Applied Engineering Mathematics (MTH-812)

Assignment Number 1 (Submission Date: 11-10-2011)

Q-1. (a) Compute A
2
and A
3
. Make a prediction for A
5
and A
n
:
A =
_
1 b
0 1
_
, and A =
_
2 2
0 0
_
.
(b) Show that (A + B)
2
is dierent from A
2
+ 2AB + B
2
when,
A =
_
1 2
0 0
_
, and B =
_
1 0
3 0
_
.
Write down the correct formula for (A + B)(A + B) = A
2
+ ... + B
2
.
(c) True or False. Give a specic example when false:
If columns 1 and 3 of B are the same, so are columns 1 and 3 of AB.
If rows 1 and 3 of B are the same, so are rows 1 and 3 of AB.
If columns 1 and 3 of A are the same, so are columns 1 and 3 of ABC.
(AB)
2
= A
2
B
2
.
(d) Which words would you use to describe each of these classes of matrices? Give a 3 by 3
example in each class. Which matrix belongs to all four classes?
a
ij
= 0 if i = j.
a
ij
= 0 if i < j.
a
ij
= a
ji
.
a
ij
= a
1j
.
(e) Find all the matrices A
_
a b
c d
_
that satisfy
A
_
1 1
1 1
_
=
_
1 1
1 1
_
A .
1
Q-2. (a) Which number q makes this system singular and which right hand side t gives it
innitely many solutions? Find the solution that has z = 1.
x + 4y 2z = 1
x + 7y 6z = 6
3y + qz = t.
(b) Apply elimination and back substitution to solve
2x 3y = 3
4x 5y + z = 7
2x y 3z = 5.
(c) If rows 1 and 2 are the same, how far can you get with elimination (allowing row ex-
change)? If columns 1 and 2 are the same, which pivot is missing?
2x y + z = 0 2x + 2y + z = 0
2x y + z = 0 4x + 4y + z = 0
4x + y + z = 0 6x + 6y + z = 2.
(d) Use elimination reach upper triangular matrices U. Solve by back substitution Or ex-
plain why this is impossible. What are the pivots (never zero)? Exchange equations when
necessary.
x + y + z = 7 x + y + z = 7
x + y z = 5 x + y z = 5
x y + z = 3 x y + z = 3.
Q-3. (a) Choose a right side which gives no solution and another right side which gives
innitely many solutions. What are two of those solutions?
3x + 2y = 10
6x + 4y = ...
2
(b) For which numbers a does elimination break down (1) permanently (2) temporarily?
ax + 3y = 3
4x + 6y = 6.
Solve for x and y after xing the second breakdown by a row exchange.
(c) True or False (with a counter example if false and a reason if false)
A 4 by 4 matrix with a row of zeros is not invertible.
A matrix with 1s down the main diagonal is invertible.
If A is invertible then A
1
is invertible.
If A is invertible then A
2
is invertible.
(d) For which three numbers c this matrix is not invertible, and why not?
A
_
_
2 c c
c c c
8 7 c
_
_
.
Q-4. (a) Determine wether the following systems of equation have solutions; if so, are they
unique?
(i)
_

_
x
1
+ x
2
x
3
= 1
2x
1
+ x
2
+ x
3
= 2
x
2
5x
3
= 1,
(ii)
_

_
x
1
+ 2x
3
x
4
= 0
2x
1
+ x
2
x
3
= 5
x
1
+ 2x
2
+ x
3
+ 2x
4
= 3,
(iii)
_

_
2x
1
x
2
+ x
3
= 1
x
1
+ x
2
3x
3
= 0
x
1
+ 3x
2
x
3
= 2,
(iv)
_

_
x
1
+ 3x
2
+ 4x
3
13x
4
= 3
3x
1
x
2
+ 2x
3
+ 5x
4
= 2
2x
1
+ 2x
2
3x
3
4x
4
= 1.
(b) Consider the matrix
A =
_

_
3 2 0 0 0
1 3 2 0 0
0 1 3 2 0
0 0 1 3 2
0 0 0 1 3
_

_
3
Without the aid of computer:
(i) Find A
1
.
(ii) Evaluate the determinant of A and A
1
.
(iii) Solve Ax=b, where b
i
= 1, i = 1...5.
Q-5. (a) Consider the system of equations
2x + y + Z =
2x y + 2z =
x 2y + 2z = 1.
(i) For what values of and does the system have a unique solution?
(ii) Use Cramers rule to obtain the unique solution in terms of and .
(iii) Are there any other non-unique solutions for other values of and ? If so give a single
example (i.e., choose specic values for and and give the general form of the solution.)
(b) Prove that
(i)
_

a b c d 1
b c d a 1
c d a b 1
d a b c 1

= 0 (ii)
_

a b c d
b a d c
c d a b
d c b a

= (a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ d
2
)
2
(iii)
_

1 + a 1 1 1
1 1 + b 1 1
1 1 1 + c 1
1 1 1 1 + d

= abcd(1 +
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
+
1
d
)
(iv)
_

1 + x 1 1 1
1 1 x 1 1
1 1 1 + y 1
1 1 1 1 y

= x
2
y
2
4