENDEREH, ANTEF AND

MENTUHOTEP.

XI.

DYN.

XII.

10

GALLERY OF ANTEF-AQER

II.

AND BEBA

MERER.

KING

MENTUHOTEP.

:4.

DENDEREH.

INSCRIPTIONS,

VI.-VIII.

DYN.

XIII.

//

i
fl
A

411
^^^
*

m
ft

r^T^,

|-

-T,nj9i ICED

ADU

Ml,

CORNICE WTAftLET

PTAH-MERA

PL X.X^

''"^

ADU

W, LINTEL

PEPY-MEN NEFER SENBAT.TOMB

or

SENNA
I

MHOTEPA

PIECE OF OBELISK
TOME.??"^

ZA,

^^m,,:^ ^r^ij ^>" t\A ^12! 13

^
SEBEK-EM'

dXT
-^K,
HATHORtN-AMKH

TOWB

77

KEEPER
^

OF

THE BARN

CORNICE

or

TOMB MB

770. PL

XI

X|A Xf^

JM^Jt)

It

KHUA

i?I^
3
HERR A
1

4f^miP

PL

VIM"'-"''

-^

11.51^
'MMEZSU
PL X,X'^

ft^^m
-tOT
t
t)

e K H

'\.

!'

,''\f:Kr,

A, FL VIM-

:s

V,

,-1

.0

ADuA
rAERA TOMB
IZS^

TOMB

3 31

<'^^k
.

(T'^'x^
a^^nAA
.<Sr'

>-*

-A

^rc

rira'^'A
T M
p
r
i,

V.y^_.

^~^
/ vv-^.
cr::*
'

-'.-7,

2.

DENDEREH.

FRAGMENTS, Vll-X. DYN.

XIV.

i:^

AZAUA

SOU

OF

BEB,\

>!/'
UEBA TOMB
Si<j

^LL^q
'''
MERRA
B

WIFE BEBA SON

BEBA

HATHOR-HOTEP

WNEFER- MESTU

itil^M
BAUHOTE PA WIF
,

YU A

SON SESA. T0MB3?.3,PL

l^D
> V
HOTEPA

AAA

V >
1

/f

X i ^
H

-
I

" a

ILL
BEBA V HAT HCjTEP
dau'^

^.UJ

^
hathor-hotepa

PL XI

Sons beba.beba.sebek, hotepA;

tomb

saj

154o
ANKHS
H U

J
AN
Isl

FF t ^-THE.

VST

A ^SEKVANT RANUS

JJt
ANTEF
"-

\U

BEBA.

4t

PL.XI'^

fK^^l^A

DENDEREH.
1:6

KHNUMERDU AND FRAGMENTS,

1:5

VIII.-XI.

DYN.

XV.

ycdjg~^:Eri

'fm^m :i UtAMl i "i TuA li mBi^A-^3'2+uAmmii*

""^

TOMS

S-18

/^

miM^MMMtiil^J:773

ISMMSJMSiEMPiLM
1

mA^fiBrc^up-^t iiA'iwi-m

^M^3ii^4mM1^^4ll\ ^ ^MMrna^i s^vs/i^?

IfiM3EliM<*,#I1TI/j;,^a

MMMMMiZI^mLmfV^
mTmM^mA^Timr%v\'tm.
I}itsl/^atl5i^SiLi>1H>g^
ilFi lS<iy'l#il?>:4s*?4i|Si^^^
14

mc\TMm}^mmm^^Mi
%^^:% ^AiSf^MMk%mm^l

MMMM^E^M^^ HimmmmTmm'MmiM^

TmMmjT/MA w^^i^ms^ mMmiS'mMm^ mmwm

jEMMSSM
ANKHSCNA

v%%MiMM3MMi3MM

'-^ ^l-Ji^^^^a^-^^ ^ ^ /**^**^,

5EBEK-NEKHT ,TOMB BEBA

KHUATOMB BtBA

PL X

^ji::.t;

^yni^T

l^-^MM
MENTUHOTEP TOMB
B E-BA 8, PL X*

UW^MS
?:4Sitffl

E^iV

t^r^lwl
KITlT/Ii

>ilv^
P^

FIGURES OF MENTUHOTEP VNEFERMESUT

PSit
CAR10NNACE
OF

PAHEQ,U MJNOF PASHEMHOR

CARTONNACE

OF f'SMLMHOR SON Or

FED

U-HO K

SAM TA U

1:6.

DENDEREH.

POTTERY OF

lll.-VI.

DYNASTIES.

XVI

loo

3^-3.7

VI cLy-w

e,

-10,

-1^ a.

:6.

DENDEREH.

POTTERY OF

VII.-XI.

DYNASTIES.

XVII.

12.0

-lib,

A =ANTEFAQ.EB,,

XI

DVN.

6.

DENDEREH,

POTTERY OF

XI.-XII.

DYNASTIES.

XVIII.

6.

DENDEREH.

POTTERY TRAYS OF OFFERINGS,

&C.

XIX.

2:5.

DENDEREH.

MIRRORS, ALABASTER.

&c.

XX.

oy<o\i
fat.

M.

I'-'.

.-

BLUE

GLAZED

STOTslE

DENDEREH,

lll.-XI.

DYNASTY.

STATUETTES,

&c.

XXI.

2:9

MOURNEh;

XI.

DYN.

2:5.

VASE

HEAD.

XI.

D.

2:5.

DOLL.

XI.

DYN.

DENDEREH; GROUPS FROM TOMBS.

XXII

.P mm W^teMERU.

H. ^
304.
VI.

^*
DYN,

TOMB

T^

GALLERY OF ANTEF AQER.

r"^^
III*

XI.

DYN.

IVORY.

XVIII.

DYN.

TOMB

309.

XI

DYN.

2:5

DENDEREH.

BLUE GLAZE WARE BURIED

IN

CATACOMBS.

XXIII.

DENDEREH,

BRONZES,

XVIII. XXV.

DYN.

XXIV.

ROMAN.

DENDEREH INSCRIPTIONS,

XXVI.

DYN.,

&c.

XXV,

ki.'

,-

h^
POTTERY
DISH,
XVIII.

DYN.

'-afa?=a^^

-\-\
^.i'ip"'-^:

fee:*..'::;

oi-f. &i^L^

MUTARDUS, XXV.

D.

HORSIAST,

XXVI.

D.

PEDU-HOR-SAM-TAUI

-'W

DOG

MUMMIES,

ROMAN.

FUNEREAL TABLETS.

DENDEREH; GLAZED POTTERY AMULETS, PTOLEMAIC.

XXVI

TEMPLE
F

HATHOR.

MERRU tM

AD
A

IV
III

DU

AD U

II

777

p,^

REUSED

\
J

^^

\V

COLONNADE
COU RT

SHENSE

ANTEFAQER

A Igl
,ie,|

ZAUTA

D 316

I
BEBA

REUSED XXX

ABU
ANTEFAQER B ANTEF
GA

HOTEP ALTAR

SUTEN riJH l-Jllil

^-,0

LLERY

J-3

"

47'-

(R)

'781

^^Tl
l=tM

ANIMAL
CATACOMBS

3000

DENDEREH CEMETERY.
p

XXVII.

Lo M or

CI

ANTONIMUS

PY LON OF

Tl

BERIUS.

U'fp'

7-A
'JKl
f

t^

H A P

^/Ai-

SESEKHOTEPA
337

BE BA L

MERRA C HOT E PA
B)[M I-

SHENSETA

rt

MERY B

DZAUTA G

SENNA
DOCS
BO NE'i

PEKHY-BEBb'

300

DENDEREH.

MASTABAS OF

III.

-VI.

DYNASTIES.

XXVIII.

GROUP OF MASTABAS OF
327
I
!

III.

OR

IV.

DYN

\'

-':

472

ZAUTA RES

300.

DENDEREH.

MASTABAS OF

VIth

DYNASTY.

XXIX.

ADU

I.

PLAN SECTION

ADU

II.

300

DENDEREH.

MASTABAS OF

VIth

DYNASTY,

XXX.

ZAUTA A

SHENSETHA

EN-ABU-SUTEM

BEBA & HENTSEN

IM

HOTEPA

300

DENDEREH.

MASTABAS OF

VIIth

DYNASTY.

XXXI.

REUSED

IN XVIII.

DYN.

MERY

B.

SEN-NEZ-SU

PTAH-MERA

B.

UHAA

:300

DENDEREH.

MASTABAS OF

VII. -X.

DYNASTIES.

XXXll.

SHENSETHA P

^m^5^^^ ^-^

\
MERRA O
BEBA C

HORNEKHTA

BEBA T

S
NEKHTA

SHENSETHA Q

PEKHY-BEB
ZAUTA E

REUSED

IN

XXX. DYN.

REUSED

IN

XIX.

DYN.

MERRA

HOTEPA

COLONNADE COURT

300

DENDEREH.

MASTABAS OF

XI.

DYNASTY.

XXXIII.

772.

E,

OF BEB

773.

S,

OF MENTUHOTEP

ANTEFAQER A

774.

MENTUHOTEP

KHNUM-ER-DU

HOTEP ALTAR
E.

OF

XI,

DYN. GALLfeRY

750.

GALLERY TOMB OF BEBA, ANTEFAQER AND ANTEF

300.

DENDEREH.

MASTABAS OF

VIIIth-XIth

DYNASTIES.

XXXIV.

HNo. 336

No

314.

wmwm
No 362
.

.^

:t'^;^,xrp:.j,^^^y'^^^^^.

^^^ *^^
No.

MERRA

350

No. 781

S9

m
No.

No. 337

SEBEK HOTEPA

329

HOTEPA C

SHENSETHA T

m
LI

r
No. 33)

No. 335

'^'V;a!(^%^vi li^* ^'.

i^

ANHUR-NEKHT
No.

7S3

SHENSETHA

BAU HOTEPA

300

DENDEREH.

MASTABAS OF

XI.

DYN,

WELLS

E-

W,

XXXV.

400.

DENDEREH.

CATACOMBS FOR SACRED ANIMALS.

XXXVI.

XXVI ?

DYN.

XVIII

DYN.

^MOSAIC

fCLASS

BRONZESItHAWKS

II

1^
11=

z < s o
a.

HI

a z < o

I IH A V
JlilPQtVk

BONES

<

u _J o
I0.

JOP

II

KEY PLAN OF SARCOPHAGUS OF BEB. WITH

mberi

SPLXXXVII K

END

W. SIDE
PLXXXVII
J

PL.XXXVII H

PL%
671-6

828-851

72Z-744

699-721

85Z-873

803-8Z7

779-802

745-7;

1:2

DENDEREH.

SARCOPHAGUS OF BEB,

VII.

DYN,

Plate XXXVII.

RING OF PLATES AND COLUMNS

NEND
PL XXXVII F

657-670