Blood Circulation

The deoxygenated blood from the tissues will go to the inferior and superior vena cava meeting at the common vena cava Blood will fill the Right Atrium As the Right Atrium is filled, it will contract and let the blood flow towards the Right Ventricle passing through the Tricuspid Valve As the Right Ventricle is filled, it will contract and push the blood to the Pulmonary Artery passing through the Pulmonic Valve The deoxygenated blood will enter the capillaries in the lungs and goes through the process of diffusion The blood becomes oxygenated and flows to the pulmonary vein The oxygenated blood shall fill the left atrium As the left atrium is filled, the atria will contract; thus, blood flows to the left ventricle passing through the bicuspid valve As the left ventricle is filled, it will contract pushing the blood towards the aorta passing through the aortic valve The oxygenated blood shall be delivered to the system and to the tissues for cell use Again the blood will undergo the process of diffusion pulling away the oxygen and replacing it with CO2 The deoxygenated blood shall go back to the vena cavae through the peripheral veins
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Conduction of the Heart

Electrical impulse is emitted by the sinoatrial (SA) node The impulse is received by the atiroventricular (AV) node The electrical impulse shall be transmitted to the antrioventricular (AV) bundle, also known as Bundle of His Then divides through the bundle branches And delivers the impulse to the cardiac muscle through the Purkinje fibers Cardiac depolarization

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Respiratory System (O2 CO2 Exchange)

The atmospheric air is inhaled through the nose and the mouth The cilia in the nose filters while the turbines warms and humidifies the air being inhaled The air will pass through the pharynx Then air will proceed to the larynx passing through an open epiglottis The air shall pass through the trachea Then through the main bronchus Subdivided to the right and left bronchi Then to the bronchioles Then to the alveoli Through the process of diffusion, the oxygen from the alveoli shall shift to the CO2-filled capillaries, and otherwise Once alveoli has been filled with CO2 the air shall be expelled passing through the same route through exhalation

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Urinary Pathway

The blood enters the kidneys through the afferent arteriole A portion of the blood shall be filtered by the glomerulus in the Bowmans capsule which we refer to as glomerular filtration Some of the blood that is not filtered shall out passing through the efferent arteriole The filtered blood shall pass through the proximal convoluted tubules, wherein Na, H2O, HCO3 are being reabsorbed Then to the Loop of Henle, wherein Na, H20, HCO2 are further reabsorbed together with K, Ca, and Cl Then to the distal convoluted tubule, wherein Na,Cl, and H2O are reabsorbed further The filtered fluid shall be collected in the calyces to the collecting ducts Urine is now formed The urine shall be released through the ureters And fills the urinary bladder Once the bladder is distended, the urinary sphincter shall be stimulated to opem Urine flows through the urethra Released through the meatus

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Micturition

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Immune Response

Cell Mediated

Invasion of Antigens (microorganisms or foreign bodies) Recognition of the antigens by the lymphoid tissues Release of T-cells in the lymphatic circulation Helper T-Cell Cytotoxic T-Cell Suppressor T-Cell

Humoral (Circulating)

Invasion of Antigens Release of Neutrophils and Macrophage in the circulation to combat the antigen Activation of the B-cells Release of antibodies Antibodies attacks invading antigen
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physiologicpathway.finals.ncm101rle.1stsem.sy20102011.level2.nursing.centroescolaruniveristy.dps